body-of-secrets-anatomy-of-the-ultra-secret-national-security-agency-2002

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in its Columbia, Maryland, office.474 "The CIA is good at stealing": Jeff Stein, "Spy Business LeavesLittle Room for Intelligence," Newsday (December 7, 1995), p. 48.474 "Perhaps the most compelling": CIA, Gates quoted in John H.Hedley, "TheIntelligence Community: Is It Broken? How to Fix It?" Studies inIntelligence(1996), p. 18. 474 no more than ten or fifteen: Walter Pincus, "CIAChief Cited Loss of Agency'sCapabilities," Washington Post, May 25, 1998. 474 "a sorry blend":Edward G. Shirley, "Can't Anybody Here Play This Game?"The Atlantic Monthly, February 1998.474 "Not a single Iran-desk chief": ibid.475 "had few competent Arabic-speaking officers": Letters to theEditor, The Atlantic Monthly, May 1998.475 "The CIA's spy service": Melvin A. Goodman, "Starting Over at theCIA," IntellectualCapital.com (Internet magazine), June 17, 1998.475 "It is fair to say that the cupboard is nearly bare": Walter Pincus,"CIA's Espionage Capability Found Lacking," Washington Post, May 10,1998.475 "huge increase": John Diamond, "Bill Pumps Money intoIntelligence," Associated Press (October 8, 1998).475 "windfall": Walter Pincus, "Much of Intelligence Funding Will Goto Satellites," Washington Post, October 23, 1998.475 "much smaller": CIA, Gates quoted in Hedley, "The IntelligenceCommunity," p. 16.475 "We don't really have a Director": ibid., p. 17.476 only 15 percent: Vernon Loeb, "Inside Information,"Washingtonpost.com (December 27, 1999).476 "It is very difficult to exercise": John I. Millis address to theCentral Intelligence Retirees Association (October 5, 1998). 476 CampPerry: interview with a senior CIA official (October 22, 1999).476 "At the end of the day": Veruon Loeb, "Drug Plant Attack onTarget, Says CIA Chief," Washington Post, October 21, 1999, p. A27.477 Special Collection Service: Unless otherwise noted, thisinformation comes from interviews with senior CIA officials.477 "As it happened": NSA, Secret/Comint Channels Only, oralhistory of Dr. Abraham Sinkov (May 1979), p. 119.478 "1. IDENTIFICATION": (ARRB).479 "Yesterday's code clerk": interview with senior CIA official.479 Springfield Road: Federation of American Scientists, IntelligenceResource Program, at FAS web sitehttp://www.fas.org/irp/facility/cssg.htm (June 21, 2000).479 live room: Tom Bowman and Scott Shane, "Espionage from theFront Lines," Baltimore Sun (special series, December 3—5, 1995).624
479 "Sometimes that's a very small antenna": "Spy Machines," Nova(PBS, 1987).480 "in motion" .., "at rest": interviews with senior intelligenceofficials.480 first transatlantic intercept station: See James Bamford, ThePuzzle Palace: A Report on NSA, America's Most Secret Agency (Boston:Hough ton Mifflin, 1982), pp. 155-56.CHAPTER 12: HeartPage481 fifty buildings: NSA, Dana Roscoe, "NSA Hosts SpecialPartnership Breakfast," NSAN (January 2000), p. 4.481 more than $500 million: Baltimore/Washington CorridorChambergram (March 1989), p. 1.481 1.5 million square feet: Vice Admiral William Studeman, Addressto the Baltimore/Washington Corridor Chamber of Commerce (June 29,1990).481 $152.8 million more: NSA, "Everything You Ever Wanted to KnowAbout NSA but Were Afraid to Ask," NSAN (July 1994), p. 9.481 "Were we a corporate company": NSA, videotape, "A ConversationBetween Deputy Director for Support Services Terry Thompson and theNSA Technical Work Force" (September 30, 1999).481 NSA's overall budget: These figures were the result of a slipaccidentally included in Part Three of the Senate defense appropriationssubcommittee's fiscal 1994 hearing volumes.482 approximately 38,000 people: This figure is an extrapolationfrom a chart, "Relative Personnel and Funding Sizes of Major IntelligenceAgencies," contained in the report "Preparing for the 21st Century: AnAppraisal of U.S. Intelligence" (March 1, 1996), p. 132. The report wasprepared by the Commission on the Roles and Capabilities of the U.S.Intelligence Community.482 secret city's own cops: Until 1986 the city was protected by theGeneral Services Administration's Federal Protective Service. That yearthe GSA delegated protection authority to the director of NSA.482 3,850 miles each month: NSA, T. C. Carrington and Debra L. Z.Potts, "Protective Services—More Than Meets the Eye," NSAN (September1999), pp. 8-10.482 Emergency Response: NSA, Andrew Plitt, "Emergency!Emergency!" NSAN (September 1991), pp. 8-9.482 Emergency Reaction Team: NSA, "Here Come the Men in Black,"NSAN (June 1999), p. 4.482 Executive Protection Unit: Carrington and Potts, "ProtectiveServices—More Than Meets the Eye."482 $4 million screening center: Tanya Jones, "NSA, Fort MeadeAwait Federal Building Funds," Baltimore Sun, July 24, 1997.625
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ACCLAIM FOR JAMES BAMFORD'SBODY OF
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FIRST ANCHOR BOOKS EDITION, APRIL 2
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTSMy most sincere than
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CHAPTER ONE MEMORYKVZIEBCEN CKYIECD
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profile." Nevertheless, he gave his
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team of American and British codebr
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called Bletchley Park that the futu
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Koniginpastete and the russische Ei
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Germans had departed with such hast
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without his knowledge," said one TI
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intercept operators, to handle the
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developed to divert a single signal
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in the late forties, and later head
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Security Agency. Odonovich commande
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eview. The review then pointed a fi
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CHAPTER THREE NERVESJFKH WRXSHN WRL
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would keep his ears finely tuned fo
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of pins to mark the hot spots. On J
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cryptanalysis and traffic analysis.
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needs, and still you cannot shoot d
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face plate frosted over."Half in an
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and continued its flight deep into
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can say he didn't know about this o
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At 8:40 A.M. on May 24, shortly bef
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eject the investigation. "The speec
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would the President think if there
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such forces to the utmost."In his l
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covered his formal blue uniform and
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General Eisenhower in London and la
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About 2:15, following the swearing-
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possibly in a bomber or bomber trai
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Following Kennedy's order, CIA plan
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near the Windward Passage," said on
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Robert McNamara finally lowered the
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very young people who have been bro
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had a different idea. They proposed
