(1978). On Facilitating Networks for Social Change ... - INSNA

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- 3 0 -Computer Programs, cont'd .3 . Means, standard deviations and correlations among distances to actors/positions for statisticallytesting the structural equivalence of actors/positions (Burt, 1977a) .4 . An (M+1,M+l) table of average relations among M sets of structurally equivalent actors/positions(Burt, 1976, 1977a) . If binary sociometric choices are the input relations and there is noresidual set of actors/positions, the average relations will be "densities" and the table willbe a blockmodel as discussed in White et al . (1976) .5 . Equilibrium relations in the system under alternative system stratification criteria (Burt,1977b) .6 . Moments and cluster analyses for social/role distances computed from the derived equilibriumrelations .If sociometric choice data are input, the program additionally producesed :the following output as request-7 . Linkage relations as the shortest chain of choices through which each actor/position can reacheach other actor/position (Harary et al ., 1965 : chp .5) .8 . Normalized relations as the tendency for each actor/position to initiate interaction with everyother actor/position (Burt, 1976 :Appendix A) .9 . Indices describing the form of relations defining each actor's empirical position (Lin, 1976 :chp . 17 ; Burt, 1976 :note 15) .In addition to printed output, card output is available for input to other packages such as SPSS (Nie etal ., 1975) or LISREL (Joreskog and van Thillo, 1972) in order to statistically test structural hypotheses(Burt, 1977a) .STRUCTURE is written in an elementary style of FORTRAN IV with a profusion of comment cards . Accessto an eigensystem routine is required in order to derive equilibrium relations . Currently, the EISPACKroutine (Smith et al ., 1976) is used as available on the CDC 6400 at the University of California,Berkeley . The program's core storage requirements depend upon the network analyses being performed .When set to analyze systems composed of 52 actors/positions in 3 networks, compilation and execution onthe CDC 6400 requires 114000B words .Although the program has been working satisfactorily for all the uses to which it has been put sofar, no claim is made that it is free of error and no warranty is given as the accuracy of functioning ofthe program .Copies of the program, manual and example data are available for the cost of duplication and mailing. Send a blank, 7-track tape of at least 125 feet and a check for $20 .00 to : Ronald S . Burt, SurveyResearch Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 . The program source deck and example dataanalyzed in the program manual will be blocked one card per record in BCD characters and even parity .Program Manual Table of ContentsAbstract1 . Redimensioning the Program 22 . Input Data 22 .1 Analysis Card2 .2 Parameter Card2 .2 .1 General parameters2 .2 .2 Relation parameters2 .2 .3 Distance parameters2 .2 .3 .1 computing distances and moments2 .2 .3 .2 cluster analyzing distances2 .2 .3 .3 locating cliques of actors/positions2 .2 .3 .4 locating structurally equivalent actors/positions2 .2 .4 Equilibrium parameters2 .3 Title Card2 .4 Identification Cards2 .5 Sociometric Input2 .6 Relational Input2 .7 Blockmodel Input2 .8 Distance Input3 . Output Data 123 .1 Linkage Relations3 .2 Normalized Relations
. . . Computer Programs, cont'd .3 .3 Observed Relations in One or More Networks3 .4 Equilibrium Relations in One or More Networks3 .5 Distances Based on Observed Relations3 .6 Distances Based on Equilibrium Relations3 .7 Moments for Observed Distances3 .8 Moments for Equilibrium Distances3 .9 Indices3 .10 Estimating Card Output for an Analysis4 . Numerical Illustration 154 .1 Two Systems of Actors/Positions4 .2 Sociometry and Clique Detection4 .3 Continuous Distance Social Topologies4 .4 Discrete Distance Social Topologies : Blockmodels4 .5 Equilibrium Under the Independence Model4 .6 Equilibrium if Stratification is Based on Observed Distances4 .7 Equilibrium if Stratification is Based on Actor/Position Attributes4 .8 Equilibrium Under the Interdependence Model4 .9 Equilibrium, Multiple Networks and Constrained ExchangeReferencesAppendix A : Example OutputAppendix B : Running STRUCTURE on the CDC 6400 at BerkeleyReferencesBurt, R .S .1976 "Positions in networks ." Social Forces 55 :93-1221977a "Positions in multiple network systems, part one : a general conception of stratification andprestige in a system of actors cast as a social topology ." Social Forces 56 :106-131 .1977b "Relational equilibrium in a social topology ." Paper presented at the annual meetings of theAmerican Sociological Association .Harary, F ., R .Z . Norman and D . Cartwright1965 Structural Models . New York : John Wiley .Johnson, S .C .1967 "Hierarchical clustering schemes" . Psychometrika 32 :241-254 .Joreskog, K .G . and M . van Thillo1972 "LISREL : a general computer program for estimating a linear structural equation system involvingmultiple indicators of unmeasured variables ." Research Bulletin RB-72-56 . Princeton : EducationalTesting Service .Lin, N .1976 Foundations of Social Research . New York : McGraw-Hill .Nie, N .H ., C .H . Hull, J .G . Jenkins, K . Steinbrener and D .H . Bent1975 SPSS : Statistical Package for the Social Sciences . New York : McGraw-Hill .Smith, B .T ., et al .1976 Matrix Eigensystem Routines : EISPACK Guide . New York : Springer-Verlag .White, H .C ., S .A . Boorman and R .L . Breiger1976 "Social structure from multiple networks . I . blockmodels of roles and positions ." AmericanJournal of Sociology 81 :730-780 .
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