RAYTHEON BRINGS EO TECHNOLOGY To Defend Our Nation

technology 

today 

HIGHLIGHTING RAYTHEON’S TECHNOLOGY 

RAYTHEON BRINGS EO TECHNOLOGY 

To Defend Our Nation 

2005 Issue 1

A Message from Greg Shelton 

Vice President of Engineering, 

Technology, Manufacturing & Quality 

Ask Greg on line 

at: http://www.ray.com/rayeng/ 

2 2005 ISSUE 1 

This new year is quickly progressing, so I would like to take a few moments to reflect back on our 

many successes in 2004. 

Financially, we have reported a strong fourth quarter, a solid year and our fifth consecutive quarter of 

predictable financial performance. We have continued to focus on the three pillars of Customer 

Focused Marketing: Performance through predictability, Relationships by building trust, and Solutions 

— the most fun for all of us — through creativity and innovation. 

In Engineering, Technology, Manufacturing and Quality, predictability is something on which we have 

focused strongly the past three years, with core processes and standards and invoking discipline in all we 

do. We have made significant strides, and our success is measured and validated by CMMI®. In 2004, 

we continued our journey for process excellence with successful CMMI appraisals in Indianapolis, 

Tucson and the United Kingdom — just to name a few. These achievements resulted in Raytheon leading 

the industry with the most sites at CMMI Level 3 or above for systems and software engineering. 

I often say that our people are our greatest asset. You are the ones who are building the relationships 

with our customers — gaining and sustaining their trust. Our customers are actively participating in 

our five Engineering and Technology Symposia, our Mission Assurance Forum, and our second 

annual Raytheon Technology Day in Washington, D.C. These events are excellent vehicles for sharing 

knowledge, experiences and successes, but they are also perfect opportunities to foster and build 

those relationships. 

Technology is in our roots, and we have sustained our technical leadership by focusing on our four 

mission areas: Radio Frequency; Electro-optical (EO); Missiles; and Command, Control, 

Communications, Computers and Intelligence. We have had several major DARPA wins, including 

the Robust Integrated Power Electronics, Cognitive Engine Technologies and Future Combat System 

Communications. 

This issue of technology today focuses on EO technology, a core technology area for Raytheon. EO technology 

is found in spacecraft, unmanned airplanes, missiles, ground vehicles and in the hands of our 

soldiers. EO technology allows our forces to “own the night.” I encourage you to read this issue that 

focuses on current EO products and the enabling technologies on which they are based. Our next issue 

will focus on emerging threats and the enabling technologies that we are developing to address them. 

In 2005, let’s continue to focus on the fundamentals, but let’s also continue to drive Raytheon Six 

Sigma to the next level — developing new, innovative solutions for our customers, partners and 

teammates. We will also focus on Mission Assurance, Mission Systems Integration and Mission Support. 

Lastly, I encourage you to be a continuous “world learner” and hope you learn to look “outside the box” 

for solutions to meet our customers’ ever-changing needs, and if that means bringing in a partner to 

provide a solution, then so be it. We are a total Mission Systems Integrator, and we have to continue to 

do all we can to think like one. 

Regards, 

Greg

TECHNOLOGY TODAY 

technology today is published 

quarterly by the Office of Engineering, 

Technology, Manufacturing & Quality 

Vice President Greg Shelton 

Managing Editor Jean Scire 

Editors Mardi Scalise, Lee Ann Sousa 

Art Director Debra Graham 

Photography 

Mike McGravey, Charlie Riniker 

Publication Coordinator Carol Danner 

Contributors 

Steven Bailey 

James Bangs 

Stefan Baur 

Scott Bloomfield 

Paul Buelow 

Marc Carson 

Alan Hoffman 

Todd Johnson 

Richard Juergens 

Frank Kearns 

Donald Lewis 

Kevin Marler 

Heather McKenna 

Brian Morgan 

Daniel Murphy 

Brian Perona 

Marcilene Pribonic 

Chuck Pruszynski 

William Radford 

Mike Sprung 

Mike Stokes 

Frank Sulzbach 

Kevin Wheeler 

Paul Wheelwright 

INSIDE THIS ISSUE 

Raytheon’s Electro-optical Technology – 

In the Defense of Our Nation 4 

World Leadership in FLIR Systems 5 

2nd-Generation FLIR 7 

Precision Targeting on the Battlefield 8 

Precision Guided Weapons 8 

Electro-optical Missile Seekers 9 

Enabling Technologies 10 

Engineering Perspective – Alan Silver 11 

Optics Technology 12 

Leadership Perspective – Dr. Peter Pao 13 

EO Test Systems 14 

Cryogenics: Keeping It Cool 15 

Eye on Technology 

Architecture & Systems Integration 16 

RF Systems 17 

Materials & Structures 18 

Processing 19 

Design for Six Sigma 20 

CMMI Accomplishments 22 

The Future State of IPDS 24 

Women’s Forum 2004 25 

Mission Assurance & Quality Forum 25 

Fall Symposia 26 

First Joint Council Meeting 28 

People: Raytheon’s Greatest Asset 28 

Patent Recognition 29 

Future Events 32 

EDITOR’S NOTE 

I recently had to purchase a new dishwasher, so I went to the local appliance store 

and bought the dishwasher that the salesperson recommended to meet my needs. 

This was a quick and easy sale and also included a new stove (for decorative purposes 

only — to match the dishwasher — because my culinary skills and desires 

are minimal at best). Someone asked me why I just went to the local store without 

investigating the products on the market and shopping around for the best deal, and 

the answer was simple: I trust the people because they have met their commitments with excellent 

service and support. 

Trusted partnerships are critical to our success. I was fortunate to hear Brigadier General Mike 

Cannon, United States Army, Program Executive Officer, Missiles and Space, Redstone Arsenal speak 

on a panel at the Program Leadership symposium this past February. He said, “We don’t trust 

Raytheon, it’s a name… We might trust the products that are coming out of Raytheon, but it’s only 

because we trust the people that are inside of that company. It’s the people who have earned our 

trust. We’re not your customers, we’re your partners.” 

Raytheon’s technology is a key discriminator, but when our technology is paired with customer 

solutions and supported by the relationships that we build, we drive growth. We must continue to 

foster and maintain relationships with our customers, partners, suppliers and teammates. 

This issue focuses on EO technology, a key technology area for our company in which we have a 

strong history of success. We are providing solutions to our customers, especially in the Global War 

on Terror where our products enable our customers to “own the night.” The next issue will focus 

on the future of EO technology and what Raytheon is doing to develop solutions to meet our 

customers’ needs. 

Enjoy the magazine. As always, your ideas, comments and feedback are most welcome. 

Happy Spring! 

We welcome your comments and suggestions; go to technology 

today via www.ray.com/rayeng and visit the Interact section, or 

email us at techtodayeditor@raytheon.com. 

2005 ISSUE 1 3

Raytheon’s Electro-optical Technology 

in the Defense of Our Nation 

Part 1 of 2 Electro-optical Technology Features 

T his 

issue of technology 

today is dedicated to 

electro-optical (EO), 

infrared (IR) and laser 

technology in which 

Raytheon has a long and 

storied history in supporting 

the defense of our nation. 

As one of the world’s largest manufacturers 

of EO/IR sensors and systems — having 

delivered over 43,000 forward-looking 

IR (FLIR) systems alone — we have a lot to 

be proud of, but our greatest accomplishment 

is the difference we have made to 

our warfighters. 

While speaking at the 2002 DARPA Systems 

and Technology Symposium, General 

Richard Myers, chairman of the Joint Chiefs 

of Staff, stated that there are three technologies 

that have changed the nature of 

modern warfare: night vision, precision 

strike and global positioning systems. 

Two of these capabilities are provided by 

Raytheon’s EO technology and systems. 

Since there is so much to show and tell 

about EO, we have split the information 

into two issues of technology today. This 

edition shows how Raytheon has and continues 

to bring EO technology to support 

the defense of our nation. Here, we feature 

EO technology, our current products, and 

the enabling technologies on which they 

are based. 

The next issue of technology today will 

review emerging threats and the programs 

and enabling technologies that we are 

developing to address them. 

Figure 1 captures the breadth and depth of 

technologies that have given the warfighter 

affordable night vision to detect targets 

4 2005 ISSUE 1 

Figure 1. EO enabling technologies 

from the ground, the air and space. Once 

these targets have been detected, Raytheon 

laser ranging technology helps locate 

exacting target positions for our precision 

strike weapons. Once launched, Raytheon 

seekers guide our missiles accurately to 

these targets through either passive sensor 

tracking or semi-active or active illumination 

by Raytheon laser designators. 

However, the nature of warfare is evolving. 

In response, Raytheon continues to develop 

capabilities to sustain our charter of bringing 

EO technology to protect the warfighters 

and defend our nation. • 

Alan Silver 

asilver@raytheon.com 

In this issue, you’ll read 

about EO products and 

technologies. The next 

issue of technology today 

will focus on how we 

apply these technologies 

to emerging threats 

against our nation.

World Leadership in FLIR Systems 

Raytheon’s experience in designing, developing 

and integrating forward-looking 

infrared (FLIR) systems and subsystems 

spans space, airborne and ground combat 

systems. Over the past 40 years, Raytheon 

has successfully developed and fielded navigation, 

surveillance and targeting systems on 

numerous domestic and international programs. 

During this period, we have produced 

and delivered more than 43,000 FLIR 

systems. As one of the world’s largest manufacturers 

of electro-optical (EO) systems, 

Raytheon is known for its expertise and 

quality in this area. 

Space and Airborne Sensors 

Information gained from sensors in the air 

and in space has become a fundamental 

component in planning and forecasting a 

wide range of civil, military and intelligence 

activities. For years, advanced visible, 

infrared (IR) and microwave sensors have 

contributed to our ability to predict patterns 

and effects of weather. Such data can be of 

great value in planning anything from a picnic 

to a military campaign. 

Information developed by sensors in space 

allows forecasters to predict — among many 

other things — soil moisture content and 

weather patterns. This information might 

affect the number of ants you could expect 

at your picnic, but if you're a tank commander, 

it can also help you determine 

whether the mud on the battlefield is going 

to be too thick to plan a successful attack. 

The ability to predict sandstorms and their 

duration has already proven to be an important 

factor in Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). 

Data from polar-orbiting and geostationary 

platforms has been used for decades to 

support battlefield operations. The next 

10 years will see improved environmental 

data from a new suite of National Polarorbiting 

Operational Environmental Satellite 

System instruments, along with revolutionary 

improvements in Geostationary 

Operational Environmental Satellite System 

weather products, courtesy of the new 

Advanced Baseline Imager and the Hyperspectral 

Environmental Suite of sensors. 

Currently, threat sensors such as the 

Defense Support Program provide missile 

warning. Soon, however, these sensors will 

be replaced by constellations of much more 

acute sensors in the Space-Based Infrared 

High and the Space Tracking Surveillance 

Systems. These systems will provide the target 

identification and tracking capabilities necessary 

to support the United States’ multilayered 

national missile defense program. 

Of course, we don't have to travel as far as 

space to encounter sensors operating with 

great strategic effect above the earth. 

Consider three recent stars of the sky: the 

Predator and Global Hawk unmanned aerial 

vehicles and Advanced Targeting FLIR (ATFLIR). 

• Predator, carrying organic 

sensors developed by 

Raytheon, has been 

conducting intelligence, 

surveillance and reconnaissance 

(ISR) operations 

in support of 

Operation Enduring 

Freedom (OEF) in 

Afghanistan. Raytheon’s 

precision strike weapons 

are then employed to 

engage threats as soon 

as possible. 

• Global Hawk also carries 

Raytheon EO and IR, and 

performed extremely well 

in ISR missions in OIF. 

Although it flew only 

three percent of 

air-breathing imagery 

intelligence missions and 

five percent of high-altitude 

reconnaissance 

sorties, it nonetheless 

accounted for 55% of 

the time-sensitive 

targets generated to kill 

air defense equipment. 

Global Hawk’s sensors 

located 13 surface-to-air 

missile (SAM) batteries, 

50 SAM launchers, 

300 SAM canisters, 70 SAM transporters 

and more than 300 Iraqi tanks. 

• ATFLIR is providing the F/A-18 Super 

Hornet with precision engagement with 

excellent standoff range. 

Moderate Resolution Imaging 

Spectroradiometer 

The Moderate Resolution Imaging 

Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aboard the 

NASA Terra and Aqua satellites provides daily 

global information on atmospheric, land 

and ocean environmental dynamics. Daily 

Continued on page 6 

Figure 1. In this MODIS image taken March 28, 2003, dust is pooled in the 

valleys closest to the coast, while a front stretches across hundreds of miles. 

Into the waters of the Persian Gulf (center), bright blue swirls of sediment 

pour in from rivers. In places the swirls appear tinged with green, which suggests 

some marine plant life could be present. 

Orbit 705 km, 10:30 a.m. descending node or 1:30 p.m. ascending 

node, sun-synchronous, near-polar, circular 

Size 1.0 x 1.6 x 1.0 m 

Scan Rate 20.3 rpm, cross track 

Data Rate 11 Mbps (peak daytime) 

Scan Dimensions 2,330 km (cross track) by 10 km (along track at nadir) 

Quantization 12 bits 

Telescope 17.78 cm diam. Off-axis, afocal (collimated), with intermediate 

field stop 

Spatial Resolution 250 m (bands 1-2), 500 m (bands 3-7), 1,000 m (bands 8-36) 

Weight 240 kg 

Design Life 5 years 

Power 150 W (orbital average) 

Table 1. MODIS Design Specifications 

2005 ISSUE 1 5

FLIR SYSTEMS 

Continued from page 5 

MODIS sea-surface temperatures are 

required to model air-sea temperature interactions 

that affect climate and weather and 

correct radar tracking of incoming missiles 

threatening our ships at sea. Its estimates of 

aerosol levels and cloud cover contribute to 

global weather and climate prediction. Its 

vegetation assessments support global and 

seasonal crop forecasting. Its dust storm 

warnings support tactical military operations. 

The spectral capability of MODIS is the key 

to its ability to detect dust storms and provide 

key reports to military planners regarding 

the density, position, size, trajectory 

and visibility of these sand blizzards. Special 

spectral channels in the visible, nearinfrared 

and even longer wavelengths in 

the infrared, sensitive to temperature, allow 

MODIS to segregate land, ocean, clouds 

and dust in the same picture. 

MODIS has proven to be not only a successful 

tool to support scientific environmental 

studies — the basic mission for which it 

was originally designed — but also a necessary 

adjunct to civil weather forecasting and 

military operations worldwide (see Figure 1 

on page 5). In OEF and OIF conflicts that 

continue to make headlines, desert dust 

storms are the bane of infantry and airmen. 

MODIS is a key combat ally as well as an 

essential tool for continued NASA environmental 

research. 

Global Hawk Integrated Sensor 

Suite and Ground Segment 

With its unmatched sensor technology and 

sophisticated ground support systems, the 

Global Hawk unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) 

offers a dramatic warfighting advantage. 

Raytheon developed the electronic sensors, 

radar and ground-based elements that 

allow Global Hawk to excel at providing 

critical ISR data to military field commands. 

Day or night, on land or at sea, and in all 

kinds of weather, the Raytheon Integrated 

Sensor Suite (ISS) on the air vehicle (Figure 2) 

pinpoints stationary or moving targets with 

unparalleled accuracy. It transmits imagery 

and position information instantaneously from 

65,000 feet with dramatic clarity, empowering 

warfighters to respond quickly and decisively. 

6 2005 ISSUE 1 

The Raytheon-built ISS enables Global 

Hawk to scan large geographic areas and 

produce outstanding high-resolution reconnaissance 

imagery. In just 24 hours, Global 

Hawk’s wide-area search mode can cover 

40,000-square nautical miles with 1-meter 

resolution; while in spot target mode, the 

sensors can search 1,900 2 km x 2 km 

spots with 0.33-meter resolution. 

To provide Global Hawk with its broad sensing, 

night vision and radar-detection capabilities, 

ISS combines a cloud-penetrating 

synthetic aperture radar antenna with a 

ground moving target indicator, a high-resolution 

EO digital camera and an IR sensor. 

A common signal processor, acting as an 

airborne supercomputer, ensures that all 

elements work together. 

Figure 2. Global Hawk’s array of sensors 

supports the UAV’s nearly 36 hours of 

long-term surveillance. 