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"sell" the incident.Finally, there
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Because so many documents were dest
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CHAPTER FIVE EYESKPYNTKA' ABPYHTO R
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antenna was installed on its fantai
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sixteen-year-old, he slipped into W
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With the enormous focus on Cuba, Bl
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With the Oxford now in place, the a
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Navy and Air Force operational worl
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the sound barrier. Then you feel it
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adar tracking from radar stations t
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Navy ships began leaving port to ge
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high level of flight activity over
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the NSA Command Center flashed word
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headquarters, "Havana east, and pos
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noted in the long secret memorandum
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As the Russians began withdrawing,
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wires were strung to pick up the ve
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skipper. We had scuttles fore and a
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would be involved. Vallejo also rei
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the assassination, NSA initiated a
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the "alarming . . . anti-Communist
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(e.g. President Kennedy in October,
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were to break out, Arnold cautioned
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from space, at one point Russian an
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land. Like anthropologists discover
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in Washington.Around the world, on
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able to pick up signals from Soviet
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mobile intercept vans and trucks to
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farmers sipped çay from glass cups
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several days. B-29 raids followed,
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eavesdropping missions near the coa
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They would not let us have autos an
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forgotten dependency of Mauritius,
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said, "which had never been, and ne
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Nearby were two Mark 45 nuclear-tip
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Russians were aggressively searchin
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nation—the most modern submarine
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Organization of American States wer
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States, the Sigint operators on the
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personnel, six officers and 110 enl
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Congo), where a U.S. Navy plane wou
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CHAPTER SEVEN BLOODCYASJA EJLKBJ OJ
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South America; and the USNS Muller
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said somewhat quizzically. "You're
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government intended to protest Egyp
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Force eavesdropping missions throug
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journey toward the war zone as the
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the plane departed, he called up Sc
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them.As the Liberty sat within eyes
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Commander Pinchas Pinchasy, the nav
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shore, thirteen miles away, let alo
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earliest intelligence that the Russ
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linguist broke out the white canvas
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screaming at him probably, and fina
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despite seeing it on my spectrum an
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operators, analysts, and communicat
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to return to Athens. We recorded vo
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Tordella was told that some senior
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Black smoke was still escaping thro
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imposed. Crewmembers were threatene
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they dealt principally with such to
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"He asked if a mistake of this sort
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identified by Israeli military forc
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information the LIBERTY was interce
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CHAPTER EIGHT SPINEVGWEQVSM SVWEDQS
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who would frequently discuss with t
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was walking quickly up a sidewalk o
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ecording it. By then the plane was
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therefore was a special mission as
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primarily Vladivostok and secondari
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the seas were calm, the humidity wa
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From "Venus" to "Mars,"Charley shoo
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a few things at them and they'll go
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shore command that he had halted th
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unning the show at that particular
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attempt to burn the documents rathe
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Within days the document would be o
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enormously secret deliberation. "No
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indicated that Chinese radar did de
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"What's your status?! Your function
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of the Pueblo crew. But for nearly
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gone. While the Navy shudders and s
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CHAPTER NINE ADRENALINEI.G. EOPVJEV
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Vietnam in 1941 disguised as a Chin
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1961, Vietnam was a wave in the dis
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several inches deep.Separating the
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Miguel in the Philippines. Other me
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hunting. Sitting in front of racks
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It was an order to attack the ship
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impending second attack on August 4
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network was built linking sites at
