body-of-secrets-anatomy-of-the-ultra-secret-national-security-agency-2002

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ACCLAIM FOR JAMES BAMFORD'SBODY OF SECRETS"James Bamford, who wrote one of the really good books about Americanintelligence twenty years ago, has now done it again. . . . Body of Secretshas something interesting and important to add to many episodes of coldwar history . . . [and] has much to say about recent events."—The New York Review of Books"Body of Secrets is one fascinating book. . . . Chock-full of juicy stuff. . . .Interesting to read, well-written and scrupulously documented."—Salon"An engaging and informed history. . . . Bamford weaves a narrativeabout the NSA that includes . . . many heretofore undisclosed tidbits ofinformation." —The Nation"At times surprising, often quite troubling but always fascinating. . . .Writing with a flair and clarity that rivals those of the best spy novelists,Bamford has created a masterpiece of investigative reporting."—Publishers Weekly (starred review)"'Body of Secrets adds fresh material about the world's nosiest and mostsecret body. . . . This revised edition will fascinate anyone interested inthe shadow war."—The Economist2
JAMES BAMFORDBODY OF SECRETSJames Bamford is the author of The Puzzle Palace, an award-winningnational bestseller when it was first published and now regarded as aclassic. He has taught at the University of California's Goldman School ofPublic Policy, spent nearly a decade as the Washington InvestigativeProducer for ABC's World News Tonight with Peter Jennings, and haswritten extensively on national security issues, including investigativecover stories for The New York Times Magazine, The Washington PostMagazine, and the Los Angeles Times Magazine. He lives in Washington,D.C.Also by James BamfordThe Puzzle Palace3
Page 4 and 5: FIRST ANCHOR BOOKS EDITION, APRIL 2
Page 6 and 7: ACKNOWLEDGMENTSMy most sincere than
Page 9: CHAPTER ONE MEMORYKVZIEBCEN CKYIECD
Page 13 and 14: profile." Nevertheless, he gave his
Page 15 and 16: team of American and British codebr
Page 17 and 18: called Bletchley Park that the futu
Page 19 and 20: Koniginpastete and the russische Ei
Page 21 and 22: Germans had departed with such hast
Page 23 and 24: without his knowledge," said one TI
Page 25 and 26: intercept operators, to handle the
Page 27 and 28: developed to divert a single signal
Page 29 and 30: in the late forties, and later head
Page 31 and 32: Security Agency. Odonovich commande
Page 33 and 34: eview. The review then pointed a fi
Page 35 and 36: CHAPTER THREE NERVESJFKH WRXSHN WRL
Page 37: would keep his ears finely tuned fo
Page 41: of pins to mark the hot spots. On J
Page 44: cryptanalysis and traffic analysis.
Page 47 and 48: needs, and still you cannot shoot d
Page 49 and 50: face plate frosted over."Half in an
Page 51 and 52: and continued its flight deep into
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can say he didn't know about this o
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At 8:40 A.M. on May 24, shortly bef
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eject the investigation. "The speec
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would the President think if there
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such forces to the utmost."In his l
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covered his formal blue uniform and
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General Eisenhower in London and la
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About 2:15, following the swearing-
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possibly in a bomber or bomber trai
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Following Kennedy's order, CIA plan
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near the Windward Passage," said on
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Robert McNamara finally lowered the
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very young people who have been bro
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had a different idea. They proposed
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"sell" the incident.Finally, there
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Because so many documents were dest
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CHAPTER FIVE EYESKPYNTKA' ABPYHTO R
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antenna was installed on its fantai
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sixteen-year-old, he slipped into W
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With the enormous focus on Cuba, Bl
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With the Oxford now in place, the a
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Navy and Air Force operational worl
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the sound barrier. Then you feel it
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adar tracking from radar stations t
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Navy ships began leaving port to ge
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high level of flight activity over
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the NSA Command Center flashed word
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headquarters, "Havana east, and pos
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noted in the long secret memorandum
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As the Russians began withdrawing,
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wires were strung to pick up the ve
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skipper. We had scuttles fore and a
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would be involved. Vallejo also rei
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the assassination, NSA initiated a
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the "alarming . . . anti-Communist
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(e.g. President Kennedy in October,
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were to break out, Arnold cautioned
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from space, at one point Russian an
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land. Like anthropologists discover
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in Washington.Around the world, on
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able to pick up signals from Soviet
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mobile intercept vans and trucks to
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farmers sipped çay from glass cups
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several days. B-29 raids followed,
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eavesdropping missions near the coa
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They would not let us have autos an
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forgotten dependency of Mauritius,
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said, "which had never been, and ne
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Nearby were two Mark 45 nuclear-tip
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Russians were aggressively searchin
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nation—the most modern submarine
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Organization of American States wer
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States, the Sigint operators on the
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personnel, six officers and 110 enl
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Congo), where a U.S. Navy plane wou
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CHAPTER SEVEN BLOODCYASJA EJLKBJ OJ
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South America; and the USNS Muller
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said somewhat quizzically. "You're
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government intended to protest Egyp
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Force eavesdropping missions throug
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journey toward the war zone as the
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the plane departed, he called up Sc
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them.As the Liberty sat within eyes
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Commander Pinchas Pinchasy, the nav
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shore, thirteen miles away, let alo
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earliest intelligence that the Russ
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linguist broke out the white canvas
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screaming at him probably, and fina
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despite seeing it on my spectrum an
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operators, analysts, and communicat
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to return to Athens. We recorded vo
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Tordella was told that some senior
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Black smoke was still escaping thro
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imposed. Crewmembers were threatene
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they dealt principally with such to
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"He asked if a mistake of this sort
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identified by Israeli military forc
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information the LIBERTY was interce