Global Hawk’s EO Sensor Modes 

EO/IR Characteristics Performance Parameters 

Focal Length 1.75 M Wide Area Search Mode 138,000 sq km/day 

Aperture 0.28 M (11”) NIIRS 5.0 MWIR, 6.0 visible 

3.7-5 µrad Visible Spotlight Mode 1,900 spots/day 

0.55-0.8 µm EO CCD Array NIIRS 5.5 MWIR; 6.5 visible 

Pixel IFOV 11.4 µrad MWIR; 5.1 µrad visible 

Array FOV 5.5 x 7.3 mrad MWIR; 5.1 X 5.2 mrad visible 

AN/AAS-52 Multi-Spectral Targeting System 

Parameters Features 

AN/AAS-52 Multi-Spectral 

Targeting System – Eyes of 

the Predator 

Raytheon’s multi-spectral targeting 

system (MTS) (see Figure 3) is a multi-use 

IR, EO and laser detecting/ranging/tracking 

set, developed and produced for use in military 

systems. Using state-of-the-art digital 

Continued on next page 

Figure 3. The eyes of the Predator – a Multi- 

Spectral Targeting System integrating Raytheon 

infrared, EO and laser technologies 

Fields of View, Degrees Wide: 33 X 44, Medium-wide: 15 X 20, Medium: 5.7 X 7.6 

Narrow: 1.2 X 1.6 (IR&TV) 

Ultra-narrow: 0.6 X 0.8 (IR) 

Ultra-narrow: 0.22 X 0.29 (TV) 

Electronic Zoom, IR & TV 2:1 – 0.3 X 0.4 (IR), 0.11 X 0.14 (TV) 

4:1 – 0.15 X 0.2 (IR), 0.06 X 0.07 (TV) 

Gimbal Angular Coverage Azimuth: 360 degrees, continuous 

Elevation: 60 degrees up, 105 degrees down 

Gimbal Slew Rate 3 radians/sec elevation 

Maximum Air Speed >350 kts IAS 

Automatic Video Tracker Multimode (centroid, area and feature) 

Environmental Compliant with MIL-E-5400, MIL-STD-810 

Interface 1,553 data bus and/or discrete controls 

Video Outputs RS-170 (525-line), digital, other formats available 

Cooling Self contained 

Power (Nominal) 900 W nominal 

Weights and Dimensions (Approx.) WRA-1: 125 lb; 17.5 in. D X 18.7 in. H 

WRA-2: 48 lb; 13.52 in. W X 12.50 in. L X 9.24 in. H 

Options Multiple sensors such as EO-TV, illuminator, eye-safe rangefinder, 

spot tracker, image fusion and other avionics

2nd-Generation FLIR 

Moving Ground Forces’ Mission Operability 

Beyond Traditional Boundaries 

In the first Gulf War, “We own the night” 

became the catch phrase of the day. That 

war was fought with first-generation thermal 

sensors built circa 1980. Second-generation 

forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensors 

for ground combat made their large-number 

debut in Operation Enduring Freedom 

(OEF) in Afghanistan and Operation Iraqi 

Freedom (OIF) in Iraq. Both first- and second-generation 

systems have been credited 

with being a “force multiplier” and were 

enabled by Raytheon-developed technology. 

The superior performance of the secondgeneration 

FLIR allowed our warfighters to 

expand, and even improvise, on missions 

with this powerful new capability. 

Second-generation FLIR was born out of 

lessons learned from the first Gulf War. Due 

to the disparate performance of the earlier 

systems, the stated goal was for all armored 

vehicles to have a “common view” of the 

battlefield. A second goal was to reduce system 

cost by standardizing components, thus 

taking advantage of the economies of scale. 

Today, Raytheon Network Centric Systems 

(NCS) is the leader in second-generation 

electro-optical (EO)-based gun and missile 

fire control systems and surveillance systems, 

having delivered thousands of systems to date. 

NCS provides the EO sensor for the 

Improved Target Acquisition System (ITAS) 

used by the 82nd and 101st Airborne 

Divisions. The Scouts of the 3rd Infantry 

Division (ID) have our Long-Range 

FLIR SYSTEMS (CONTINUED) 

architecture, this advanced system provides 

long-range surveillance, target acquisition, 

tracking, rangefinding and laser designation 

for semi-active laser missiles and for all 

tri-service and NATO laser-guided munitions. 

With proven combat experience, the 

MTS and variants are available to support 

domestic and international missions for 

rotary-wing, UAV and fixed-wing platforms. 

Advanced Scout Surveillance System 

(LRAS3). The M2A3 Bradley Fighting 

Vehicles of the 4th ID have the Improved 

Bradley Acquisition System at the gunner’s 

station and the Commander’s Independent 

Viewer in the vehicle command station. The 

M1A2 SEP uses Raytheon’s Commander’s 

Independent Thermal Viewer for 

“hunter/killer” tactics. Raytheon Vision 

Systems in Santa Barbara, Calif., is a key 

supplier of our sensors’ detector, the 

Standard Advanced Dewar Assembly 

(SADA) II. The SADA is a 480 x 4 HgCdTe 

focal plane array (FPA) integrated with a 

one-watt linear cooler. 

In addition, Raytheon provides thousands of 

thermal weapon sights (TWS) mounted on 

the weapons of individual soldiers. The TWS 

family consists of three rugged sights providing 

long- (2.5 km), medium- (1.5 km) 

and short-range (600 m) target recognition 

matched to the capability of the individual 

and crew-served weapons. The TWS sights 

use two Raytheon detector technologies: 

scanned medium-wave infrared detectors 

are used in the medium- and long-range 

sights, and uncooled staring long-wave 

infrared 320 x 240 FPAs are used for the 

short-range sight. Each TWS mounts directly 

to the warfighter’s individual weapon, enabling 

day and night thermal targeting without 

affecting the soldier’s dismounted mobility. 

The high-fidelity imagery of second-generation 

FLIRS takes our warfighters from the 

days of “blob-ology” to reading facial 

AN/ASQ-228 ATFLIR Pod 

The AN/ASQ-228 ATFLIR pod is the most 

advanced infrared targeting system available 

for the F/A-18 aircraft. Combat-proven 

in operations Southern Watch (Iraq), 

Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom, 

Raytheon’s AN/ASQ-228 ATFLIR is the 

Navy’s targeting pod program of record and 

the most technologically advanced system 

of its kind in the world. Its target detection 

range shows a fourfold improvement over 

previous systems, and laser designation is 

Photo Courtesy of U.S. Army 

ITAS 2nd-Generation FLIR – an integral 

component of U.S. ground forces 

expressions at greater than double the 

range of first-generation systems. This new 

level of performance has allowed traditionally 

anti-armor weapons systems, such as 

ITAS, to perform surveillance missions in 

OEF, and traditional surveillance sensors, 

such as LRAS3, to call for fire in OIF. 

Raytheon has received many accolades 

about the performance of our systems in 

OEF/OIF from all levels of the Army: 

“LRAS3 gave us the edge over the Iraqis … 

It allowed us to do our job better; it kept us 

from getting killed.” – Scout, 3rd ID, OIF 

“The FLIR and the TOW ITAS, in particular, 

was the hero of the battlefield.” 

– MG Petraeus, 101st Airborne, OIF 

“Lives were saved with TWS.” 

– BG J. Moran, PEO soldier 

We continue to “own the night.” Our 

warfighters are learning to use these 

systems more effectively with greater 

operability. Second-generation FLIR performance 

saves lives by providing standoff 

capability that allows for calls for fire, thus 

keeping our troops concealed. 

The ability of our warfighters to improvise 

new missions is a tribute to them and our 

EO sensor systems. • Hector Reyes 

hreyes@raytheon.com 

effective at altitudes up to 50,000 feet and 

at a slant range of greater than 30 miles. 

ATFLIR combines the mid-wave infrared 

targeting and navigation FLIRS, electro-optical 

sensor, laser rangefinder and target designator, 

and laser spot tracker into a single 

pod, freeing one air-to-air weapon station 

for other mission requirements. Compared 

to other targeting pods in production, the 

ATFLIR’s EO/IR imagery has three to five 

times greater clarity. • 

Robert Schaefer 

rdschaefer@raytheon.com 

2005 ISSUE 1 7

Precision Targeting on the Battlefield 

Raytheon Rangefinders Ensure Mission Success with Minimal Collateral Damage 

Raytheon pioneered the development of 

laser rangefinder technology, starting with 

the first laser ever built — the flash-lamppumped 

Ruby laser — in the early 1960s. 

Since then, Raytheon has remained the 

dominant supplier/manufacturer of 

rangefinder lasers for a variety of platforms 

and missions. These include vehicle and manportable/rifle-mounted 

implementations. 

The evolution of rangefinder technology 

has been driven by two requirements: 

robust eye safety (to prevent the accidental 

blinding of friendly troops) and covertness 

(to remain invisible to the naked eye). These 

requirements led to the development of a 

family of Nd:YAG – Raman shifted 1.5micron 

wavelength rangefinder lasers. 

These lasers are widely used in today’s 

Raytheon’s long-standing legacy of delivering 

battle-hard designators to our troops 

has been proven once again in Operation 

Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi 

Freedom. Raytheon has an extensive history 

in Army designator development and production 

which includes: 

• White Knight designator delivered 

to Army Electronics 

Command (1969) 

• AC-130 Gunship Laser 

Designator/Rangefinder 

delivered starting in 1970 

LTD AN/PAQ-1 

• G/VLLD & LTD development for 

U.S. Army beginning in 1972 

• MULE development for USMC 

beginning in 1976 

• Direction Ranging Set Laser 

MULE AN/PAQ-3 

Designator for Navy A6E jet 

starting in 1976 

• 1,500 G/VLLDs, 200 LTDs and 

400 MULEs delivered (1980-88) 

8 2005 ISSUE 1 

• AC-130 LTD/R design upgrade 

and follow-on production 

(1989-2002) 

• AESOP (SOF helicopter) 

production (1992-96) 

military platforms: 

• ELITE Foreign LAVs 

• BELRF ODS 

• BELRF IBAS 

• LRAS3 PM-NV/RSTA 

• TISS U.S. Navy 

ELITE Foreign LAVs 

The successful legacy of 

delivering battle-worthy 

rangefinders has ensured the 

U.S. military superiority on 

BELRF ODS battlefields all over the world. 

Following the success 

with Nd:YAG, 

Raytheon once again 

BELRF IBAS proved its leadership 

in cutting-edge laser technology by developing 

diode-pumped Er:glass lasers for 

rangefinders. The unique direct diode- 

Precision Guided Weapons 

Raytheon Designators Shine in the War on Terror 

G/VLLD 

AN/TVQ-2 

• Next-generation man-portable 

designator trade study for Communications 

Electronics Command (1996-97) 

• Next-generation F/A-18 designator 

(ATFLIR) now in low-rate initial 

production for U.S. Navy 

The successful legacy of delivering designators 

has given Raytheon a distinctive edge 

in delivering an 

all-solid-state airbornedesignator/rangefinder 

that is used by 

autonomous 

fighter aircraft such as 

the F-18 Hornet. The 

ATFLIR designator is 

already combat-proven 

with stellar results in 

current conflicts. Our 

diode-pumped composite 

cavity laser technology 

is providing the basis 

for the robust designator 

design that works in the 

harshest airborne environments. 

The ATFLIR laser 

features a convertible 

LTD/R AC130 Gunship 

DRS TRAM A6E 

bomber 

AESOP various 

helicopters 

pumped Er:glass lasers that 

use passive saturable absorber 

Q-switch technology proved a 

robust solution to a complementary 

set of rangefinder 

applications. Among these are 

the Land Warrior ELRF/DCA and 

OCSW ATD TA/FCS. Raytheon 

owns numerous patents 

related to this technology 

and is poised to 

further the 

proliferation of 

this technology 

for future military 

platforms. • OCSW ATD TA/FCS 

Lightweight Designator 

Concept 

LRAS3 PM-NV/RSTA 

TISS U.S. Navy 

Kalin Spariosu 

kalin_spariosu@raytheon.com 

cavity for an eye-safe (1,570 nm) pulsed 

output for rangefinding, in addition to the 

1,064 nm special waveform output for the 

designator task. 

Following success in the fielding of the 

battle-proven designator and rangefinder 

laser systems, Raytheon is now pursuing 

next-generation lightweight designator 

development. These next-generation designators 

will feature ultra compact efficient 

diode pump technology, novel Q-switch 

technology, improved conversion efficiency 

laser diodes, and integrating cavity laser 

pump geometries/architectures. 

Raytheon is poised to remain the dominant 

military laser supplier to our armed forces 

and to lead technology developments that 

will enable the next generation of precision 

guided weapon deployment. • 

Land Warrior 

ELRF/DCA 

Kalin Spariosu 

kalin_spariosu@raytheon.com

Electro-optical Missile Seekers 

Sensing, Detecting, Tracking – 

All In One Small Package 

Electro-optical (EO) seekers 

are employed in missiles to 

provide a means of 

target sensing, 

detection and selection 

and to provide updates of 

target location for improved 

pointing for guidance. 

Fielded systems 

have, historically, 

been passive sensors using 

either atmospheric windows of 

the medium-wave infrared or long-wave 

infrared bands for day and night operation 

of the target’s emissive signature; or 

semi-active laser (SAL) systems requiring 

third-party illumination to provide a 

reflected signal from the target with single 

or few detector elements. EO missile seekers 

have now evolved to cost-effective staring 

arrays with tens of thousands of pixels. 

The constraints that determine the EO 

seeker design for a given application are 

the target characteristics (signature, size, 

range at acquisition, maneuverability, clutter 

environment); missile constraints (size, 

power, maneuverability); and environmental 

conditions (visibility, accelerations). The variety 

of EO seeker designs is reflective of the 

vast differences in requirements ranging 

from shoulder-launched applications, such as 

Stinger, and a space intercept application, 

such as Exo-atmospheric Kill Vehicle (EKV). 

The earliest EO missile seekers used the 

signal of a target hot spot, such as jet 

engine exhaust, combined with a free gyro 

stabilized gimbal system. Evolution over the 

decades added reticles for countermeasure 

rejection, linear arrays for early imaging systems 

and, starting in the 1980s, a general 

conversion to focal plane arrays of increasing 

size, with the anti-armor Javelin and 

anti-aircraft AIM-9X being examples of 

early fielded staring systems. Since the 

mid-1990s, uncooled infrared (IR) systems 

have been 

maturing that 

achieve an 

even lower 

cost by 

leveraging 

commercial silicon 

processing for 

lower sensitivity 

applications. 

Seeker control and stabilization 

approaches have 

evolved from spinning mass 

(free gyro) stabilization to a variety 

of approaches ranging from free gyro 

stabilized (Rolling Airframe Missile, Stinger, 

Missile Homing Improvement Program, 

Brilliant Anti-Tank submunition); instrument 

stabilized (Javelin, Non Line Of Sight 

(NLOS)), remotely stabilized (AIM-9X, Joint 

Standoff Weapon (JSOW)) to fixed-post or 

body stabilized (EKV, Standard Missile 3). 

The absolute stability requirements for 

cooled EO sensors have reduced over time 

with the short integration 

times of cooled sensors, 

resulting in systems that 

are forgiving to motions 

in terms of smear. 

Present-day optical systems use 

fabrication and design techniques, 

such as integral mounts, aspheres 

and diffraction gratings, to achieve 

system requirements of collection 

efficiency, bandwidth and performance 

over temperature 

ranges within the 

severe packaging 

constraints of missile 

systems. 

Image processing has 

progressed from the 

designation by a manin-the-loop 

and hand 

over to a tracker to autonomous target 

recognition (ATR) and autonomous target 

acquisition (ATA) for both fixed and moving 

targets. An example is JSOW Unitary, which 

uses scene-matching techniques to correlate 

mission planning templates to the 

seeker video to establish an aimpoint to 

hand over to the tracker. 

Looking toward the future, EO seekers will 

continue to evolve to meet the individual 

market needs: multimode products such as 

NLOS (uncooled IR and SAL) to allow more 

flexible use of the weapons; uncooled IR 

for the most cost-sensitive applications; 

active EO seekers to determine detailed 

target characteristics; and, in general, 

increasing autonomy of the missile by the 

advances in ATA and ATR algorithms. • 

Dan Brunton 

dwbrunton@raytheon.com 

2005 ISSUE 1 9

ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES 

Focal Plane Arrays: 

Detecting the Light 

Raytheon Vision Systems (RVS) in Santa 

Barbara, Calif., has been developing 

and manufacturing high-performance 

infrared (IR) products for the Department of 

Defense (DoD), civil space and astronomy 

systems for 50 years. RVS is the leading 

supplier of second-generation forwardlooking 

infrared and missile seekers, including 

Standard Advanced Detector Assembly 

(SADA), Javelin, Advanced Short-Range 

Air-to-Air Missile (ASRAAM), AIM-9X and 

NLOS-PAM, with deliveries currently 

totaling 12,000 units per year. Most of 

these units are integrated Dewar cooler 

assemblies (IDCA). 