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procedures, the formats and numerou
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such flights," said an NSA report o
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growing cloud of electrons would fo
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Walter G. Deeley. "Ground sweeps se
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morale: he created a photomontage o
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The Sigint personnel and the rest o
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the wings, giving the diminutive sp
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Bailey. "It had such a broad covera
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dry air and the oxygen they had to
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Saigon for a one-year tour in Vietn
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Parks, "was to act as a checkpoint
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"If SD and SSD [both were Vietcong
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headquarters was upbeat, like the b
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hours. After each advance, we would
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war.Some soldiers who physically su
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udget. He called them "bureaucrats
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pilots in Vietnam were being shot d
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assigned to maintain the Explorer e
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thing left was Operation Frequent W
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NSA: 2:07 AM, APRIL 30A PRESIDENTIA
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THE BUILDING.NSA: 5:48 AMSOUTH VIET
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CHAPTER TEN FATGTPEX UQLX KQEH TI S
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Intelligence Activities called NSA
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know whether I was even allowed to
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ionization of the chemical mixture.
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engineer, the mathematical calculat
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three thousand or thirty-two hundre
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sunburned desert, corrugated scrubl
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more like a giant Soviet lake than
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oom: the sounds were loud and clear
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profit. Guerin was to work secretly
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Congress he was the wonder boy, the
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While most saw only the confident,
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machine, with its own army, navy, a
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eventual failure. Angered that his
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uildings for the Technology and Sys
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policies and could lead to war. As
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een one of four people nominated by
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and many employees sit in front of
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"Knowledge is power," said Liberal
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easons." But when a senior GCHQ off
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Despite the end of the Cold War, th
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codenamed Echelon.During the 1980s,
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overtime attempting to log and prog
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phrases, telephone and fax numbers,
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sailors on the USS Stark in 1987. C
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weaponry in unstable regions, and r
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affected a long-planned trip to Teh
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market arms sales," said one former
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ship containing the "special items"
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to have to spread its resources acr
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Geneva for the start of the latest
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with secrecy and power. By then Lou
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eventually convinced Nixon to drop
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over as acting FBI director, follow
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member, would be permitted to be br
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I countered with the observation th
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with applicable law. Where the comm
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In 1994 a forty-seven-page document
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put her in the category of a full-t
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terms are used, the context of the
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which is a U.S. official, the tape
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Everything."The director ordered an
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A year after the crash, with comput
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enemies and allies; a global inform
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1995, the agency received about 1,5
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olling out miles and miles of new c
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were frightening. Within seven year
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may be programmed in 2001 for a sys
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will not tell you who called me. I
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leadership crisis for the better pa
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to come. These included chief of NS
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theory the CIA director is responsi
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2. OBJECTIVE: THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS
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In a large sense, the changing phil
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Ranking in size among the top 4.8 p
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Others have included Harvest; 3000
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codebreaking and appetite. When the
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Blue badges are worn by those who h
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warn "Don't Spill the Beans, Partne
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hours in the warm sun, the group he
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Next, on those same days, is an ear
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mathematician George R. Cotter. He
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Center, the very heart of NSA's wor
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was launched, what trajectory it's
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scientists. They locate important s
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Inside the offices, some people scr
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secret version of CNN. As the Defen
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the CIA's Office of Advanced Projec
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interest—nuclear weapon transfers