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CHAPTER EIGHT SPINEVGWEQVSM SVWEDQS
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who would frequently discuss with t
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was walking quickly up a sidewalk o
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ecording it. By then the plane was
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therefore was a special mission as
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primarily Vladivostok and secondari
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the seas were calm, the humidity wa
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From "Venus" to "Mars,"Charley shoo
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a few things at them and they'll go
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shore command that he had halted th
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unning the show at that particular
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attempt to burn the documents rathe
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Within days the document would be o
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enormously secret deliberation. "No
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indicated that Chinese radar did de
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"What's your status?! Your function
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of the Pueblo crew. But for nearly
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gone. While the Navy shudders and s
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CHAPTER NINE ADRENALINEI.G. EOPVJEV
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Vietnam in 1941 disguised as a Chin
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1961, Vietnam was a wave in the dis
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several inches deep.Separating the
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Miguel in the Philippines. Other me
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hunting. Sitting in front of racks
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It was an order to attack the ship
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impending second attack on August 4
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network was built linking sites at
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procedures, the formats and numerou
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such flights," said an NSA report o
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growing cloud of electrons would fo
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Walter G. Deeley. "Ground sweeps se
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morale: he created a photomontage o
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The Sigint personnel and the rest o
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the wings, giving the diminutive sp
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Bailey. "It had such a broad covera
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dry air and the oxygen they had to
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Saigon for a one-year tour in Vietn
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Parks, "was to act as a checkpoint
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"If SD and SSD [both were Vietcong
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headquarters was upbeat, like the b
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hours. After each advance, we would
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war.Some soldiers who physically su
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udget. He called them "bureaucrats
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pilots in Vietnam were being shot d
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assigned to maintain the Explorer e
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thing left was Operation Frequent W
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NSA: 2:07 AM, APRIL 30A PRESIDENTIA
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THE BUILDING.NSA: 5:48 AMSOUTH VIET
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CHAPTER TEN FATGTPEX UQLX KQEH TI S
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Intelligence Activities called NSA
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know whether I was even allowed to
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ionization of the chemical mixture.
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engineer, the mathematical calculat
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three thousand or thirty-two hundre
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sunburned desert, corrugated scrubl
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more like a giant Soviet lake than
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oom: the sounds were loud and clear
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profit. Guerin was to work secretly
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Congress he was the wonder boy, the
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While most saw only the confident,
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machine, with its own army, navy, a
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eventual failure. Angered that his
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uildings for the Technology and Sys
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policies and could lead to war. As
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een one of four people nominated by
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and many employees sit in front of
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"Knowledge is power," said Liberal
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easons." But when a senior GCHQ off
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Despite the end of the Cold War, th
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codenamed Echelon.During the 1980s,
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overtime attempting to log and prog
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phrases, telephone and fax numbers,
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sailors on the USS Stark in 1987. C
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weaponry in unstable regions, and r
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affected a long-planned trip to Teh
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market arms sales," said one former
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ship containing the "special items"
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to have to spread its resources acr
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Geneva for the start of the latest
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with secrecy and power. By then Lou
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eventually convinced Nixon to drop
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over as acting FBI director, follow
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member, would be permitted to be br
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I countered with the observation th
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with applicable law. Where the comm
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In 1994 a forty-seven-page document
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put her in the category of a full-t
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terms are used, the context of the
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which is a U.S. official, the tape
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Everything."The director ordered an
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A year after the crash, with comput
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enemies and allies; a global inform
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1995, the agency received about 1,5
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olling out miles and miles of new c
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were frightening. Within seven year
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may be programmed in 2001 for a sys
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will not tell you who called me. I
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leadership crisis for the better pa
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to come. These included chief of NS
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theory the CIA director is responsi
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2. OBJECTIVE: THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS
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In a large sense, the changing phil
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Ranking in size among the top 4.8 p
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Others have included Harvest; 3000
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codebreaking and appetite. When the
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Blue badges are worn by those who h
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warn "Don't Spill the Beans, Partne
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hours in the warm sun, the group he
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Next, on those same days, is an ear
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mathematician George R. Cotter. He
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Center, the very heart of NSA's wor