Since 1966, RVS has provided focal plane 

arrays (FPA) for more than 70 space instruments 

for applications including weather 

data collection, planetary exploration, 

earth resources, star trackers and space 

astronomy. RVS develops and fabricates high- 

performance infrared detectors and arrays 

that cover the entire IR spectrum as shown 

in Figure 1. This technology base is the broadest 

in the industry and includes hybrid visible 

Si PIN, InSb, HgCdTe and Si impurity-band 

conduction (IBC) FPAs along with monolithic 

uncooled VO x microbolometer FPAs. 

10 2005 ISSUE 1 

In recent history, photoconductive (firstgeneration) 

FPA technology has been overtaken 

by photovoltaic (second-generation) 

technology that consists of detector arrays 

hybridized to read-out integrated 

circuits (ROIC) using indium bump technology. 

Growth to third-generation technology 

includes large format, multicolor and avalanche 

photodiodes (APD). 

Tactical Products 

Tactical IDCAs are the largest volume product 

being delivered by RVS. This includes over 

25,000 Javelin (64 x 64 staring long-wave IR 

(LWIR) HgCdTe); 3,500 SADA (scanning 480 

x 4 LWIR HgCdTe); 20,000 thermal weapon 

sights (TWS) (40 x 16 scanning mediumwave 

IR (MWIR) HgCdTe); and over 4,000 

ASRAAM (staring 128 x 128 InSb) units. 

Large Format 

Figure 1. RVS FPA technology covers the visible and infrared spectrum. 

The development of large-format FPAs has 

historically been driven by the needs of the 

astronomy community, which is interested 

in mapping the position, 

intensity and wavelength 

of radiation received from 

objects in space. RVS has 

developed a unique capability 

to produce FPAs for 

astronomical applications 

to achieve extremely 

demanding specifications, 

with array formats up to 

2,048 x 2,048 for both 

short-wave IR (SWIR) 

HgCdTe and MWIR InSb, 

in addition to 1,024 x 

1,024 VLWIR Si:As (IBC) 

FPAs. Figure 2 shows a 

2,048 x 2,048 SWIR 

HgCdTe module. 

For DoD applications, RVS supports numerous 

Raytheon programs that use 640 x 480 

InSb staring FPAs for situational awareness 

and targeting applications. More recently 

RVS has developed a large-format 

2,560 x 512 MWIR HgCdTe staring array 

for Navy Shipboard Distributed Aperture 

Sensor needs. This array uses HgCdTe 

Figure 2. Photo of a 2,048 x 2,048 SWIR HgCdTe 

FPA mounted on a module. The module consists of 

a precision metal pedestal, an electrical interface 

cable and a temperature sensor. 

detector structures grown directly on 

four-inch-diameter silicon substrates using 

molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). MBE 

HgCdTe/Si technology is currently being 

scaled to six-inch wafer sizes and is continually 

becoming more important for these 

third-generation FPA technologies. 

Very-Long-Wavelength 

Infrared 

Very-long-wavelength infrared (VLWIR) FPAs 

are being produced for astronomy, civil 

space and low-background applications. 

This technology consists primarily of 

HgCdTe FPAs with cutoff wavelengths in 

the 12-18 µm range, designed for highperformance, 

low-background operation, 

and typically operate at temperatures of 

40-70 K. Si:As IBC FPAs extend the cutoff 

out to 28 µm, but need to operate at temperatures 

less than 10 K. A 1,024 x 1,024 

Si:As IBC FPA is currently being developed 

for the Mid-Infrared Instrument on the 

James Webb Space Telescope. 

Multicolor 

Multicolor FPAs that are capable of sensing 

in two or more spectral bands can provide 

a significant advantage to sensor systems 

through added information that is not available 

from traditional single-color systems. 

RVS is currently developing 256 x 256 format 

MWIR/MWIR FPAs for Navy missile 

warning applications and LWIR/LWIR FPAs 

for Raytheon Missile Systems missile seeker 

applications. Recently, RVS demonstrated the 

Continued on next page

first large staring MWIR/LWIR 640 x 480 twocolor 

FPA having a 20 µm unit cell for Army 

NVESD, and is currently working to increase 

this array size to 1,280 x 720 under the 

dual band FPA manufacturing program for 

use in future third-generation systems. All 

of these two-color FPAs use MBE HgCdTe 

technology. 

Avalanche Photodiode 

LADAR is continuing to become an important 

technology for Raytheon’s advanced 

systems. RVS is developing HgCdTe APD 

detector technology for this application. Most 

of these applications desire eye-safe wavelengths 

at 1.5 µm, and formats have 

increased in size from single element and 256 

element linear arrays up to 256 x 256 arrays. 

Uncooled VO x Microbolometers 

RVS has achieved a significant technical 

breakthrough in uncooled VO x microbolometer 

FPAs by reducing the pixel size by a factor 

of two, while maintaining state-of-theart 

sensitivity. RVS is producing and delivering 

high-quality 320 x 240 and 640 x 480 

microbolometer FPAs with 25 µm pitch pixels 

for a variety of programs. These 25 µm 

microbolometer detectors also have a relatively 

fast thermal time constant of approximately 

10-15 msec. This state-of-the-art 

performance has been achieved as a result 

of an advanced monolithic micro-machining 

fabrication process on six-inch ROIC wafers, 

which allows maximization of both the 

thermal isolation and the optical fill-factor. 

Additionally, RVS has developed flexible 

uncooled front end electronics that serve as 

the basis for the camera engine systems 

using 320 x 240 arrays, and also developed 

a 640 x 480 common uncooled engine (CUE) 

that is intended for small-pixel, high-performance 

applications. The CUE is the ideal 

cornerstone for ground and airborne systems; 

multi-mode sensor; weapon sight or 

seeker architectures; and commercial surveillance. 

As the performance of uncooled 

VO x microbolometer technology continues 

to improve, it will continue to displace 

cooled FPAs for certain applications. • 

Scott M. Johnson 

sjohnson1@raytheon.com 

Engineering Perspective 

ALAN SILVER 

Senior Engineering Fellow 

and Chairman of the 

Electro-optical (EO) Systems 

Technology Network 

I have been with Raytheon and its legacy companies 

for the majority of my career since the 

early 1970s. I tell you this not to impress you 

with my advanced age, but to provide you with a 

perspective of all the changes I have seen in the 

EO industry and a glimpse of those still to come. 

One of my first jobs was to develop an EO mortar 

locator. It fit in an equipment van. It used a 

staring linear array of infrared (IR) detectors to 

sense a mortar rising skyward. A laser was optically 

scanned over the array. The IR detectors 

reported the azimuth position of the mortar and 

a DEC computer in a 6-foot-high, 19-inch rack 

computed when to fire the scanning laser so it 

would hit the mortar to return a range point. The 

computer then ordered a mirror to jump to a new 

elevation, pointing the projection of the IR detector 

and the laser with it. The mortar would cross 

at three elevation positions yielding three positions 

in space allowing us to compute a trajectory. 

The improvements in components available 

today for that system are a firsthand look at the 

revolution in the industry. 

Detector The detector was a linear array with a 

wire connected to each one penetrating the 

Dewar and going to a separate preamp. One 

very large change in IR detectors has been the 

incorporation of focal plane electronics. This 

allows not just multiplexing, but also preamplification 

and processing to be put within the Dewar. 

These internal electronics, along with improvements 

in detector processing, have enabled twodimensional 

arrays that might have eliminated our 

need to step the array through space. 

Cooling The system used a Leidenfrost liquid 

nitrogen transfer cooling system. This system was 

chosen for low vibration. However, it would have 

never been reliable enough for field use. We 

have seen a huge improvement in the reliability 

and vibration characteristics of mechanical coolers. 

We have gone from rotary coolers with high 

vibration and hundreds of hours of life, to linear 

coolers with lower vibration and thousands of 

hours of life, to pulse tube coolers with almost no 

vibration and tens of thousands of hours of life. 

Processing The computer for control and processing 

was a 6-foot-high, 19-inch rack. Of 

course, I do not have to tell you the revolution 

advances in processing technology have spawned. 

I am sure that a modern microprocessor chip 

could have provided all our computational power. 

Laser Our ranging laser was a huge Nd:YAG 

flash-lamp-pumped laser. Advances in diode 

pumping and injection efficiency could have 

reduced our laser considerably. 

Mechanical Scanning The position of the laser 

was mechanically scanned over the linear IR 

array by a high-speed rotating prism and projection 

optics. A far simpler mechanism is now 

available through the use of optical phased 

arrays that could have positioned the laser with 

no moving parts and no complex timing. 

But there was the team. We faced many difficult 

technical questions. Knowing who could help 

find a solution was key. It was a small group so 

the choices were limited, but, as smart as they 

were, the answers were also limited. The 

answers the team generated were almost always 

“Our ability to manage 

knowledge in Raytheon may 

prove as important a lever to 

solving our customer’s 

problems as our 

technology innovations.” 

superior to the answers individuals could generate. 

But the key was knowing whom to ask the 

right question. The bigger the team is, the harder 

that question becomes. That is why I became 

interested in the engineering networks when 

Hughes acquired my group in 1996 and as it 

continued under Raytheon. I feel passionately 

that there are few problems the assembled 

brainpower of Raytheon cannot answer. 

However, to leverage that assembled brainpower, 

we need to make every individual aware of the 

resources they have available to them, not just in 

terms of technical innovations, but also who the 

experts are that they can turn to to answer their 

specific technical questions. That is why we are 

reaching out to our engineering community 

through our symposia workshops and are currently 

assembling the experts list. 

In the end, our ability to manage knowledge in 

Raytheon may prove as important a lever to 

solving our customer’s problems as our technology 

innovations. I look forward to working with 

you to achieve this. Please visit our knowledge 

management site at http://home.ray.com/rayeng/ 

technetworks/eostn/rteamware.htm. 

2005 ISSUE 1 11

Optics Technology – 

The “Eyes” of Electro-optic Systems 

The requirement to achieve high 

performance at affordable cost in extreme 

environments has driven optical technologies 

to innovative solutions. Advances in 

the areas of optical fabrication, assembly 

and materials are combining to make 

higher performance systems possible. 

Precision Machining 

Beginning in the 1980s, revolutionary 

precision machining techniques known as 

diamond point turning (DPT) were developed 

to address the need to cost-effectively 

fabricate high-performance optical components. 

DPT processes are used extensively 

today to generate flat, spherical and 

complex aspheric optical surfaces in a host 

of different optical materials ranging from 

aluminum to visible and infrared glasses. 

The concept of “interlocking lenses” is a 

more recent innovation made possible by 

precision machining of not only optical surfaces, 

but also mechanical interfaces. The 

Passive Missile Approach Warning System 

and the Countermine programs both have 

optical designs that call for lens centering 

and tilt tolerances of a few ten thousandths 

of an inch. The standard technique 

of manufacturing lenses to mount into lens 

barrels makes it very difficult to cost effectively 

assemble these designs and meet the 

system performance requirements. The 

solution calls for diamond machining each 

lens and its mechanical holding features 

out of the same material and in one operation. 

Lens spacers are also diamond 

machined, and in the case of Countermine, 

the assemblies are manufactured totally 

out of germanium (see Figure 1). 

VQ Surface Finishing 

Current electro-optical systems such as 

MTS-B, Q2 and VIIRS often require high 

performance in multiple-wavelength bands 

across the spectrum — from visible to far 

infrared. As-generated DPT optical surfaces 

are sufficient for medium-wave infrared 

and long-wave infrared, but suffer 

12 2005 ISSUE 1 

Figure 1. Precision machining of optical elements and mechanical 

interface features permit assembly to extremely tight tolerances. 

excessive scatter from tool marks at 

shorter wavelengths. 

To address this problem, engineers at 

Raytheon’s ELCAN facility in Texas have 

developed a finishing process to apply to 

diamond-machined optical surfaces, known 

as the VQ process. VQ makes it possible to 

fabricate low-scatter DPT’d surfaces (surface 

roughness of less than 25 angstroms) 

without adversely affecting the surface 

figure (see Figure 2). 

BRDF 

(Average ‘Total’ Scatter (x 10-4)) 

300 

250 

200 

150 

100 

50 

0 

VQ 

Enhanced 

Innovative Optical 

Subassembly Alignment 

The extremely tight tolerances required 

in modern high-resolution, long-range 

airborne applications, such as MTS-B and 

Q2, require an innovative approach to 

subassembly alignment. Along with the 

precision attained with DPT manufacturing 

of the optical components, the afocal subassemblies 

in these systems are accurately 

BRDF (Average ‘Total’ Scatter) vs. Sample Type 

VQ 

Enhanced 

GE 

Polished 

aligned using in-situ wavefront optimization. 

This alignment cannot be done with 

standard lab equipment, as the large 

entrance pupil diameters demand the use 

of an 18-inch interferometer to visualize 

the transmitted wavefront. Submicron 

translators are used to adjust subassembly 

components while monitoring the wavefront. 

Then, novel retention methods are 

used to secure the sensitive components to 

maintain performance under difficult environmental 

conditions. 

Best 

Alumiplate 

DPT 6061 

#1 

Figure 2. The VQ process improves surface scattering characteristics of DPT’d surfaces by an order 

of magnitude. 

Low-Cost Optics 

GH 

Alumiplate 

Flat 

DPT 6061 

#2 

The demand for high-volume infrared (IR) 

optical assemblies for commercial applications 

(such as automotive night sights and 

other thermal viewers) has driven the 

development of low-cost IR glasses and less 

expensive component fabrication processes. 

Raytheon is responsible for developing 

IR glasses that perform well and can be 


designed into systems in place of more 

expensive crystalline materials, such as zinc 

selenide, zinc sulfide and germanium. In 

addition, commercial replicating processes 

are applied to these IR glasses, generating 

near-net lens blanks in less time and at 

lower cost than by conventional means. 

ALON, a substitute for more expensive sapphire, 

has been developed for use in medium-wave 

IR missile dome applications. 

Future Trends in Optical 

Technology 

Two technology areas that Raytheon is 

pursuing to address the stringent system 

requirements of the future relate to material 

development and optical surface figuring. 

Engineers in El Segundo, Calif., are developing 

technologies to use silicon carbide 

optical components for satellite system 

applications demanding light weight, high 

stiffness and the ability to withstand 

cryogenic operating temperatures. Aspheric 

mirror and coating development are complete; 

mirror fabrication, coating and testing are 

underway. The goal is to improve current 

hardware by developing mirrors that are lower 

in cost, result in better visible and short-wave 

IR performance and permit reduced lead 

times for space-based system telescopes. 

Magneto-rheological finishing is a novel 

technique of deterministic fabrication of 

optical components for improved surface 

finish and optical figure. It is being used at 

Raytheon to enable high-performance aluminum 

system applications not previously 

possible. The technique is applicable to offaxis 

section mirrors and other large aperture 

optics. Surface figures approaching 

one-fifth wave peak to valley and one-thirtieth 

wave RMS surface figures have 

already been demonstrated on VQ mirrors. 

Other processes, such as ion beam figuring 

and CNC polishing, are being investigated 

for final surface figuring of critical optical 

components, enabling Raytheon to achieve 

extremely high-performance optical systems 

using lower-cost aluminum mirrors. • 

Craig Brooks 

c-brooks1@raytheon.com 

Leadership Perspective 

DR. PETER PAO 

Vice President of 

Technology 

The Technologist’s 

Role in Corporate 

Decision Making 

The decision-making process in large companies 

is a complex issue. It usually involves 

many stakeholders with diverse views. 

When the process is working correctly, it 

produces optimum solutions for the customers, 

and companies grow. But it does 

not always work this way and is sometimes 

misunderstood. Often, stakeholders don’t 

realize they play a part in making decisions, 

leading to a lack of preparedness, responsibility 

and accountability. 

Raytheon is a solutions-based company, 

and technology is our foundation. Many of 

our company strategies are based on our 

technological strength and our ability to 

innovate. We — engineers — are important 

stakeholders in many of the company’s 

decisions. In this short note, I want to tell 

you my view about this subject and talk 

about our responsibilities. 