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shrink its Mount Everest of forbidd
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various workstations. Then, after c
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complex of the Cold War, is a cozy
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At Crypto City's new NSA Graduate S
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CHAPTER THIRTEEN SOULTRZAV DUZR QYK
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average NSA manager is more introve
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stochastic processes and other tech
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2,000 or so people who applied annu
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NSA, 78 percent of all information
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for an independent review of accura
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machines. "Polygraphing has been de
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what he called the excellent monito
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Devon, cutting 250 jobs.As at NSA,
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satellites were dying of old age an
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Prettyman retired from her job as c
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Security Command, it sought "a grou
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Southern California, who claim to h
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esearch grants, to mathematicians a
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In an effort to ease tensions, an O
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[deputy directors] who were in plac
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only telephoned the defense attorne
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world-class organization; NSA is th
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was king. "Just as control of indus
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Lieutenant General Ralph Canine. Af
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high-quality workforce. All of that
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CHAPTER FOURTEEN BRAINWDLDXTDKS'B A
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fight he found the contractors less
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and Engineering but a cocktail part
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Awarded $25 million by Congress, an
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Like misers hoarding every last pen
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Even more powerful, however, was Lo
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Nicknamed Bubbles, the $17.6 millio
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As a result of such worries, NSA, w
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agency named Frostberg. Used until
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manufacturer of high-performance wo
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contract, one to upgrade a CRAY T3E
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University of Maryland's Science an
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store hundreds of gigabytes of data
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the 2,500 watts of heat from the sy
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example, Japan's NEC had made consi
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AFTERWORD"This is Morning Edition f
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to the south of Afghanistan, at a l
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$2,400 each—but were waiting in t
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By 8:15, the air traffic controller
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and now president of the University
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very disturbing live shot there—t
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controller. "He's in coast track bu
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a floor and there would be guys fig
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plane without a transponder was hea
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O'Brien. "This must be a fighter. T
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nearby United flight to see if they
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were a former paratrooper, a brown
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Steve Mclntyre. "But outside I coul
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computers, no fax machines, and not
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drug war. According to NSA official
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5 May 1985-31 July 1988Vice Admiral
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555KuwaitiLaoLatvianLevantineLibyan
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APPENDIX CCRYPTOLOGIC OCCUPATIONS A
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mathematical methods for the invest
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NOTESABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE NOTE
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Nazi Codes (Bri-arcliff Manor, NY:
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23 "Russia's prejudice": War Depart
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snippy letter to the National Secur
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46 "If I could become a missile": i
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60 "just gobbledy-gook": Beschloss,
Page 573 and 574: 75 insisted that the choice of Zapa
Page 575 and 576: 89 "Any of the contrived situations
Page 577 and 578: 101 "Concentrated efforts have been
Page 579 and 580: 112 At 1:00 P.M. the Strategic Air
Page 581 and 582: 123 "All the communications that we
Page 583 and 584: Statement on Visa for Oswald," Nove
Page 585 and 586: Elmendorf," NCKi Cryptolog (Winter
Page 587 and 588: Garcia, "Command Histories, 1973—
Page 589 and 590: Marvin E. Nowicki to author, March
Page 591 and 592: 204 "I reported this detection": "A
Page 593 and 594: 219 the torpedo boats continued: or
Page 595 and 596: AMEU (June 8, 1997).230 "The govern
Page 597 and 598: Korea" (September 21, 1967), p. 1.
Page 599 and 600: the A-12 come from Paul F. Crickmor
Page 601 and 602: Watch" (September 1986), p. 39.288
Page 603 and 604: 1970), p. 16.311 "35 kilometers nor
Page 605 and 606: 333 "Evening missions were usually
Page 607 and 608: (1213Z April 29,1975). 349 "THE AMB
Page 609 and 610: (DDEL, White House Office, Office o
Page 611 and 612: that if I didn't": Anson, "Requiem
Page 613 and 614: 394 UKUSA Communications Intelligen
Page 615 and 616: 408 "satellite communications proce
Page 617 and 618: Chamber of Commerce (June 29, 1990)
Page 619 and 620: memorandum from W9R3 to W Group Rep
Page 621 and 622: 456 "The term 'warlordism' ": inter
Page 623: 12, 1997. 465 "If you can see": NSA
Page 627 and 628: 486 "All American Festival": NSA, "
Page 629 and 630: Raymond T. Tate lecture, p. 30.503
Page 631 and 632: 515 Beamrider: ibid., pp. 272-74.51
Page 633 and 634: 526 "This building": NSA, Tom Johns
Page 635 and 636: 11-12.535 Rob Fuggetta: This accoun
Page 637 and 638: Border Site 1958-1993." Web posting
Page 639 and 640: 553 a shortage of Berber translator
Page 641 and 642: History of Admiral Bobby Ray Inman
Page 643 and 644: Only One Spy Probe?" Washington Pos
Page 645 and 646: 585 "We had in the past": NSA, Secr
Page 647 and 648: Engineering Times (October 14, 1996
Page 649 and 650: Scientists Are Poised for Revolutio
Page 651 and 652: and Susan Page, "CIA Recovering Aft
Page 653 and 654: Warren E. Leary, "Years to Build an
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