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was launched, what trajectory it's
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scientists. They locate important s
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Inside the offices, some people scr
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secret version of CNN. As the Defen
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the CIA's Office of Advanced Projec
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interest—nuclear weapon transfers
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shrink its Mount Everest of forbidd
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various workstations. Then, after c
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complex of the Cold War, is a cozy
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At Crypto City's new NSA Graduate S
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CHAPTER THIRTEEN SOULTRZAV DUZR QYK
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average NSA manager is more introve
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stochastic processes and other tech
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2,000 or so people who applied annu
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NSA, 78 percent of all information
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for an independent review of accura
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machines. "Polygraphing has been de
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what he called the excellent monito
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Devon, cutting 250 jobs.As at NSA,
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satellites were dying of old age an
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Prettyman retired from her job as c
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Security Command, it sought "a grou
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Southern California, who claim to h
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esearch grants, to mathematicians a
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In an effort to ease tensions, an O
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[deputy directors] who were in plac
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only telephoned the defense attorne
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world-class organization; NSA is th
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was king. "Just as control of indus
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Lieutenant General Ralph Canine. Af
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high-quality workforce. All of that
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CHAPTER FOURTEEN BRAINWDLDXTDKS'B A
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fight he found the contractors less
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and Engineering but a cocktail part
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Awarded $25 million by Congress, an
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Like misers hoarding every last pen
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Even more powerful, however, was Lo
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Nicknamed Bubbles, the $17.6 millio
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As a result of such worries, NSA, w
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agency named Frostberg. Used until
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manufacturer of high-performance wo
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contract, one to upgrade a CRAY T3E
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University of Maryland's Science an
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store hundreds of gigabytes of data
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the 2,500 watts of heat from the sy
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example, Japan's NEC had made consi
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AFTERWORD"This is Morning Edition f
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to the south of Afghanistan, at a l
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$2,400 each—but were waiting in t
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By 8:15, the air traffic controller
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and now president of the University
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very disturbing live shot there—t
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controller. "He's in coast track bu
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a floor and there would be guys fig
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plane without a transponder was hea
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O'Brien. "This must be a fighter. T
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nearby United flight to see if they
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were a former paratrooper, a brown
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Steve Mclntyre. "But outside I coul
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computers, no fax machines, and not
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drug war. According to NSA official
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5 May 1985-31 July 1988Vice Admiral
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555KuwaitiLaoLatvianLevantineLibyan
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APPENDIX CCRYPTOLOGIC OCCUPATIONS A
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mathematical methods for the invest
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NOTESABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE NOTE
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Nazi Codes (Bri-arcliff Manor, NY:
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23 "Russia's prejudice": War Depart
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snippy letter to the National Secur
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46 "If I could become a missile": i
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60 "just gobbledy-gook": Beschloss,
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75 insisted that the choice of Zapa
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89 "Any of the contrived situations
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101 "Concentrated efforts have been
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112 At 1:00 P.M. the Strategic Air
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123 "All the communications that we
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Statement on Visa for Oswald," Nove
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Elmendorf," NCKi Cryptolog (Winter
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Garcia, "Command Histories, 1973—
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Marvin E. Nowicki to author, March
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204 "I reported this detection": "A
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219 the torpedo boats continued: or
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AMEU (June 8, 1997).230 "The govern
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Korea" (September 21, 1967), p. 1.
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the A-12 come from Paul F. Crickmor
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Watch" (September 1986), p. 39.288
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1970), p. 16.311 "35 kilometers nor
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333 "Evening missions were usually
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(1213Z April 29,1975). 349 "THE AMB
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(DDEL, White House Office, Office o
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that if I didn't": Anson, "Requiem
Page 613 and 614:
394 UKUSA Communications Intelligen
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408 "satellite communications proce
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Chamber of Commerce (June 29, 1990)
Page 619 and 620:
memorandum from W9R3 to W Group Rep
Page 621 and 622:
456 "The term 'warlordism' ": inter
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12, 1997. 465 "If you can see": NSA
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479 "Sometimes that's a very small
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486 "All American Festival": NSA, "
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Raymond T. Tate lecture, p. 30.503
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515 Beamrider: ibid., pp. 272-74.51
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526 "This building": NSA, Tom Johns
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11-12.535 Rob Fuggetta: This accoun
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Border Site 1958-1993." Web posting
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553 a shortage of Berber translator
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History of Admiral Bobby Ray Inman
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Only One Spy Probe?" Washington Pos
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585 "We had in the past": NSA, Secr
Page 647 and 648:
Engineering Times (October 14, 1996
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Scientists Are Poised for Revolutio
Page 651 and 652:
and Susan Page, "CIA Recovering Aft
Page 653 and 654:
Warren E. Leary, "Years to Build an
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