How do decisions or strategies made in 

Raytheon relate to our solutions: products 

and services? The decisions are usually 

made logically, based on information we 

gather: 

• Market requirements — including our 

understanding of customers’ desires and 

competitions 

• Solution options — based on our technology 

assessments and readiness 

• Schedule and resource constraints — 

including finances, personnel and facilities 

Good information is the foundation of 

good decisions. We are responsible for the 

solutions. We are important stakeholders in 

the decision-making process. We need to 

recognize that providing effective solution 

options is our responsibility. 

First, the ingenuity of our solutions is the 

most important factor in retaining a com- 

petitive edge. Not only must our solutions 

meet the technical challenges, but they 

must also meet the cost- and time-tomarket 

requirements. This requires 

flexibility in our thinking and creativity in 

our approaches. 

Second, we need to choose our technology 

investments carefully, and we must always 

understand the technology being developed 

elsewhere. Competing products and 

services often come from unexpected 

sources. Being a lifetime learner is not 

just a good thing; it is a requirement for 

all of us. 

This is a perfect opportunity to talk about 

Technology Knowledge Sharing (TKS). You 

can find it at http://oneRTN.ray.com. TKS is 

developed to facilitate knowledge sharing 

within Raytheon. There are links to several 

outside sources of technology information, 

such as SRIC, where technology information 

in 15 selected fields is provided from 

SRI Consulting Business Intelligence. Use 

this site to learn and share experience and 

information with each other. I want to 

thank our technology networks for building 

it for you. There are six sites: RF, electro-optical, 

processing, systems engineering, 

software, and mechanical and materials. 

There is room to improve this resource, 

but the only way to improve it is by using 

it. Remember, you are the owner. It is built 

for your technology community. 

Third, good ideas don’t get accepted easily. 

Establishing a new technology and gaining 

support require strong champions. If you 

have good ideas, you need to have confidence 

in yourself; you need to be passionate 

about them; and you need to sell your 

ideas to your colleagues and your bosses. 

You are the one who understands the concept 

and its benefits. Nobody but you can 

sell it. 

Remember, each of us is a vital part of the 

decision chain. It is up to us to provide 

good solution options, and perform the 

trade studies that lead to good decisions. 

We are all responsible for the decisions we 

make in this company. 

2005 ISSUE 1 13

Profile 

Lila Engle joined Missile 

Systems in 1999 after earning 

her bachelor’s degree in 

mathematics, physics and 

astronomy at Northern 

Arizona University. “I was 

encouraged to be active in 

my development, to pursue technical challenges 

and accountability to business goals, and to put 

forward the causes and achievements of every colleague,” 

she recalls. 

Engle served her first two years at Missile Systems 

in an informal rotation program where she often 

supported a dozen or more programs at a time. “I 

was hands-on everything. I worked with every 

colleague I could. At any time, I was defining system 

requirements, writing proposals, implementing 

solutions, developing secured labs, completing 

purchase requests or tracking lost shipments. 

Though some of that didn’t seem to fit my training, 

I was exposed to big-picture and operational 

details across Raytheon.” This rapid immersion in all 

parts of the business exposed her to the principles 

of technical performance and program leadership. 

In 2001, Engle proposed an MS Multi-Spectral/ 

Multi-Sensor Scene Simulation (MS3) Resource 

Group, chartered to support bid and proposal, 

technology demonstration and contract performance 

across tactical and strategic defense technologies. 

She continues to lead the MS3 project 

in developing core expertise and resources for 

synthetic scenes characteristic of long/medium/ 

short-wave infrared (IR), uncooled IR, laser detection 

and ranging, semi-active laser/radar, real beam, multi/ 

hyper-spectral, multimode and other sensor technologies, 

and for coordinated subsystem- and 

system-level simulation activities throughout 

simulation life cycles. The MS3 project has been 

honored multiple times as the “most innovative” 

and “most interesting” technology at Raytheon 

Electro-optical Systems Technology symposia. 

As a champion of One Company strategy, Engle 

credits the team’s progress to the direct involvement 

of numerous stakeholders and subject matter 

experts across Raytheon businesses and customer 

and vendor organizations. “While the technical 

challenges of synthetic scenes are significant, 

the most important part of this work deals 

with breaking down barriers, increasing communications 

across user groups, and building consensus 

for common solutions to diverse problems.” 

14 2005 ISSUE 1 

EO TEST SYSTEMS 

Enabling the Enablers 

The early days of electro-optical (EO) test 

systems generated solutions to aid in the 

assembly and acceptance testing of EO systems. 

Forward-looking infrared test systems 

and rugged, depot-level test systems — 

developed for air-to-air and strike weapons 

— have yielded legacy standard platforms 

still in use today. Precision fixturing, optical 

interferometry and optical performance 

testing (such as Modulation Transfer 

SM-3 target simulator, Raytheon Missile Systems 

Function and Noise Equivalent Irradiance) 

continue to be key in ensuring the high 

performance of today’s EO systems from 

the visible through the infrared. Raytheon 

Technical Services Company LLC in Long 

Beach, Calif., and Raytheon Missile 

Systems (MS), in Tucson, Ariz., currently 

offer several standard platform test systems, 

as well as custom solutions for EO systems. 

Raytheon continues to develop and improve 

EO test systems for engineering development 

and military depot-level testing, 

including test systems for the TOW, F/A-18 

and F-117 weapon systems. 

Scene simulation continues to be an important 

enabler for EO weapon systems. 

Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulations of 

tanks and other targets have evolved into 

space simulations of ballistic missile targets. 

These HIL simulators enable the development 

and test of software aimpoint algorithms 

that are critical to terminal guidance, 

navigation and control. These simulators 

also play an important role in missile 

defense programs by validating hardware 

models and testing system performance. 

Automatic TOW 2 Field Test Set (AT2FTS), 

Raytheon Technical Services Company LLC 

Precise radiometric discrimination has 

emerged as a significant capability of missile 

defense programs, and the role that 

test systems plays in the radiometric characterization 

of these EO systems is as a valuable 

enabler in the system’s ability to distinguish 

the reentry vehicle from countermeasures. 

Space and Airborne Systems and MS 

currently use cutting-edge space and vacuum 

chambers to radiometrically characterize 

such systems as the Exo-atmospheric 

Kill Vehicle, Space Tracking and Surveillance 

System, Near Field Infrared Experiment 

and Standard Missile 3. Maintaining 

traceability to the National Institute of 

Standards and Technology is critical in 

this enabling technology. 

So what’s next for EO test systems? 

Emerging technologies include the development 

of high-fidelity ballistic missile 

endgame simulations, which are important 

to refining lethal aimpoint algorithms, as 

well as boosting target simulation, which is 

critical to newly emerging boost phase kill 

vehicles. In addition, electro-optical built-intest 

and reduce the cost of test initiatives 

are in place to enable overall cost reduction 

early in the development cycle of weapons 

systems. And finally, the EO test community 

of practice is in its early stages of development 

to answer the question, “What do 

technology information groups do the rest 

of the year?” • 

Jeff Wolske 

jswolske@raytheon.com

Cryogenics: Keeping It Cool 

Cryogenics is defined as the production 

and use of very low temperatures (below 

-200° F/144 K). Until the advent of 

uncooled technology, all of our infrared 

products required cryogenic cooling. Even 

now, the most sensitive of these products 

still require cryogenic cooling. 

Cryogenics cuts across many of Raytheon’s 

products, from small tactical missiles 

(Javelin), air- and ship-defense missiles 

(Stinger, AIM-9X, Standard Missile, Rolling 

Airframe Missile), missile defense systems 

(EKV, SM-3, STSS) and ground-based systems 

(ITAS, IBAS, LRAS). In each of these 

products, cryogenic coolers are used to cool 

an infrared focal plane and associated optical 

elements. Without cryogenic cooling, 

each of these systems would fail to function. 

For small, short-time-of-flight missiles, the 

cryogenic system typically requires storage 

for a long period (many years), quick 

cooldown times (a few seconds) and operation 

for a short time (a couple of minutes). 

For these applications, the Joule-Thomson (J-T) 

cooler (see Figure 1) is an ideal solution. In 

a J-T cooler, a quantity of compressed gas is 

expanded to provide cooling for a short 

period. The coolers are simple, consisting of 

a supply line, a finned-tube heat exchanger, 

and a very-small-diameter expansion 

tube. The RAM cooler shown below (in Xray) 

consists of two J-T stages cascaded 

together to provide very fast cooldown in 

Figure 1. Joule-Thomson (J-T) cooler 

Figure 2. Two-stage hybrid cooler 

a critical ship-defense application. The X-ray 

emphasizes the relative simplicity of the 

RAM cooler. Because of the small dimensions 

of the cooler parts, however, J-T coolers 

require careful assembly and exquisite 

cleanliness. 

For space-based applications (such as STSS), 

the cooler must operate properly for many 

years without failure or significant degradation. 

There are additional requirements for 

low power draw and low vibration. In this 

application, a resonant piston compressor 

with flexure bearings is coupled with a 

Stirling or Pulse Tube cooler to provide years 

of consistent and stable performance. The 

cooler shown in Figure 2 is a two-stage 

hybrid with an upper (Stirling) stage and a 

lower (Pulse Tube) stage. The lower stage has 

no moving parts, ensuring a long lifetime. 

Figure 3. AIM-9X missile cooler 

The requirements for 

the AIM-9X missile cooler lie somewhere 

between tactical missile requirements 

and the missile defense or spacebased 

needs. The cooler (see Figure 3) must 

survive years of storage, yet provide many 

hours of reliable cooling under a wide 

range of environmental conditions once the 

missile is loaded on an airplane (since the 

system may be powered but not always 

launched). The cooler must be efficient, 

small, lightweight, reliable and inexpensive. 

The AIM-9X cooler meets these needs, 

combining a resonant piston compressor 

and a small Stirling cooler. The entire package 

fits gracefully within the envelope of 

the missile and provides thousands of hours 

of quiet, efficient cooling. • Myron Calkins 

myroncalkinsjr@raytheon.com 

Profile 

David Rockwell has 

always been fascinated with 

light and optics. Since his 

Massachusetts Institute of 

Technology thesis on the 

construction and use of a 

narrow-band laser as a 

probe of the properties of superfluid helium, 

Rockwell received his doctorate degree and 

established a career in laser research. 

At the beginning of his career with the company 

some 25 years ago, Rockwell was responsible 

for building new laser system capabilities based 

on Nd:YAG technology. His team was able to 

convert the basic one µm wavelength to a range 

of wavelengths in the visible and near-infrared 

spectral range. 

Based on this wavelength-conversion success, it 

became critical to find ways to maintain beam 

quality as laser power was scaled. “Our work 

led to a sole-source contract with the Army in 

the 1980s to build a phase-conjugate laser, 

install it in a ground vehicle, and successfully 

execute extended field trials,” Rockwell 

explains. “Direct derivatives of our work performed 

10 years ago were sustained and 

improved by Raytheon to become principal elements 

of our successful bid on the ongoing Joint 

High-Power Solid-State Laser (JHPSSL) program. 

JHPSSL is the entry to the next-generation highenergy 

laser (HEL) business, and Raytheon 

intends to be the leader.” 

After a brief stint in the optical communications 

industry, Rockwell was attracted back to 

Raytheon by a new initiative to scale solid-state 

lasers using Yb:YAG crystals to yield more power 

than was contemplated in the early 1990s. 

“The type of crystals used is not, by itself, what 

sets Raytheon apart from its competitors. The 

unique element of the Raytheon HEL program is 

the technique we have developed to ensure that 

the beam divergence of our high-power lasers is 

maintained near the fundamental lower limits, 

rather than increasing beyond the point where 

the lasers cease to be useful.” 

Now, as an Integrated Product Team leader on 

JHPSSL, Rockwell says, “We have an exciting 

opportunity to build a laser system that was 

considered impossible not long ago.” 

2005 ISSUE 1 15

ARCHITECTURE & SYSTEMS INTEGRATION 

onTechnology 

Reference 

Architectures 

for Information-Intensive 

Net-Centric Systems 

Architecture has typically not been an 

emphasis for Raytheon business in the past. 

However, to become a Mission Systems 

Integrator, architecture is necessary to integrate 

all system components. The corporate 

Architecture Review Board (ARB) has been 

tasked to come up with a reference architecture 

so we have a common understanding 

of the respective architectures that are 

being developed. 

Axis of Instantiation 

• Organizational hierarchy 

• Modular open system 

approach 

• Customer policies, 

reference architectures 

(NR KPP, NCOW RM, 

NCES, etc.) 

Axis of Performance 

• Shared system 

attributes 

• Categories may 

include embedded 

real-time, networked 

decision 

support, etc. 

Enterprise 

System 

Subsystem 

Functional 

Area (Sub- 

Subsystem) 

Module 

The ARB working group is coordinating the 

development of an initial set of reference 

architectures (RAs) as an element of a corporate 

architecture methodology governed 

by the Raytheon Enterprise Architecture 

Process (REAP). An RA is an abstraction 

of a class of architectures with common 

characteristics and quality attributes. It is 

instantiated to address a particular mission 

solution by adding and selecting detail pertaining 

to that mission. An RA can be 

thought of as analogous to a class; a particular 

mission solution architecture can then 

be viewed as an object instantiated from 

that class. The benefits RAs offers are 

that they: 

• establish a consistent, state-of-the-practice 

architecture approach across multiple 

programs and problem domains; 

Axis of Abstraction 

• Zachman matrix 

• M&S/executable architecture levels 

Component Enterprise Logical/ Process/ Operational 

Functional Workflow 

Figure 1. Our architecture taxonomy categorizes architecture in three dimensions. 

Transformation from Abstraction 

to Physical 

• Architecture-centric, model-based, 

object-oriented system 

engineering 

• Tools and methodologies – REAP, 

reference models, frameworks 

• establish an advanced point of departure 

that reduces risk, cost and schedule in 

implementing specific mission solutions; 

• embed best practices and lessons learned 

in the architectural foundation of a system 

or enterprise; 

• provide a framework for maximizing the 

reuse of existing components, ensuring 

consistency in interfaces and information 

exchanges, and ensuring conformity to 

customer policies, RAs and reference 

models (RMs); 

• facilitate the application of REAP; 

• support customer dialogue to refine 

requirements, communicate Raytheon 

capabilities, and establish the foundation 

for proposals and program plans; and 

• serve as a foundation for coherent product 

line development. 

These RAs are instantiated through an 

object-oriented system engineering (OOSE) 

methodology to create mission solutions to 

meet specific customer needs. An RA is 

used in activities 3 and 4 of REAP (business 

architecting and technical architecting) and 

is therefore organized into a business reference 

model and technical reference model. 

These, in turn, form the basis for the operational 

and logical views of an architecture. 

The GIG Integrated Architecture, the 

NCOW RM and the principles of service-oriented 

architecture as embodied in GIG Net- 

Centric Enterprise Services, are also taken 

into account, and the methodology generates 

the products of the DoD Architecture 

Framework. This approach provides an 

advanced point of departure in implementing 

a system or enterprise, and thereby 

reduces risk, cost and schedule. It incorporates 

best practices of the Information 

Technology community, promotes the use 

of REAP, addresses customer needs in the 

warfighter’s domain and promises significant 

advantages to a wide range of programs 

across the company. State-of-thepractice 

architecture methodology gives 

Raytheon a significant advantage over 

competing strategies that are rooted 

in older architecture and system engineering 

paradigms. 

An important aspect of the RA strategy is 

the taxonomy summarized in Figure 1. The 

axes represent three basic dimensions of 

architecture and allow any given mission 

solution or architecture issue to be consistently 

and unambiguously placed in an 

overall context. We are developing an initial 

set of RAs at the top (enterprise) level for 

two basic system categories: embedded 

16 2005 ISSUE 1 YESTERDAY…TODAY…TOMORROW

MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES 

Raytheon Diamond Wafer 

Survives Drop Test 

from Space 

The mission of the NASA Genesis 

program is to determine the elemental and 

isotopic composition of the sun by collecting 

material in the solar wind. More than 

99% of the mass of our solar system is 

contained in the sun, so the results from 

this mission will provide important information 

about the origin of our solar system. 

One of the solar collector materials (see 

Figure 1) provided by Raytheon Company is 

made of diamond, containing only the rare 

13 isotope of carbon. This type of diamond 

does not exist in nature, but results in an 

approximately 50:1 improvement in sensitivity 

to certain ions compared to natural diamond. 

Fabrication of the diamond components 

was a significant challenge for 

Raytheon, but the product was delivered on 

time and under budget, thanks to a dedicated 

group effort. 

