TypeScript Language Specification v1.5

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import g = require("./geometry"); var p: g.Point = { x: 10, y: 20 }; the emitted JavaScript would have no dependency on the 'geometry' module and would simply be var p = { x: 10, y: 20 }; 11.2.6 AMD Modules The Asynchronous Module Definition (AMD) specification extends the CommonJS Modules specification with a pattern for authoring asynchronously loadable modules with associated dependencies. Using the AMD pattern, modules are emitted as calls to a global 'define' function taking an array of dependencies, specified as external module names, and a callback function containing the module body. The global 'define' function is provided by including an AMD compliant loader in the application. The loader arranges to asynchronously load the module's dependencies and, upon completion, calls the callback function passing resolved module instances as arguments in the order they were listed in the dependency array. The "main" and "log" example from above generates the following JavaScript code when compiled for the AMD pattern. File main.js: define(["require", "exports", "./log"], function(require, exports, log) { log.message("hello"); } File log.js: define(["require", "exports"], function(require, exports) { exports.message = function(s) { console.log(s); } } The special 'require' and 'exports' dependencies are always present. Additional entries are added to the dependencies array and the parameter list as required to represent imported external modules. Similar to the code generation for CommonJS Modules, a dependency entry is generated for a particular imported module only if the imported module is referenced as a PrimaryExpression somewhere in the body of the importing module. If an imported module is referenced only as a ModuleName, no dependency is generated for that module. 150
12 Ambients Ambient declarations are used to provide static typing over existing JavaScript code. Ambient declarations differ from regular declarations in that no JavaScript code is emitted for them. Instead of introducing new variables, functions, classes, enums, or modules, ambient declarations provide type information for entities that exist "ambiently" and are included in a program by external means, for example by referencing a JavaScript library in a tag. 12.1 Ambient Declarations Ambient declarations are written using the declare keyword and can declare variables, functions, classes, enums, internal modules, or external modules. AmbientDeclaration: declare AmbientVariableDeclaration declare AmbientFunctionDeclaration declare AmbientClassDeclaration declare AmbientEnumDeclaration declare AmbientModuleDeclaration 12.1.1 Ambient Variable Declarations An ambient variable declaration introduces a variable in the containing declaration space. AmbientVariableDeclaration: var Identifier TypeAnnotation opt ; An ambient variable declaration may optionally include a type annotation. If no type annotation is present, the variable is assumed to have type Any. An ambient variable declaration does not permit an initializer expression to be present. 12.1.2 Ambient Function Declarations An ambient function declaration introduces a function in the containing declaration space. AmbientFunctionDeclaration: function Identifier CallSignature ; Ambient functions may be overloaded by specifying multiple ambient function declarations with the same name, but it is an error to declare multiple overloads that are considered identical (section 3.10.2) or differ only in their return types. Ambient function declarations cannot specify a function bodies and do not permit default parameter values. 151
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TypeScript Language Specification V
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Table of Contents 1 Introduction ..
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4.9.1 Standard Function Expressions
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9.1 Enum Declarations .............
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1 Introduction JavaScript applicati
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1.1 Ambient Declarations An ambient
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call '$' as a function. The behavio
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function getX(p: Point) { return p.
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This TypeScript class declaration c
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Section 9 describes how programmers
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Interface definitions, like the one
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TypeScript modules provide a mechan
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2 Basic Concepts The remainder of t
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Each enum declaration has a declara
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When an identifier is resolved as a
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which infers the type of 'x' to be
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The only possible values for the Vo
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interface Array { length: number; [
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3.4 Union Types Union types represe
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3.5 Type Parameters A type paramete
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3.6 Named Types Classes, interfaces
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3.7.1 Predefined Types The any, num
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TypeMember: PropertySignature CallS
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3.7.8 Constructor Type Literals A c
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3.8.2 Call Signatures A call signat
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RestParameter: ... Identifier TypeA
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IndexSignature: [ Identifier : stri
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Type aliases are referenced using t
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o o If each type in U has an appare
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o o o M is a non-specialized call o
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3.10.5 Contextual Signature Instant
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interface List { data: T; next: Lis
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4.3 Identifiers When an expression
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of the object literal includes a nu
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A super call invokes the constructo
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( id ) => { ... } ( id ) => expr Th
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A dot notation property access of t
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If func is of type Any, or of an ob
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An example: signature are fixed, an
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This rule means that the call to 'f
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4.14.4 The delete Operator The 'del
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Any Boolean Number String Other Any
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where ??= is one of the compound as
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4.18 The Comma Operator The comma o
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function foo(x: number | string) {
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function processValue(value: number
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5 Statements This chapter describes
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BindingProperty: Identifier Initial
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Similarly, an array destructuring d
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5.5 Continue Statements A 'continue
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6 Functions TypeScript extends Java
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function f(x: number) { if (x
Page 107 and 108: When the output target is ECMAScrip
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Page 112 and 113: An interface has the members specif
Page 114 and 115: interface Document { createElement(
Page 117 and 118: 8 Classes TypeScript supports class
Page 119 and 120: The following constraints must be s
Page 121 and 122: Private and protected accessibility
Page 123 and 124: interface A { x: number; f: () => v
Page 125 and 126: ConstructorOverloads: ConstructorOv
Page 127 and 128: BaseClass.apply(this, arguments); a
Page 129 and 130: Initializer expressions for instanc
Page 131 and 132: var x = A.create(); // new A() var
Page 133 and 134: MemberVariableAssignments is a sequ
Page 135 and 136: In addition, the '__extends' functi
Page 137 and 138: 9 Enums An enum type is a distinct
Page 139 and 140: An identifier or property access th
Page 141: var Color; (function (Color) { Colo
Page 144 and 145: If the declaration of 'M' above had
Page 146 and 147: module A { export interface X { s:
Page 148 and 149: module outer { var local = 1; expor
Page 150 and 151: where ModuleName is the name of the
Page 152 and 153: DeclarationElement: ExportAssignmen
Page 154 and 155: that source file is considered an e
Page 156 and 157: Unlike a non-instantiated internal
Page 160 and 161: 12.1.3 Ambient Class Declarations A
Page 162 and 163: An ExternalImportDeclaration in an
Page 164 and 165: PrimaryType: ParenthesizedType Pred
Page 166 and 167: ParameterList: RequiredParameterLis
Page 168 and 169: UnaryExpression: ( Modified ) … <
Page 170 and 171: ClassExtendsClause: extends ClassTy
Page 172 and 173: ModuleBody: ModuleElements opt Modu
Page 174 and 175: AmbientClassBodyElements: AmbientCl
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TypeScript Language Specification v1.5

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