Associations and the Exercise of Democratic ... - Citizenship DRC

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IDS WORKING PAPER 285Standard probit entries in B.5 (columns 2 and 3) differ from each other, as thesecond specification has an additional variable regarding labour market. Thecorresponding IV estimates are compared through a seemingly unrelated estimationtechnique available in STATA-9. This is similar to a Hausman specification test witha variance for the difference in the estimators related to null and alternativehypotheses that is more often well defined (STATA-9 manual-suest command;Johnston and DiNardo 1997). We show that when the variable for non-participationin labour force is included the instrumented variable for associational relation is notsignificant. On the other hand, we can claim that it cannot be rejected that thecoefficients for the instrumented associational relation is similar to the observedassociation variable in some specifications.We now turn to the results we observed in Mexico. The results for Mexico areclearer. Exploring the relation between active citizenship and associationalparticipation we can rule out endogeneity. Table B.6 details this result.Table B.6 Testing for endogeneity between active citizenship andassociational activity in MexicoDependent Relation(no weights) Standard Probit (1) Secular Association IV-ResultVariable Coeff Sign Coeff Sign Coeff SignLabourmarketFormalEmployeeOwnBusinessPublicSector-0.0189 0.849 0.194 0.00 -0.023 0.8170.353 0.011 0.355 0.0100.70 0.00Education – Higher 0.423 0.00 0.416 0.00Secular Associational 0.704 1 0.00 0.648 1 0.088ActivityDistrict 1 Dummy -0.272 0.026 -0.216 0.068Age 30–49 years old 0.239 0.002 0.237 0.010Household Extended 0.0506 0.63 0.016 0.876Structure Nuclear -0.272 0.096 0.122 0.130Gender -0.287 0.00Unemployment 0.111 0.5Constant -0.285 0.00 -0.39 0.00Chi – Square 134.21 58.011 Similairty in coefficient values cannot be rejected; p-value 0.88048
IDS WORKING PAPER 285Selection bias: Selection bias would stem from the fact that there may be someunobservable characteristics of individuals, perhaps related to associationalparticipation, that induce individuals toward problem solving in different spaces.Thus associational participation would not capture much of the reasons whyindividuals become active citizens. Selectivity results from characteristics that arepresent among those who have associational participation that strongly correlatewith active citizenship, so as to lead to a false attribution of causality toassociational relationship with active citizenship.To detect selection biases we use a more recent and intuitive method known aspropensity score matching. 47 First, we identify the group with associationalparticipation as the treated group and the group that is without associationalrelation as the controlled group. Suppose that associational participation does notcontribute to active citizenship but other characteristics do contribute. Supposefurther that these other characteristics, even if unobservable, are correlated withsome observable characteristics relevant to associational participation. In that caseassociational relation is irrelevant to active citizenship. Then, on average, a memberfrom the treated group when compared to a member from the controlled groupshould behave the same way toward active citizenship, whenever both have theseother observable characteristics. To see this more clearly, one can construct twogroups by matching characteristics of set of individuals from both the treated andcontrolled group by some specified method. There are various ways of obtainingthese types of matching. Suppose that the two groups, more or less identical incharacteristics with the distinction of associational participation, behave the sameway toward problem solving. Then, associational relation does not influenceproblem solving.Two individuals with matching characteristics should have same propensity toproblem solve. What counts as matched pair? Matching individuals by characteristicscan be daunting. It can be shown (Rosenbaum and Rubin 1985) that this matchingcan occur over more summary measures. Matching techniques can differ once thesesummary measures are found. We have used a one-to-one matching technique,which takes an observation from the treated group and finds an observation fromthe control group through a score that is similar for describing proclivity towardassociational relation. The similarity is defined by nearest neighbour. 48 This proclivityis based on characteristics of individuals and can be the same whether or not anindividual exhibited associational relation. When matching is done, the score issimilar for the both the observations and obtained through a probit on associationalrelation. An observation with associational relation is only mapped once with anon-associational observation (Dehejia and Wahba 2002). As the groupcharacteristics are similar, one may conjecture that non-observed factors aresimilar. Appendix Table B.7 shows the summary characteristic of the two groups47 An alternative is to use some technique akin to Heckman correction (Heckman 1990); thequalitative results in our case do not differ from use of a Heckman correction applicable toprobit relation.48 Smallest distances are chosen first. All treated individuals have a distinct match from thecontrol group; some in the control are discarded.49
Page 3: IDS WORKING PAPER 285IDS WORKING PA
Page 7 and 8: IDS WORKING PAPER 285ContentsSummar
Page 9 and 10: IDS WORKING PAPER 285Acknowledgemen
Page 12 and 13: IDS WORKING PAPER 285the authority
Page 14: IDS WORKING PAPER 285We find that i
Page 17: IDS WORKING PAPER 285this case are
Page 21 and 22: IDS WORKING PAPER 285institutionali
Page 23 and 24: IDS WORKING PAPER 285São Paulo is
Page 25 and 26: IDS WORKING PAPER 285As a result of
Page 27 and 28: epresent 59 per cent of the city’
Page 29 and 30: IDS WORKING PAPER 285The share of t
Page 31 and 32: IDS WORKING PAPER 285and in Mexico
Page 33 and 34: IDS WORKING PAPER 285Associational
Page 35 and 36: IDS WORKING PAPER 285relations are
Page 37 and 38: IDS WORKING PAPER 285As we noted ab
Page 39 and 40: IDS WORKING PAPER 285even greater w
Page 41 and 42: IDS WORKING PAPER 285Mexico City me
Page 43 and 44: IDS WORKING PAPER 285not the politi
Page 45 and 46: IDS WORKING PAPER 285Figure A.2 Per
Page 47 and 48: IDS WORKING PAPER 285Table B.2 Mexi
Page 49: Table B.5 Testing for endogeneity f
Page 53 and 54: IDS WORKING PAPER 285Table B.8 Prop
Page 55 and 56: IDS WORKING PAPER 285Comin, Alvaro,
Page 57 and 58: IDS WORKING PAPER 285—— (1988)
Page 59 and 60: IDS WORKING PAPER 285Schmitter, Phi

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