Dr. Don Burnett, the principal investigator 

from the California Institute of Technology, 

was pleased with Raytheon’s efforts, especially 

considering that fabrication of the 

13C diamond components had not been 

demonstrated previously. The Raytheon 

chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond 

films addressed the highest priority science 

objective. “We had extremely high machining 

tolerances, surface polish and purity 

requirements, all of which were met,” said 

Dr. Burnett. 

On August 8, 2001, the Genesis spacecraft 

was launched aboard a Delta 7326 rocket 

from Cape Canaveral, Fla. On the morning 

of November 16, 2001, the spacecraft 

entered orbit at a location described as the 

first Lagrangian point (L1), nearly one million 

miles from earth in the direction of the 

sun. At this location, the gravitational forces 

of the sun and earth are equal, and the 

spacecraft remained in that orbit approximately 

three years, bathing in the solar 

wind. During this period, particles of the 

solar wind implanted themselves into the 

ultra-pure materials of the solar collectors. 

The sample capsule returned to earth this 

past summer and, due to a failed parachute 

Figure 1. The diamond component was in the solar collector in the center of the Genesis spacecraft. 

Photo: NASA 

deployment (see Figure 2), the landing was 

rough and resulted in the capsule impacting 

the desert floor at 311 kilometers per hour 

(193 miles per hour) (see Figure 3). 

Dr. Burnett noted, “The CVD diamond 

came through intact, still in its target 

holder. There will be some surface 

contamination that we will have to deal with, 

but so far, so good.” 

CVD diamond is grown by the scientists of 

materials engineering at Raytheon’s 

Integrated Air Defense Center in Andover, 

Mass. Materials engineering has the capability 

to grow diamond wafers and films of 

up to five inches in diameter, with thicknesses 

of up to one tenth of an inch. 

Diamond is the hardest and most thermally 

conductive material, with a thermal conductivity 

of over four times that of copper 

(2,000 W/mK). It is the combination of 

these extraordinary physical properties that 

make it one of several materials that will 

continue to provide operating and performance 

success for many of Raytheon’s key 

programs and missions, such as the Genesis 

collector. These events serve to showcase 

the importance of materials engineering in 

meeting or exceeding customer expectations. 

• 

Rob Hallock 

robert_b_hallock@rrfc.raytheon.com 

Figure 2. A planned mid-air helicopter retrieval goes 

bad due to a failed parachute deployment. 

Photo: NASA 

Photo: NASA 

Figure 3. A Genesis sample canister is imbedded in 

the desert floor after a 193-mile-per-hour impact. 

Ralph Korenstein (ralph_korenstein@raytheon.com); 

Erik Nordhausen (erik_f_nordhausen@raytheon.com); 

and Tony Rafanelli (anthony_j_rafanelli@raytheon.com) 

contributed to this article. 

18 2005 ISSUE 1 YESTERDAY…TODAY…TOMORROW

Figure 2. An RA is instantiated through OOSE to 

meet specific customer needs. 

processing/real-time nodes and networked 

decision support (soft or non-real-time) 

nodes. Examples of these are, respectively, 

a networked constellation of sensors, 

weapons and command and control (C2) 

nodes; a control system for a radar or missile; 

and an individual C2 system, such as 

an operations center. 

Our approach to RAs is based in the theory 

of pattern-based design and embraces general 

solutions for operational artifacts, such 

as use cases, and logical artifacts, such as 

class collaborations in functional domains, 

documented in unified modeling language 

models and supported by executable models 

built in a variety of tools. We are constructing 

an online repository that will contain 

the RA artifacts, example applications, 

rules for instantiating RAs and guidance. 

We are also defining the governance mechanisms 

that are essential both to maintaining 

the RAs and to promoting consistent 

use across Raytheon programs. Figure 2 is a 

high-level flow diagram summarizing how 

an RA is used in the OOSE methodology to 

respond to a particular customer need. 

These initial RAs will be refined and 

expanded over time and will be tailored 

with additional detail for use in particular 

mission areas and product lines. 

For more information, please feel free to 

contact either the authors or a member of 

the Architecture Review Board. (Please contact 

Kenneth Kung at kkung@raytheon.com 

if you don’t know the board members in 

your region). • Mike Borky, David Kwak 

michael_borky@raytheon.com 

david.kwak@raytheon.com 

RF Technology in the Field 

and at Home: 

AESAs are 

helping to protect soldiers 

and opening doors 

to new business 

Actively scanned arrays have historically 

been the domain of high-performance 

applications where cost was not an issue. 

Occasionally, active electronically scanned 

arrays (AESA) would replace dishes or 

mechanically scanned electronically steered 

arrays (ESA) where the increased performance 

was necessary (e.g., a high-performance 

fighter aircraft, missile defense, etc.). 

The increasing importance and actual 

achievement of low-cost, high-performance 

radio frequency (RF) electronics is opening 

opportunities to win new business — opportunities 

never before thought possible. 

Successes on programs where low cost was 

necessary to penetrate new business areas 

— such as Low-Cost ESA for Missile 

Systems (

DESIGN FOR SIX SIGMA - LESSONS LEARNED: 

EMBEDDING DFSS WITHIN AN ORGANIZATION’S CULTURE 

This analysis is an excerpt from the book: 

The Six Sigma Path to Leadership: 

Observations from the Trenches, published 

by Quality Press (Milwaukee: 2004), and 

brings together research on the lessons 

learned and challenges faced by several 

major market leaders, such as GE, Delphi 

Automotive, Pratt and Whitney, Allied 

Signal and others, along with consultants 

such as The Pendleton Group. The focus is 

on their efforts to implement Design for Six 

Sigma (DFSS) and embed it throughout the 

entire corporate culture of a company with 

ramifications far beyond the original limitations 

of Six Sigma/DFSS. 

What is Design for Six Sigma? 

According to one firm it is the change in 

the product design organization from a 

deterministic to a probabilistic culture. On 

the other hand, probabilistic refers to a 

change in the approach to product design 

that incorporates statistical analysis of failure 

modes, both product and process, to 

incorporate design changes that modify and 

eliminate design features with a statistical 

probability of failure within a predefined 

range of operating environments and conditions. 

It reflects the change from a “factorof-safety” 

mentality to a quantitative 

assessment of design risk. For this same 

firm there are three elements of design that 

are most critical to this effort: 

• Design for Producibility (design for 

manufacturing and assembly) 

• Design for Reliability 

• Design for Performance (technical 

requirements) 

• Design for Maintainability 

When we examine the notion of a culture 

change it is evident that we are not discussing 

a short-term process or rapid realization 

of remarkable results. Changing and 

molding a company culture is a long-range, 

visionary, top-management committed, evolutionary 

and revolutionary journey. 

Most of the firms interviewed indicated that 

DFSS is only in use in selected design 

20 2005 ISSUE 1 

groups. There are several notable exceptions 

to this and those are the firms that report 

the most substantial success from their 

organization-wide adoption and utilization 

on every project. It would appear from this 

data that there is a critical level of utilization/application 

at which time the additive 

effects become multiplicative. 

Leadership’s direct involvement in one 

aerospace firm, which appears to be far 

along in achieving true DFSS integration 

and adoption across the entire organization, 

encompassed the following: 

• Master Black Belts and Black Belts were 

selected from only the very best people 

within the organization. 

• During the first year, all leadership teams 

met weekly to discuss, review and adjust 

the strategy and implementation of DFSS. 

• The senior leadership conducted off-sites 

quarterly to review, discuss and adjust the 

strategy to accelerate results. 

• Senior leadership reviewed all Black Belt 

projects at all phases and publicly rewarded 

the results of these projects. 

• Vice presidents of engineering personally 

reviewed each DFSS Black Belt project 

during the first year. 

• All Master Black Belts and Black Belts 

were established as fulltime in their Six 

Sigma positions; funding and resource 

necessary to support annual Six Sigma 

activity were planned, budgeted and 

scheduled at the beginning of the year. 

• Training was owned and provided locally. 

This permitted site personnel to conduct 

the training and use local examples in the 

training exercises and projects conducted. 

• Everyone who contributed to the 

success of the efforts received 

significant rewards both as members of 

teams and individually. 

• Raytheon Six Sigma TM was viewed and 

openly discussed as a leadership development 

program, thus becoming a desired 

career development path. 

• Business practices and results were measured 

and compared to find opportunities 

for immediate impact. 

• Core concepts were driven across the 

entire company: 

– Critical to Quality (CTQ) – what is a 

defect and what is variation 

– Processes used to make products 

– Process capability 

– DFSS (a process not a chart to report) 

The summary to follow may seem cryptic. 

For a more complete explanation of each 

lesson learned refer to The Six Sigma Path 

to Leadership: Observations from the 

Trenches. 

The lessons learned are grouped into four 

categories: 

• DFSS: A Growth Strategy 

• DFSS: A Way to Serve Customers 

• DFSS: Product/Process Fusion 

• The DFSS Engineering Organization 

DFSS: A Growth Strategy 

Design for Six Sigma is the result of an 

evolution, not a singular event. 

1. Achieving world-class performance 

through whatever set of tools takes preparation 

and foundational change efforts 

leading to capability. 

Invest and reward during paper and 

electrons rather than tooling. 

2. DFSS is an investment that grows into 

program profits in direct proportion to the 

size of the initial investment. The more the 

initial investment to eliminate design issues 

the greater the life cycle profits that will 

be realized. 

Leadership commitment and alignment 

of rewards are essential. 

3. A structured compensation system that 

substantially rewards leadership cooperation 

and co-ownership for successfully implementing 

cross-functional DFSS projects significantly 

improves the bottom line. 

Direct involvement of leadership is the 

only force that will establish the 

momentum to embed DFSS into the 

organization for the long term. 


4. Leaders, especially middle managers, 

need to be selected, prepared and trained 

much earlier in the process to achieve 

desired levels of commitment. 

DFSS : A Way to Serve Customers 

Customers should be involved from the 

beginning and an integral part of all 

activity throughout the product life cycle. 

5. Continual customer feedback and ideas 

are essential to achieve a partnership with 

the customer. 

DFSS should be managed like any other 

project or program with plans, budgets 

and schedules established in advance. 

6. DFSS should be regarded as a part of 

doing business and as such represents part 

of reinvesting a portion of the profits back 

in to the business to produce greater profits 

in the long run. 

Product development is an enterprise 

activity. 

7. DFSS must be inclusive and make a conscious 

effort to become embedded in the fabric 

of the entire organization. Everyone must 

understand how it works and why it benefits 

the customer, the business and themselves. 

DFSS Product/Process Fusion 

Drive design and process together. 

8. Drive product and process compatibility 

across the entire value chain and the product 

life cycle. 

Partner with major suppliers during the 

design process. 

9. The value chain of your customer 

includes everything that is incorporated in 

the final product. Substantial elements often 

come from suppliers and subcontractors. If 

they are not integrated into the DFSS activity, 

then the final product is sub-optimized. 

Design for Six Sigma reduces variability 

introduction to the factory floor. 

10. Factory Six Sigma activity to reduce variability 

is a losing process if the new designs 

introduced cause new variability. 

Metrics must be publicly displayed in 

every area. 

11. Metrics must tell the story of the organization’s 

performance and they must be discussed 

regularly among the staff in each area. 

Design and production must be balanced. 

12. DFSS can have applicability in diverse 

industries, including some nontraditional 

industries like pharmaceuticals, if the design 

and the production application are integrated 

and balanced. 

The DFSS Engineering 

Organization 

Design team demographics slow change 

and evolution. 

13. Design organizations are struggling with 

the loss of domain knowledge and lack of experience 

and skills among the teams themselves. 

Managing a Six Sigma Enterprise 

requires a change of philosophy and 

conventional wisdom. 

14. Enlarging the responsibility of design 

engineering to follow the product from 

start to finish creates ownership that 

changes the approach to product design. It 

accelerates the incorporation of lessons 

learned outside the design studio. 

The culture change requires a change in 

the engineering hierarchy and composition 

of design teams. 

15. The trend toward engineering efficiency 

(matriced organizations that assign engineers 

from pools to cover assignments) has 

made engineers a commodity at just the 

point in time when the loss of domain 

knowledge has made the need for longevity 

in an organization essential. 

Challenges to Successful 

Implementation 

1. Probabilistic design is not generally part 

of the engineering curriculum or understood 

by regulatory bodies. The tools and 

methods are not part of the standard package 

of new design engineers. 

2. Implementation continues to be uneven. 

Some companies have been much more 

successful than others. Even within companies, 

some areas are further along. 

3. Does everything have to be Six Sigma? 

The answer is no. 

4. Discipline. In nearly every engineering 

organization the need is to respect datadriven 

decisions and to suspend opinions in 

the face of facts. This drives to more discipline 

in setting and flowing down requirements. 

5. The Phased Implementation Approach. The 

deployment of the methodology and the 

training to establish it is a concurrent effort 

that takes three to four years to complete. 

6. Reliability. One firm discussed the difficulty 

in obtaining valid data from the field. An 

approach they instituted is to obtain direct 

customer feedback through web-based scorecards 

that the customer is able to customize 

and report data on. Thus, the field metrics are 

those that are important to the customer. • 

Dr. David H. Treichler 

david_h_treichler@raytheon.com 

The Six Sigma Path to Leadership: 

Observations from the Trenches, 

by Dr. David H. Treichler with 

Ronald D. Carmichael (Quality Press: 

Milwaukee 2004) 

Many organizations have seen dramatic improvements 

by implementing a Six Sigma system, such 

as better efficiency, reduced errors and increased 

profits. But for the individuals charged with implementing 

this system, it can be a long and arduous 

journey. This book serves as a support guide for 

these individuals who may get lost or frustrated 

on their journey toward Six Sigma improvement. 

The authors have extensive field experience in 

applying Six Sigma across a wide variety of value 

chains, not only internally to the company, but 

also externally with customers and suppliers in a 

global context. They have also applied the tools 

and methodologies from strategic planning and 

business growth to fixing design, manufacturing 

and fielded system maintenance and operations. 

They have assembled a collection of stories showing 

how they and others handled Six Sigma 

implementation with many how-to (and how-notto) 

examples. Each chapter recounts lessons 

learned from hundreds of nontraditional applications 

and specific Six Sigma projects. 

The Six Sigma Path to Leadership is written for 

anyone from senior management to the curious 

novice, with the intent to inspire and motivate 

him/her to lead and teach others in the organization. 

The stories shared will spark the reader’s 

imaginations and help them get the most out of 

their own Six Sigma efforts. 

2005 ISSUE 1 21

Alice Parry became one 

of only 350 authorized CMMI 

lead appraisers in the world 

and one of only four Raytheon 

appraisers in August 2004. By 

completing the requirements 

to be authorized by the 

Carnegie Mellon Software 

Engineering Institute, she 

joins fellow Raytheon employees Kent McClurg, 

Jane Moon and Michael Campo in this significant 

achievement. The path to this goal included 

80 hours of training and participation in required 

activities over the last 18 months, culminating in 

a rigorous two-week observation. 

Leading the Network Centric Systems (NCS) 

common process architecture team, Parry contributed 

to developing a cross-site, cross-discipline 

process architecture. This architecture 

defines the requirements and procedures that 

will enable NCS North Texas, Fullerton and 

Northeast participants to reach CMMI Level 5 in 

2005 for systems, hardware and software engineering, 

which is critical to Mission Assurance. 

In 2003, providing leadership and guidance for 

process development and deployment at NCS 

North Texas, Parry participated on the appraisal 

team that resulted in an impressive successful 

CMMI Level 5 rating for software engineering 

in September and CMMI Level 3 for systems 

engineering in December. 

With the help of her NCS North Texas team, she 

developed a behavior change management 

workshop, which helps Raytheon businesses 

identify execution gaps in performance and 

generates corrective action plans. The workshop 

has been conducted in four Raytheon businesses 

with positive results. 

With Parry’s 25 years of technical engineering 

and process improvement experience at Texas 

Instruments and Raytheon, she has participated in 

11 CMMI appraisals across Raytheon’s businesses. 

As a member of the CMMI expert team, Parry 

provides technical consulting and training on 

documenting and deploying CMMI-compliant 

processes throughout the Raytheon businesses. 

For more information about Raytheon’s CMMI 

activities and the CMMI expert team, please 

visit http://cmmi.ray.com/cmmi. 

22 2005 ISSUE 1 

Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) 

ACCOMPLISHMENTS 

Raytheon builds customer relationships 

through joint focus on process improvement 

CMMI ® is about process excellence, and 

Raytheon is committed to CMMI. That commitment 

was evident in the award-winning 

papers presented at the 2004 Fourth 

Annual National Defense 

Industrial Association’s 

(NDIA) CMMI Technology 

Conference. 

More than 400 users, adopters and developers 

of capability maturity models and 

those involved in appraisal methods — 

representing defense, aerospace and 

commercial companies, the Department of 

Defense (DoD), CMMI transition partners, 

government agencies and companies specializing 

in engineering development tools 

and processes — attended the four-day 

event in Denver, Colo. 

The CMMI Technology Conference brings 

together managers and professionals 

involved in systems engineering, program 

management, software development, 

process improvement, Six Sigma and related 

activities to advance state-of-the-art 

process improvement and achieve a higher 

state of maturity in engineering development 

in order to reduce cost, schedule and risk, as 

well as improve overall quality. The confer- 

ence focused on CMMI implementation 

strategies, return on investment and benefits, 

and transitioning from SW-CMM to 

CMMI, while providing a forum for the free 

exchange of ideas, lessons learned and 

implementation and appraisal methodologies 

with the sponsors, developers and 

stewards of CMMI. In the words of Gary 

Wolf, Raytheon CMMI training lead, “This 

is the place to be if you want to know 

something about where CMMI is in the 

industry and where the industry is going, 

and even where some of our customers are 

going with CMMI.” 

Bob Rassa (see page 23), director of system 

supportability at Raytheon and chair of the 

systems engineering division of NDIA, provided 

the opening remarks for the conference, 

addressing the future of CMMI. He 

commented that these events provide a 

great opportunity for “bringing the suppliers 

and customers together, bringing the 

government and DoD industry together, 

bringing together the practitioners of CMMI 

so they can learn what everyone else is 

doing — the synergism makes it better for 

everybody because everyone learns from 

everyone else.” 

Keynote addresses were given by Major 

General Paul Nielsen, USAF (retired), director 

of the Software Engineering Institute, 

and by John Grimm, vice president of 

® CMMI is registered in the U.S. Patent and Trademark 

Office by Carnegie Mellon University.

Engineering for Raytheon’s Intelligence and 

Information Systems business. Major Nielsen 

particularly enjoyed this year’s conference. 

“As a newcomer to this community, I find 

the level of energy really exciting. I think 

this [conference] helps show the common 

problems across the industry base, [and] 

enables a company like Raytheon to understand 

the issues that other companies have 

and how they may have solved them. No 

one company has all the answers and good 

companies understand that.” Grimm spoke 

on the role of CMMI in Mission Assurance. 

“We need to get out and talk to our customers 

to see what the requirements are in 

each of the businesses and not just automatically 

jump over the horse. Mission 

Assurance is associated with CMMI in that 

it gives us a strong base. If we’re at maturity 

level 3 or 5 in CMMI, we’re getting very 

close to having the kind of base we need to 

have in Mission Assurance.” He also saw 

the value in seeing people talk together 

and discuss real issues. “The panel discussions 

are a catalyst to get ideas to the forefront 

of everybody’s minds. These kinds of 

gatherings make people really start to 

exchange ideas and solve real problems.” 

More than 30 Raytheon employees from 

across the company attended the conference, 

including 12 CMMI experts who presented 

more than 15 papers and tutorials. 

Raytheon was well represented by earning 

four “Best Paper” awards, including “Best 

Overall Paper” by Donna Freed on 

Raytheon ROI and Benefits for Achieving 

CMMI Level 5. Freed also won “Best Paper” 

for another presentation, as did fellow 

employees Tom Lienhard, Timothy Davis 

and Melissa Olson. For a complete list of 

papers and tutorials presented at this year’s 

event, go to http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2004 

cmmi/2004cmmi.html. 

John Evers, Raytheon Engineering Common 

Program, CMMI and Integrated Product 

Development System project manager, 

summed up his thoughts about the conference 

and on Mission Assurance by saying, 

“The most valuable thing is seeing where 

other companies are, including our competitors, 

[and] seeing where we’re at as a 

company. We had a lot of presentations 

here which is great. We got the word out 

on what we’ve been doing, but we also 

know we have more to do. We’ve got a lot 

of sites at CMMI Level 3, but that’s just part 

of it. We really want to get to where this is 

part of what we’re doing, continuously 

improving our processes: how we use them 

and how we execute them on projects. One 

of the key things in Mission Assurance is 

that it’s strongly related to CMMI. By 

improving how we stand against CMMI as 

an appraisal model, we get better in executing 

our job and delivering products and 

services that our customers need.” 

The CMMI project is a cooperative effort 

of the DoD, industry and the Software 

Engineering Institute to develop an integrated 

Capability Maturity Model that 

encompasses systems engineering, software 

engineering, integrated product and 

process development and supplier sourcing. 

Its purpose is to provide for improvements 

in cost, schedule and overall quality of programs 

in engineering development and production 

by causing integration of the various 

engineering and related disciplines. 

For more information about CMMI at 

Raytheon, visit http://cmmi.ray.com/cmmi.• 

Bob Rassa is a 

director of system 

supportability for 

Raytheon Space and 

Airborne Systems in El 

Segundo, Calif. During 

the past 10 years he 

has focused on working 

with customers to make Raytheon products 

easier to support through systems engineering. 

Rassa founded and chaired the National 

Defense Industrial Association’s (NDIA) systems 

engineering (SE) division, partnering with Mark 

Schaeffer from the Department of Defense (DoD), 

who had recently established a new systems 

engineering department within the office of the 

Under Secretary of Defense, Acquisition 

Technology & Logistics. 

This defense-industry partnership led to the 

integration of significant capability maturity 

models — specifically SW-CMM and SECM — 

with IPD-CMM, which eventually became 

known as Capability Maturity Model 

Integration or CMMI, an idea borne from 

napkin doodlings among Schaeffer, Dr. Art 

Pyster (then with the Software Productivity 

Consortium) and Roger Bate of the Software 

Engineering Institute. With Rassa’s validation, 

NDIA became the industry sponsor of CMMI, 

with Schaeffer as the DoD counterpart. 

“What CMMI promised, it has been delivering: 

substantial adoption within the commercial 

and defense industries, and outstanding return 

on investment being reported in terms of 

improved cost performance index and schedule 

performance index, reduced delivered defects 

and quicker development time,” explains 

Rassa. The group also wrote the CMMI 

Acquisition Module (CMMI-AM) to improve 

government program offices’ performance 

and facilitate their engagement as industry 

adopts CMMI. 

Continued on page 29 

2005 ISSUE 1 23

Piali De is a senior principal 

engineer in Integrated 

Defense Systems’ (IDS) 

Mission Innovation (MI) 

Cross Business Team (CBT). 

De is responsible for 

developing innovative 

approaches to integrating 

missions and analyzing mission performance. 

“I was thinking about my seven years in Raytheon, 

how I had left academia to join the defense 

industry so that I could use my technical skills to 

make a difference to the folks who give us their 

all.” At her first meeting with IDS President Dan 

Smith at his holiday party last year, De introduced 

herself and said she wanted to make a 

greater difference. 

In 2004, De started working in MI with Lee Silvestre, 

director of the MI CBT. “John Rannenberg, manager 

of growth and outreach for the MI CBT, gave 

me the opportunity to work on a Fires Working 

Group Cooperative Research and Development 

Agreement with the Marine Corps, whose charter 

is to help the Marines take a holistic look at their 

fire missions.” The charter came from a commitment 

that Raytheon made a year and a half ago 

to Marine Corps Commandant General Hagee. 

“Working with the Marines added new meaning 

to creating solutions that help the warfighter,” 

says De. “I learned a lot about how the Marines 

[execute] their missions, and I have developed 

some pretty nifty technologies to help them.” 

One of these technologies is the Raytheon Adaptive 

Mission Profiler (RAMP), an intelligent system for 

designing, developing, testing, profiling and optimizing 

missions. “RAMP allows real or simulated 

mission components — sensors, command and 

control systems, people, weapons, etc. — to 

interact. RAMP observes the mission and analyzes 

its performance, whether it will meet its goals or 

create an undesirable situation,” she explains. 

De has briefed RAMP to customers, warfighters 

and flag officers. “This fuels my excitement, 

and I am having a blast. I am applying all the 

intelligent system technologies that I have 

worked on for over a decade into RAMP. It is 

fun to see it all come together in something 

that makes a difference.” 

24 2005 ISSUE 1 

The Future State of IPDS 

For several years now, Raytheon’s 

Integrated Product Development System (IPDS) 

has been in existence and used across 

Raytheon. Version 2.0 was released in 1999 

and has undergone several revisions since 

then. Together with Raytheon Six Sigma TM 

and our CMMI ® -based process improvement 

activities, it provides Raytheon with the 

knowledge base to plan and execute programs 

successfully, with the highest assurance 

that our products and services will 

meet our customer’s mission needs. 

These processes contain valuable information 

that is based on experiences and best 

practices from across Raytheon, and from 

various national and international standards 

and models. Program teams can use the 

information in IPDS to plan and execute 

their activities; IPDS Deployment Experts (DEs) 

are available to help projects use IPDS. DEs 

know where information is located in IPDS, 

and have the skills and experience to help 

projects effectively apply that information. 

They can help the project team develop the 

appropriate project architecture. This project 

architecture is analogous to the system 

architecture, and defines how the project’s 

resources will be organized and function 

together to perform the tasks needed to 

develop and provide the products and services 

to meet the customer’s need. 

The truth is that this “as documented” 

state isn’t always reflected in the “as executed” 

state; the knowledge in IPDS isn’t 

always put into practice. Evaluations of 

troubled projects indicate that many of 

them would be in better shape if they had 

applied the right processes at the right 

time; these processes nearly always were 

available in IPDS. So why were these 

processes not used? Why does this situation 

exist? Is there a problem with the information 

in IPDS? Are there problems in how we 

apply and use IPDS within Raytheon? 

IPDS contains so much potentially useful 

information that it’s hard to find what you 

are looking for. If you know which rock to 

turn over, you can usually find the desired 

information, but it can be hard to find the 

right rock in the entire quarry that is IPDS. 

In addition, even once something is located, 

it can be difficult to determine what is really 

relevant — everything in IPDS is essentially 

presented as equal in importance. Feedback 

from users — evaluation of website hits, 

inputs to the IPDS Help Desk, surveys of 

various user groups, direct e-mails — confirm 

that while IPDS contains a lot of good 

information, users encounter difficulties in 

turning it into knowledge and then putting 

that knowledge into practice. Across the 

company, there exists a relative handful of 

DEs that can help programs and personnel 

find and use the information in IPDS. As a 

result, people are not getting everything 

from IPDS that is possible, and we need to 

improve this situation. 

In the spring of 2004, an IPDS steering 

committee was established with representation 

from all of Raytheon’s businesses and 

many key functions. That group has established 

a new vision for IPDS, along with a 

roadmap for improving IPDS by the end of 

2005. We are moving forward with developing 

the architecture for this future IPDS. 

It will consist of an integrated process (IPDP) 

and a process asset library (PAL) containing 

supporting process materials. The future 

IPDP will be similar in many ways to IPDP 

today, but noticeably streamlined in the 

number of tasks and with task descriptors 

focusing on the essential “whats.” The PAL 

will contain the “how tos,” such as work 

instructions, templates, checklists, etc. — 

both Raytheon-wide and local business 

enablers. The future IPDS will be consistent 

with CMMI through Level 5, as well as 

Raytheon’s Mission Assurance initiative. 

Beyond improving the content of IPDS, a 

key objective is also to ensure the new 

architecture makes it easier for users to 

find, understand and use applicable information 

in IPDS to plan and execute their 

work. Improved web interfaces and program 

planning aids are a key element of 

this future state for IPDS, a state where 

wizard-like aids help guide the generation 

of a program’s integrated master plan/integrated 

master schedule, where tailoring is 

simplified, and the DE’s role is more about 

helping program teams determine how to 

best plan and organize their work and their 

resources to enable success for Raytheon 

and our customers. • 

John Evers 

john-evers@raytheon.com

Welcoming more than 300 participants to 

the third annual Women’s Forum, held 

November 16-18 at the Wyndham Anatole 

hotel in Dallas, Texas., Chairman and CEO 

Bill Swanson, a lauded Diversity champion 

both in the company and in the industry, 

emphasized, “We all need to be equally 

committed to inclusiveness at Raytheon.” 

In support of this goal, Greg Shelton, vice 

president of Engineering, Technology, 

Manufacturing and Quality, added, “We’ve 

said many times that people are our greatest 

asset. Having a diverse workforce that 

The message is clear: 

we are all responsible for 

our customers’ success. 

The 2004 Mission Assurance & Quality 

Forum welcomed almost 350 attendees to 

the Embassy Suites-Outdoor World October 

25-27 in Dallas,Texas. Representatives from 

Quality, Operations, Engineering, Supply 

Chain, IT and other Raytheon professionals, 

suppliers and customers came together to 

collaborate on Mission Assurance and 

Performance Excellence initiatives. 

The days were packed with information 

regarding Mission Assurance and Quality, 

steeped with messages of expecting the 

best from ourselves and our suppliers in 

order to deliver the best solutions to our 

includes women in key roles provides a balance 

in our thinking about leadership.” 

With the introduction of outgoing Diversity 

champion Jim Schuster, chairman and CEO 

of Raytheon Aircraft Company, Swanson 

applauded Schuster’s dedication and commitment 

to encouraging women to succeed. 

Schuster then passed the torch to the 

new Diversity champion, Louise Francesconi, 

president of Missile Systems, who said, “It 

makes it so exciting to be in this role for the 

next couple of years — with a boss who 

encourages Diversity so widely and so 

broadly. You have my commitment, my 

focus and my passion.” 

Attendees enjoyed numerous speakers and 

presentations, including a Myers-Briggs 

exercise designed to help professionals discover 

behavioral attributes. Additional presenters 

spoke about the challenge of 

becoming successful leaders, while various 

customers. Informative sessions and papers 

were presented in four tracks: Leading 

Customer Satisfaction, Leading Supplier 

Management, Leading Change with Metrics 

and Leading Professional Development. 

Keynote speakers Dale Crownover, president 

and CEO of Texas Nameplate 

Company (Dallas); John Guaspari of 

Guaspari Associates; and Daniel Hanson, 

vice president of sales and operations, 

Branch-Smith Printing Division (Fort Worth), 

spoke about customer commitment and 

staying focused on customers’ success. 

Greg Shelton, vice president of Engineering, 

Technology, Manufacturing and Quality, 

breakout sessions and panel discussions 

focused on building an inclusive organization, 

communicating effectively, and personal 

and professional development. A realtime 

survey explored group responses to 

myriad issues leaders face in our industry. 

The survey revealed that if given the chance 

to work in the aerospace/defense industry 

again, 70% of attendees would not choose 

a more gender-balanced industry. 

For the full story, descriptions of the breakouts, 

presentations and photos, visit http:// 

www.ray.com/feature/w_forum_2004. • 

spoke about looking at the big picture 

when it comes to our customers’ needs 

and what a customer’s vision requires. 

“Wouldn’t it be interesting if our customers 

came to us for solutions which may not 

even be for Raytheon products, but they’ve 

recognized that Raytheon’s going to bring 

to them the best solutions possible?” 

For full details about the forum, visit 

http://home.ray.com/feature/maqf_2004. All 

track presentations and webcasts will also 

be available online in the Technology 

Process Library at http://home.ray.com/ 

rayeng/technetworks/tab5/tab5.htm. • 

2005 ISSUE 1 25

Fall is a time of change. The air gets cooler, 

the leaves change color, we get back into 

our busy routines and we resume our quest 

for knowledge. Raytheon’s fall technology 

symposia provided a valuable forum for 

sharing key emerging and developing technologies 

through informative presentations, 

as well as the chance to exchange ideas 

and share knowledge with peers. 

The seventh annual 

Processing Systems 

Technology Network (PSTN) 

symposium, held in late September 

at the historic Manning House in Tucson, 

Ariz., was a huge success. Over 300 people 

attended the three-day event themed 

“Processing – The Transformational 

Technology.” The event featured eight 

tracks with over 100 presentations. Several 

keynote speakers, including engineering 

and technology vice presidents, technical 

area directors and business partners, shared 

their ideas about the future of processing 

technology and how Raytheon can be successful 

in a rapidly changing environment. 

“Cognitive computing and model-driven 

architecture are key technologies to 

Raytheon’s success in this highly competitive 

market,” said Mike Vahey, PSTN chairman. 

Employees from throughout Raytheon’s 

businesses and technical communities 

attended sessions that ranged from processing 

and software architecture and 

26 2005 ISSUE 1 

signal processing to model-driven development 

and intelligent systems and cognitive 

computing. One of the days concluded with 

a banquet held beneath vintage aircraft at 

the Pima Air and Space Museum, where 

Colonel Tod Wolters, Wing Commander, 

Laughlin Air Force Base, shared his experiences 

in Iraq over the past year. 

One of the best parts of the symposium for 

many attendees was the chance to network 

and share knowledge with peers from 

around the company. Bruce Kinney, PSTN 

facilitator, said, “Through networking, I can 

broaden my exposure to new ideas, as well 

as collaborate with people doing similar 

work and reduce duplication. Both of these 

contribute to being a technology and customer 

focused company.” 

The fourth annual 

Mechanical and Materials 

Technology Network (MMTN) 

symposium was held at the 

Renaissance Hotel in Richardson, Texas, on 

October 19–21, 2004. This year’s event, 

themed “Performance, Relationships and 

Solutions,” focused on technical performance 

to build strong relationships with 

internal and external customers and peers, 

as well as to provide solutions to technical 

and logistical challenges. 

The symposium exceeded expectations with 

nearly 300 in attendance who gained valuable 

knowledge from more than 175 presentations 

in three parallel tracks. Keynote 

addresses were given by Lynn Dugle, vice 

president of Network Centric Systems 

Engineering; Janne Ackerman, director for 

the Precision Strike and Airborne 

Surveillance Engineering Center; and Peter 

Pao, vice president of Corporate 

Technology, who spoke on “Investing in 

Raytheon's Technology.” Additionally, Tony 

Rafanelli, MMTN technical area director, 

spoke about devising strategies for the 

technologies of materials and structures. 

Attendees participated in a variety of sessions 

ranging from electronic packaging and 

interconnects to composite structures and 

adhesives over the course of three days. 

Guests enjoyed a lunchtime address by 

Jason Smith, a principal software engineer 

who spent five months supporting the 

Raytheon First Responder System in Iraq. 

Smith discussed the experiences, challenges 

and rewards of working directly with the 

U.S. military as a civilian during the war

Lynne Dugle, vice president, NCS Engineering; Walter Caughey, MMTN chairman; Peter 

Pao, vice president of Corporate Technology; Janne Ackerman, director of the Precision 

Strike and Airborne Surveillance Engineering Center in SAS; and Jeff Schierer, mechanical 

engineering department manager, PSAS, share ideas at the symposium. 

effort. The evening banquet featured Jack 

Bunning, director of marketing and development 

for The Sixth Floor Museum at 

Dealey Plaza in Dallas, Texas. Bunning 

enlightened guests with facts about John F. 

Kennedy’s assassination and highlighted the 

significance and impact this event had on 

our nation’s history. 

The highlight of the symposium, for many, 

was the chance to network with peers. “It 

is such a wonderful experience to have 

many different people from around the 

company get together and share the technology 

work their doing. Too often we 

work in silos; we don’t know what each 

other is doing and we reinvent the wheel,” 

said Ron Carsten, chief engineer at Missile 

Systems in Tucson, Ariz. Nicki Girouard, 

MMTN facilitator, commented, “This was a 

major opportunity for engineers to network 

and expand that network to suppliers, to 

learn about what each other does, become 

more intimate with the kinds of things we 

need from each other and make our whole 

job more meaningful.” 

The fourth annual Engineering 

Process Group (EPG) Workshop 

was held November 4–5, 2004 at the Don 

Cesar Beach Resort in St. Petersburg, Fla., 

and was themed “Catch the Wave.” This 

year’s workshop began with a warm welcome 

by Conference Chair Brenda Terry 

from the NCS-McKinney Program Resource 

Center. Terry introduced John Evers, the 

Raytheon Engineering Common Program 

IPDS and CMMI program manager, who 

began the workshop with a keynote address 

about “Evolving to the Future State of IPDS.” 

Sixty-six employees enjoyed the two-day 

workshop, co-chaired by Susan Bellucci, 

senior technical support engineer at NCS- 

St. Pete. The workshop was divided into 

two tracks packed with presentations, open 

discussions, knowledge sharing and networking 

in all areas relative to process 

improvement. It also provided the opportunity 

for Raytheon employees to renew contacts 

and establish new relationships with 

people actively engaged in process improvement 

across Raytheon. 

This year, not only did attendees “catch 

the wave” on process improvement, but 

they also caught some real waves at the 

beach — and lots of sunshine. Continuing 

with the Floridian theme, there was a tropical 

reception held in the evening with a few 

rounds of “Flamingo Bingo.” 

The PSTN and MMTN presentations and 

webcasts are now available online in the 

Technology Process Library at http://home. 

ray.com/rayeng/technetworks/tab5/tab5.htm. 

You can view the EPG agenda or contact 

Susan Bellucci at 

susan_r_bellucci@raytheon.com for more 

details about the EPG workshop. • 

2005 ISSUE 1 27

First Joint Council Meeting 

a Success! 

More than 100 business functional leaders 

from nine functional councils participated 

in the first annual joint council meeting, 

October 19-21, 2004, in Tucson, Ariz. 

During the two-day meeting, Raytheon 

leaders focused on Mission Assurance and 

enterprise systems integration — two areas 

that are supported by the functions and are 

critical to business growth. 

Greg Shelton, vice president of Engineering, 

Technology, Manufacturing and Quality, and 

Rebecca Rhoads, chief information officer 

and vice president of Information 

Technology, co-sponsored the event. 

Representatives from Integrated Business 

Development, Contracts, Engineering and 

Technology, Information Technology, 

Operations, Program Leadership, Quality, 

Raytheon Six Sigma TM and Technology 

Leadership Councils participated in the event. 

You’ve heard it said many times 

that “people are our greatest 

asset at Raytheon.” In an ongoing 

effort to recognize outstanding achievements, 

we offer this new “People” column 

to highlight significant external technical 

and leadership accomplishments, 

such as appointments to technical and/or 

industry societies (e.g., IEEE, NDIA), 

awards for technical achievements or 

medals. These high honors deserve recognition, 

exposure and visibility in our 

Raytheon community. 

If you would like to submit an announcement, 

please send your information to 

mardi_scalise@raytheon.com. 

28 2005 ISSUE 1 

Raytheon’s council structure — which consists 

of leaders from each business, as well 

as corporate staff — is a well-established 

best practice developed to ensure knowledge 

sharing, best practices and solid business 

decisions for the enterprise. The joint 

council meeting provided the opportunity 

for the councils to learn what each council 

is doing, as well as identify areas for collaboration 

and teaming. 

“Engineering and IT held a joint meeting in 

January 2004 and identified four key areas 

where we could team to ensure success,” 

said Rhoads. “We formed teams and 

worked together to provide the best solutions 

over the past year. This meeting 

brought all the functional councils together 

to share successes, as well as identify areas 

for improvement. We focused on two critical 

areas, Mission Assurance and Enterprise 

Resource Planning (ERP), and developed 

action plans to ensure success.” 

PEOPLE: Raytheon’s Greatest Asset 

Wes Calhoun (St. Petersburg, Fla.) has 

accepted the position of symposium cochair, 

and Dave Cleotelis (St. 

Petersburg, Fla.) has accepted the position 

of symposium technical program chair, for 

the 16th International Symposium sponsored 

by the International Council on 

Systems Engineering. For additional information 

about the symposium, contact 

Calhoun at 727.302.7876 or visit 

http://www.incose.org/index.aspx. 

This past spring, Johann (Hans) G. 

Demmel, Missile Systems senior manager, 

systems engineering and Raytheon Six 

Sigma TM Expert, was recognized as a 

Fellow of the Institute of Industrial 

Engineers (IIE), the highest classification of 

membership in IIE. The award recognizes 

Greg Shelton welcomed all the attendees 

and provided an overview of Mission 

Assurance. He then moderated the panel at 

which each business presented their respective 

Mission Assurance results to date, as 

well as their forward plan. 

Interactive breakout sessions were led by 

Raytheon Six Sigma facilitators and focused 

on teaming and defined actions 

to move forward on Mission Assurance 

process, communications and training, and 

metrics. The councils will continue to work 

together to engage the businesses and help 

provide One Company solutions. 

Kate Shaw, director of business intelligence 

and systems integration, led the ERP panel, 

which included presentations on PRISM, 

APEX, Product Data Management, oneRTN, 

ICMS, HRMS and Import/Export. 

“The meeting was a great learning 

experience — we identified ways to team 

and move forward on several key issues,” 

stated Shelton. “We learned what the 

businesses are doing with Mission 

Assurance and identified key areas where 

the functions can work together to 

improve execution.” • 

outstanding leaders of the profession 

that have made significant, nationally 

recognized contributions to industrial 

engineering. 

James Schuster, Raytheon Aircraft 

Company chairman and CEO, has been 

elected to serve as 2005 chairman of the 

board of directors of the General Aviation 

Manufacturers Association (GAMA). 

Schuster previously served as GAMA’s 

vice chairman and chairman of GAMA’s 

security issues committee. Schuster will 

work closely with other industry members 

who represent manufacturers of general 

aviation aircraft, engines, avionics and 

related equipment. For more information, 

visit GAMA’s website at 

http://www.gama.aero/home.php.

International Patents Issued to Raytheon 

Congratulations to Raytheon technologists 

from all over the world. We would like to 

acknowledge international patents issued 

from July through December 2004. These 

inventors are responsible for keeping the 

company on the cutting edge, and we 

salute their innovation and contributions. 

Titles are those on the U.S. patents; actual titles on foreign 

counterparts are sometimes modified and not recorded. 

While we strive to list current international patents, many 

foreign patents issue much later than the corresponding 

U.S. patents and may not be reflected yet. 

AUSTRALIA 

ROBERT M. GILLIES 

2002214642 New maintenance tolling camera housing 

(camera system) 

AUSTRALIA/FRANCE/GERMANY/GREAT BRITAIN 

JAMES G. SMALL 

2002249873 Pseudo-randomized infrared blurring array 

AUSTRALIA/SINGAPORE 

JOSEPH E. TEPERA 

772423 Ramming brake for gun-launched projectiles 

JAMES A. HENDERSON 

15682/01 Mid-body obturator for a gun-launched 

projectile 

CANADA/FRANCE/GERMANY 

CHUNGTE W. CHEN 

2353465 Ultra-wide field of view concentric sensor 

system 

CANADA/FRANCE/GERMANY/GREAT BRITAIN/ 

ITALY/SPAIN 

TIMOTHY D. KEESEY 

2362965 Vertical interconnect between coaxial and 

rectangular coaxial transmission line via compressible 

center conductors 

FRANCE 

SHAUN L. CHAMPION 

9713559 Adaptive feedforward vibration control system 

and method 

FRANCE/GERMANY/GREAT BRITAIN 

ROBERT D. STULTZ 

1054487 Integrated lightweight optical bench for 

miniaturized laser transmitter using same 

DONALD R. VANRHEEDEN 

820040 Passive range estimation using image size 

measurements 

CHUNGTE W. CHEN 

1145065 Ultra-wide field of view concentric scanning 

sensor system 

JOHN S. ANDERSON 

1208405 Broadband optical beam steering system and 

method 

MILES E. GOFF 

1020989 Temperature compensated amplifier and 

operating method 

RAUL MENDOZA 

1138093 High voltage power supply using thin metal film 

batteries 

TIMOTHY D. KEESEY 

1166386 Vertical interconnect between coaxial or gcpw 

circuits and airline via compressible center conductors 

FRANCE/GERMANY/GREAT BRITAIN/ITALY 

WILLIAM M. POZZO 

1175669 Systems and methods for passive pressure 

compensation and for acoustic transducers 

FRANCE/GERMANY/GREAT BRITAIN/ITALY/ 

NETHERLANDS 

ROBERT B. CHIPPER 

970400 Refractive/diffractive infrared imager and optics 

SPENCER W. WHITE 

849941 Scene-based nonuniformity correction processor 

incorporating motion triggering 

FRANCE/GREAT BRITAIN/SPAIN 

TIMOTHY L. GALLAGHER 

762746 Thermal imaging device 

GARY R. NOYES 

1019773 Displaced aperture beamsplitter for laser transmitter/receiver 

opto-mechanical system 

FRANCE/GERMANY/GREAT BRITAIN/ITALY/ 

SPAIN/SWITZERLAND 

KEITH P. ARNOLD 

566358 Low noise frequency synthesizer using half integer 

dividers and analog gain compensation 

GERMANY/GREAT BRITAIN 

BILLY K. MILLER 

946851 Lock-On-After launch missile guidance system using 

three-dimensional scene reconstruction 

ISRAEL 

MICHAEL V. NOWAKOWSKI 

140181 Autonomous precision weapon delivery using synthetic 

array radar 

DOUGLAS O. KLEBE 

140002 Flared notch radiator assembly and antenna 

JAPAN 

PAUL P. AUDI 

357378 Sonar system 

MICHAEL BRAND 

3577041 Fixed frequency regulation circuit employing a 

voltage variable dielectric capacitor 

JOHN C. HUANG 

3602150 High electron mobility transistor 

NORWAY 

BRUCE A. CAMERON 

316945 Solid catadioptric lens 

DAVID FINK 

317175 Multi-pulse, multi-return, modal range processing 

for clutter rejection 

THOMAS H. BOOTES 

317193 Improved missile warhead design 

ROBERT M. BENTLEY 

317319 Forced, resonant degaussing system and method 

CHARLES E. NOURRCIER 

317345 Temperature compensated apd detector bias and 

transimpedance amplifier circuitry for laser range finders 

RUSSIA 

ROY P. MCMAHON 

2233525 Arc-fault detecting circuit breaker system 

SINGAPORE 

FINTON L. GIVENS 

50919 Method for autonomous determination of tie points 

in imagery 

ROBERT D. STREETER 

90823 Microelectromechanical micro-relay with liquid 

metal contacts 

TAIWAN 

SHEA CHEN 

200498 Membrane for micro-electro-mechanical switch, and 

methods of making and using it (corrugated membrane 

microelectromechanical switch) 

TURKEY 

NELSON COBLEIGH 

1999 00669 Geographically limited missile 

Bob Rassa 

Relationships Profile 

Continued from page 23 

To further align services and agencies, the 

Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) SE 

Forum — of which Rassa is the only designated 

industry member — was established to 

strategize improvements to SE content on 

DoD programs. “Regular interaction with the 

lead SE focal points of the services and agencies 

has enabled me to build exceptionally 

strong relationships between our industry and 

the DoD,” says Rassa. With that in mind, the 

NDIA SE division sponsors workshops and 

conferences focusing on systems engineering, 

CMMI, net-centric operations and related topics. 

In 2004, top-level summits focused on 

topics such as development, test and evaluation’s 

role in the SE process; critical performance 

factors necessary for program success; 

prognostics diagnostics and health management 

of electronic systems; and review of the 

DoD modeling and simulation strategies, with 

more planned for 2005. 

Rassa’s strong relationships have helped build 

greater interaction between businesses and 

OSD and services, leading to collaboration and 

mission integration. “It’s difficult to tie specific 

program awards to the activity, but significant 

Raytheon involvement aids company 

credibility in terms of strong SE and integrated 

process,” he says. “Senior business leaders are 

continually brought into various OSD and 

services forums to help strengthen the company 

relationship and credibility.” 

For more information about NDIA, visit 

www.ndia.org. 

2005 ISSUE 1 29

U.S. Patents 

Issued to Raytheon 

At Raytheon, we encourage people to 

work on technological challenges that keep 

America strong and develop innovative 

commercial products. Part of that process is 

identifying and protecting our intellectual 

property. Once again, the United States 

Patent Office has recognized our engineers 

and technologists for their contributions in 

their fields of interest. We compliment our 

inventors who were awarded patents from 

July through mid-December 2004. 

TERESA R. ROBINSON 

GORDON R. SCOTT 

6759923B1 Device for directing energy, and a method 

of making same 

KAPRIEL V. KRIKORIAN 

ROBERT A. ROSEN 

6759981B1 Enhanced emitter location using adaptive 

combination of time shared interferometer elements 

PHILLIP I. ROSENGARD 

6760345B1 Compressing cell headers for data 

communication 

RUDOLPH ADOLPH EISENTRAUT 

MARTIN ALLEN KEBSCHULL 

JOHN CHRISTOPHER PARINE 

6761331B2 Missile having deployment mechanism for 

stowable fins 

MICHAEL ADLERSTEIN 

JAMES W. MCCLYMONDS 

6762653B2 Microwave power amplifier 

ROBERT C. ALLISON 

6762660B2 Compact edge coupled filter 

HOWARD T. CHANG 

LEONARD P. CHEN 

EILEEN M. HERRIN 

MARY J. HEWITT 

JOHN L. VAMPOLA 

6762795B1 Bi-directional capable bucket brigade circuit 

RICHARD DRYER 

GARY H. JOHNSON 

JAMES L. MOORE 

WILLIAM S. PETERSON 

RAJESH H. SHAH 

6764042B2 Precision guided extended range artillery 

projectile tactical base 

KENNETH W. BROWN 

JAMES R. GALLIVAN 

6765535B1 Monolithic millimeter wave reflect array system 

30 2005 ISSUE 1 

J. STEVE ANDERSON 

MICHAEL Y. PINES 

6765644B1 Broadband optical beam steering system 

and method 

EDWARD L. ARNN 

ROBERT W. BYREN 

6765663B2 Efficient multiple emitter boresight 

reference source 

LACY G. COOK 

6767103B2 Compact four-mirror anastigmat telescope 

WILLIAM W. CHEN 

DON C. DEVENDORF 

KENNETH A. ESSENWANGER 

ERICK M. HIRATA 

LLOYD F. LINDER 

CLIFFORD W. MEYERS 

6768442B2 Advanced digital antenna module 

LEO GREEN 

JOSEPH PREISS 

6768458B1 Photonically controlled active array 

radar system 

DAVID D. CROUCH 

WILLIAM E. DOLASH 

6768468B2 Reflecting surfaces having geometries 

independent of geometries of wavefronts reflected 

therefrom 

ROBERT B. CHIPPER 

JAMES T. HOGGINS 

JAMES J. HUDGENS 

DANIEL J. MURPHY 

DAVID H. RESTER 

BRENT L. SISNEY 

6768844B2 Method and apparatus for effecting 

alignment in an optical apparatus 

DAVID K. BARTON 

BENJAMIN L. YOUNG 

6771205B1 Shipboard point defense system and 

elements therefor 

DAVID D. HESTON 

JOHN G. HESTON 

6774701B1 Method and apparatus for electronic 

switching with low insertion loss and high isolation 

NORMAN C. LEE 

MARK V. MARTIN 

6774828B1 Auto correction algorithm for piece-wise 

linear circuits 

KENNETH ALAN ESSENWANGER 

6774832B1 Multi-bit output DDS with real time delta 

sigma modulation look up from memory 

WILLIAM D. FARWELL 

KENNETH E. PRAGE 

MICAHEL D. VAHEY 

JAMES T. WHITNEY 

6775248B1 Programmable bandwidth allocation between 

send and receive in a duplex communication path 

GABOR DEVENYI 

KEVIN B. WAGNER 

6777666B1 Position sensor utilizing light emissions 

from a lateral surface of a light-emitting structure and 

two light collectors 

HOWARD R. BERATAN 

CHARLES M. HANSON 

THOMAS R. SCHIMERT 

KEVIN L. SOCH 

JOHN H. TREGILGAS 

6777681B1 Infrared detector with amorphous silicon 

detector elements, and a method of making it 

MARLIN C. SMITH, JR. 

6777996B2 Radio frequency clamping circuit 

KAPRIEL V. KRIKORIAN 

ROBERT A. ROSEN 

6778137B2 Efficient wideband waveform generation 

and signal processing design for an active multi-beam 

ESA digital radar system 

JOSEPH M. ANDERSON 

6778144B2 Antenna 

JAMES M. FLORENCE 

PAUL KLOCEK 

6778722B1 Method and apparatus for switching 

optical signals with a photon band gap device 

RICHARD M. LLOYD 

6779462B2 Kinetic energy rod warhead with optimal 

penetrators 

LAURA L. CARPENTER 

KENNETH A. OSTROM 

6781531B2 Statistically based cascaded analog-to-digital 

converter calibration technique 

KWANG M. CHO 

6781541B1 Estimation and correction of phase for 

focusing search mode SAR images formed by range 

migration algorithm 

REINHARDT W. KRUEGER 

KUAN M. LEE 

FANGCHOU YANG 

6781554B2 Compact wide scan periodically loaded 

edge slot waveguide array 

ALAN G. THIELE 

RONALD L. WILLIAMS 

6782479B1 Apparatus and method for inhibiting 

analysis of a secure circuit 


RON K. NAKAHIRA 

JEROLD K. ROWLAND 

6784766B2 MEMS tunable filters 

JAMES WILLIAM CASALEGNO 

KIRK K. KOHNEN 

FRANK PHILIP MONTE 

ERIC KENT SLATER 

6784820B1 High resolution, high dynamic range analog-to-digital 

converter system and related techniques 

MICHAEL JOSEPH DELCHECCOLO 

JOSEPH S. PLEVA 

MARK E. RUSSELL 

H. BARTELD VAN REES 

WALTER GORDON WOODINGTON 

6784828B2 Near object detection system 

KRISTIN A. BLAIS 

6788051B2 Method and system of spectroscopic 

measurement of magnetic fields 

DELMAR L. BARKER 

HARRY A. SCHMITT 

STEPHEN M. SCHULTZ 

6788273B1 Radome compensation using matched 

negative index or refraction materials 

ALEXANDER L. KORMOS 

6789901B1 System and method for providing images 

for an operator of a vehicle 

LARRY DALCONZO 

DAVID J. DRAPEAU 

RON K. NAKAHIRA 

REZA TAYRANI 

6791403B1 Miniature RF stripline linear phase filters

DAVID I. FOREHAND 

BRANDON W. PILLANS 

6791441B2 Micro-electro-mechanical switch, and methods 

of making and using it 

SON K. DAO 

JASON C. ERICKSON 

BONG K. RYU 

JAMES X. SMALLCOMB 

6791949B1 Network protocol for wireless ad hoc 

networks 

LACY G. COOK 

ROGER J. WITHRINGTON 

6792028B2 Method and laser beam directing system 

with rotatable diffraction gratings 

LEE J. HUNIU 

6792141B2 Infrared detection system and method with 

histogram based manual level and gain control with 

local gain clipping 

PETER V. MESSINA 

6792369B2 System and method for automatically 

calibrating an alignment reference source 

DAVID E. BOVEY 

JOSEPH R. BROUILLARD 

6792383B2 Passive ranging system and method 

ROBERT J. SCHOLZ 

6795054B1 Optical filter measurement system 

GABOR DEVENYI 

6795598B1 Liquid-level sensor having multiple solid 

optical conductors with surface discontinuities 

JOHN D. BRITIGAN 

HANS L. HABEREDER 

THOMAS L. MCKENDREE 

6796213B1 Method for providing integrity bounding 

of weapons 

WILLIAM E. HOKE 

KATERINA Y. HUR 

6797994B1 Double recessed transistor 

CLAY E. TOWERY 

6798943B2 Method and apparatus for integrating 

optical fibers with collimating lenses 

NIKKI J. LAWRENCE 

THOMAS K. LO 

MARK S. MOELLENHOFF 

JOSHUA A. WHORF 

6799138B2 Breaklock detection system and method 

GEORGE P. BORTNYK 

6801867B2 Combining signal images in accordance 

with signal-to-noise ratios 

ROBERT SCHOLZ 

JIANGANG XIA 

6802131B1 Side-illuminated target structure having 

uniform ring illumination 

GARY B. HUGHES 

LLOYD D. INGLE 

JAMES P. MCDONALD 

ARTHUR V. SCHWEIDLER 

6802918B1 Fabrication method for adhesive pressure 

bonding two components together with closed-loop 

control 

SHEA CHEN 

JOHN C. EHMKE 

BRANDON W. PILLANS 

ZHIMIN JAMIE YAO 

6803534B1 Membrane for micro-electro-mechanical 

switch, and methods of making and using it 

JAMES A. FINCH 

KENNETH KOSAI 

SCOTT M. TAYLOR 

6803557B1 Photodiode voltage tunable spectral 

response 

RONALD R. BURNS 

MICHAEL J. DAILY 

MICHAEL D. HOWARD 

CRAIG A. LEE 

6804340B2 Teleconferencing system 

JOHN J. DRAB 

MARK V. MARTIN 

6803794B2 Differential capacitance sense amplifier 

GABOR DEVENYI 

6806985B1 Optical system with shutter assembly 

having an integral shutter-mounted actuator 

ERIC NORMAN SILLMAN 

6807884B2 Fastener removal and installation tool 

TODD A. MENDEZ 

AARON T. RAINES 

6808274B2 Method and system for deploying a mirror 

assembly from a recessed position 

ROBERT W. BYREN 

ALVIN F. TRAFTON 

6809307B2 System and method for effecting highpower 

beam control with adaptive optics in low power 

beam path 

MARTIN L. COHEN 

NAMIR W. HOBBOOSH 

6809586B1 Digital switching power amplifier 

ALEXANDER NIECHAYEV 

6809681B1 Random-modulation radar signal-induced 

interference cancellation method and apparatus 

GILMORE J. DUNNING 

DAVID M. PEPPER 

DAVID S. SUMIDA 

6809991B1 Method and apparatus for detecting hidden 

features disposed in an opaque environment 

TERRY A. DORSCHNER 

LAWRENCE J. FRIEDMAN 

DOUGLAS S. HOBBS 

L. Q. LAMBERT, JR. 

6810164B2 Optical beam steering system 

LAWRENCE P. STRICKLAND 

6812791B2 Method and system for linearizing an 

amplified signal 

DELMAR L. BARKER 

HARRY A. SCHMITT 

NITESH N. SHAH 

6813330B1 High density storage of excited positronium 

using photonic bandgap traps 

GERALD L. EHLERS 

THOMAS G. LAVEDAS 

6814284B2 Enhancement antenna for article identification 

RONNIE G. PETERSON 

6814632B1 Electrical connector system having contact 

body with integral nonmetallic sleeve 

ALEXANDER L. KORMOS 

6815680B2 Method and system for displaying an image 

MICHAEL JOSEPH DELCHECCOLO 

JOSEPH S. PLEVA 

MARK E. RUSSELL 

H. BARTELD VAN REES 

WALTER GORDON WOODINGTON 

6816107B2 Technique for changing a range gate and 

radar coverage 

MICHAEL B. MCFARLAND 

ARTHUR J. SCHNEIDER 

WAYNE V. SPATE 

6817568B2 Missile system with multiple submunitions 

WILLIAM E. HOKE 

PETER S. LYMAN 

6818928B2 Quaternary-ternary semiconductor devices 

GABOR DEVENYI 

6819510B1 Mechanical device having cylindrical 

components locked together by a retainer having an 

organic plastic retainer outer surface 

JERRY L. KNOSKI 

6820846B2 Multiple ball joint gimbal 

BRYAN W. CINDRICH 

ROBERT E. MUNGER, JR. 

6821159B2 Customizable connector keying system 

REZA DIZAJI 

TONY PONSFORD 

6822606B2 System and method for spectral generation 

in radar 


JAR J. LEE 

BRIAN M. PIERCE 

CLIFTON QUAN 

6822615B2 Wideband 2-D electronically scanned array 

with compact CTS feed and MEMS phase shifters 

KURT S. KETOLA 

ALAN L. KOVACS 

JACQUES F. LINDER 

MATTHEW H. PETER 

6822880B2 Multilayer thin film hydrogen getter 

and internal signal EMI shield for complex three 

dimensional electronic package components 

BARBARA E. PAUPLIS 

6825742B1 Technique for non-coherent integration of 

targets with ambiguous velocities 

NORMAN A. LUQUE 

6825817B2 Apparatus and methods for split-feed 

coupled-ring resonator-pair elliptic-function filters 

KURT S. KETOLA 

ALAN L. KOVACS 

JACQUES F. LINDER 

MATTHEW H. PETER 

6825817B2 Dielectric interconnect frame incorporating 

EMI shield and hydrogen absorber for tile T/R modules 

LEONARD P. CHEN 

MARY J. HEWITT 

JOHN L. VAMPOLA 

6825877B1 Multiplex bucket brigade circuit 

RONALD W. BERRY 

ELI E. GORDON 

WILLIAM J. HAMILTON, JR. 

6828545B1 Hybrid microelectronic array structure 

having electrically isolated supported islands, and its 

fabrication 

PETER F. BARBELLA 

TAMARA L. FRANZ 

BARBARA E. PAUPLIS 

6828929B2 Technique for non-coherent integration of 

targets with ambiguous velocities 

2005 ISSUE 1 31

Future Events 

Raytheon’s Joint Systems, 

Software and Processing 

Systems Engineering 

Symposium 

Innovating Customer Solutions 

Through Systems, Software 

and Processing Technology 

CALL FOR PAPERS 

April 5–7, 2005 

Sheraton Ferncroft 

Danvers, Mass. 

The Raytheon Joint Systems, Software and 

Processing Systems Engineering Symposium, 

sponsored by the Raytheon Systems, 

Software and Processing Systems 

Engineering Technology Networks and the 

Raytheon Systems, Software and Digital 

Electronics Engineering Councils, will focus 

on increased collaboration on current developments, 

capabilities and future directions 

between the systems, software and 

processing systems engineering disciplines. 

For more information or to register visit 

http://home.ray.com/rayeng/technetworks/ 

tab6/seswps2005/call.html. 

Raytheon’s Joint Electrooptical 

Systems and RF 

Symposium 

Technology Fusion — 

Unbounded by Wavelength 

CALL FOR PAPERS 

May 17–19, 2005 

Sheraton Gateway at LAX 

Los Angeles, Calif. 

Raytheon’s first joint EO and RF Symposium, 

sponsored by the RF Systems and Electrooptical 

Systems Technology Networks, will 

be devoted to the exchange of information 

about RF/microwave, millimeter wave and 

EO, and laser-associated technology. 

Authors are invited to submit abstracts on 

topics focused on this year’s theme: 

“Technology Fusion — Unbounded by 

Wavelength.” Other activities will include 

customer keynotes, breakout sessions, interactive 

poster sessions, workshops on various 

EO and RF technology topics, and industry 

and university displays. 

For more information or to register visit 

http://home.ray.com/rayeng/technetworks/ 

tab6/eo_rf2005/call.html. 

17th Annual Systems & 

Software Technology 

Conference 

April 18–21, 2005 

Salt Palace Convention Center 

Salt Lake City, Utah 

In its 17th year, the Systems and Software 

Technology Conference is a joint services 

technology conference co-sponsored by the 

U.S. Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force 

and the Defense Information Systems 

Agency. Over 2,500 attendees are expected 

from the military services, government 

agencies, defense contractors, industry 

and academia. This is an excellent opportunity 

to strengthen existing relations or 

forge new ones with the Department of 

Defense (DoD), as well as showcase our 

products and services to the decisionmaking 

software professionals within the 

DoD and related industries. 

For more information, visit 

http://www.stc-online.org. 

Did you know you have access to subject matter experts in real time? The Raytheon Engineering Common 

Program (RECP) is proud to sponsor the Engineering Process and Tools Noontime Seminar Series. 

This bi-monthly series is part of an ongoing effort to enhance Engineering communications, foster awareness of enterprise 

initiatives and promote knowledge sharing. These 45-minute online seminars are presented live via an interactive desktop 

tool. The seminars are then posted in the archive for on-demand viewing. Go to http://www.ray.com/rayeng/news/ptsem.html. 

To improve Engineering communications and collaboration on technology development across Raytheon, Engineering and 

Technology hosts a Noontime Technology Seminar Series. The seminars can be viewed at conference 

room locations throughout Raytheon. Most briefings are Raytheon Proprietary/Competition Sensitive, so only Raytheon 

employees have access. Many of the briefings are also ITAR-restricted, and require U.S. citizenship/green card certification 

to attend. All seminars (except those containing ITAR-restricted content) can also be viewed from your desktop via live 

webcast. For full details, visit http://www.ray.com/rayeng/news/techsem.html. 

Do you have a great idea for an article? 

We are always looking for ways to connect with you — our engineering, technology, manufacturing 

and quality professionals. If you have an article or an idea for an article regarding technical 

achievements, customer solutions, relationships, Mission Assurance, etc., send it along. If 

your topic aligns with a future issue of technology today or is appropriate for an online article, 

we will be happy to consider it and will contact you for more information. Send your article 

ideas or suggestions to mardi_scalise@raytheon.com. We want to hear from you! 

Copyright © 2005 Raytheon Company. All rights reserved.

RAYTHEON BRINGS EO TECHNOLOGY To Defend Our Nation

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