Engineering Manual o.. - HVAC.Amickracing

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INDOOR AIR QUALITY FUNDAMENTALSTable 1. Annual Median Concentrations for TSP, NO2, O3, & CO—1979. a (continued)Concentrationµg/m 3 mg/m 3Location TSP (annual average) b NO 2 (1 hr average) O3 (1 hr average) CO (1 hr average)Pittsburgh 88-162 29 d 3.9St. Louis 63-107 90 (d) 22 d 2.3 dSan Diego 57-75 69 39 1.1San Francisco 51 46 20 e 2.1Washington DC 47-70 52 29 1.6a EPA (1980)b Annual geometric mean of 24 hr averagesc 24 hr averagesd Not a full yeare Total oxidants Source: Walden and Schiff (1983)Table 2. U.S. Ambient Air Quality Standards.Pollutant Averaging Time Primary Standard Levels Secondary Standard LevelsParticulate matter Annual (geometric mean) 75 µg/m 3 60 µg/m 324 hr b 260 µg/m 3 150 µg/m 3Sulfur oxides Annual (arithmetic mean) 80 µg/m 3 (0.03 ppm) —24 hr b 365 µg/m 3 (0.14 ppm) —3 hr b — 1300 µg/m 3 (0.5 ppm)Carbon monoxide 8 hr b 10 mg/m 3 (9 ppm) 10 mg/m 3 (9 ppm)1 hr b 40 mg/m 3 (35 ppm) c 40 mg/m 3 (35 ppm)Nitrogen dioxide Annual (arithmetic mean) 100 µg/m 3 (0.05 ppm) 100 µg/m 3 (0.05 ppm)Ozone 1 hr b 240 µg/m 3 (0.12 ppm) 240 µg/m 3 (0.12 ppm)Hydrocarbons3 hr160 µg/m 3 (0.24 ppm) 160 µg/m 3 (0.24 ppm)(nonmethane) a (6 to 9 A.M.)Lead 3 months 1.5 µg/m 3 1.5 µg/m 3a A nonhealth-related standard used as a guide for ozone control.b Not to be exceeded more than once a year.c EPA has proposed a reduction of the standard to 29 µg/m 3 (25 ppm).Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.Indoor Contaminant SourcesGENERALIndoor contaminant sources are generated by the occupants,the processes conducted, construction, renovation andmaintenance activities, and the building materials and furnishings.BUILDING MATERIALS AND FURNISHINGSBuilding materials and furnishings generate Volatile OrganicCompounds (VOCs) including 4 to 16 carbon alkanes,chlorinated hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters,terpenes, ethers, aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g. benzene andtoluene), and heterocyclics. Building generated contaminantsare highest immediately after installation, reducing to a lowerlevel due to off gassing and ventilation, and then remain at thatlevel for an extended period.However, the VOC concentrations increase duringunoccupied night and weekend periods when there is noventilation. Also, increased temperature increases the outputof VOCs from building materials. Table 3 lists Sources, PossibleConcentrations, and Indoor to Outdoor Concentration Ratiosof some indoor Pollutants (source: NRC 1981).Concentrations listed are only those reported indoors. Bothhigher and lower concentrations have been measured. Noaveraging times are given. NA indicates it is not appropriate tolist a concentration.For a detailed discussion of air contaminants refer toASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook 1993 Chapter 11, AirContaminants, and Chapter 37, Environmental Health.ENGINEERING MANUAL OF AUTOMATIC CONTROL144
INDOOR AIR QUALITY FUNDAMENTALSTable 3. Sources, Possible Concentrations, and Indoor to Outdoor Concentration Ratios of some Indoor Pollutants.PollutantSources ofIndoor PollutionPossible IndoorConcentrationsIndoor/OutdoorConcentrationRatioLocationAsbestos Fireproofing >1 Homes, schools, officesCombustion equipment,engines, faulty heatingsystemsInsulation, product binders,particleboardProducts, cloth, rugs,wallboardCombustion, gas stoves,water heaters, dryers,cigarettes, enginesCombustion, solvents, resinproducts, pesticides, aerosolspraysElectric arcing, UV lightsourcesBuilding materials, groundwater, soilStoves, fireplaces, cigarettes,condensation of volatiles,aerosol sprays, resuspension,cooking100 ppm >>1 Skating rinks, offices,homes, cars, shops0.05 to 1.0 ppm >1 Homes, officesNA — Homes, schools, offices200 to 1000 µg/m 3 >>1 Homes, Skating rinksNA >1 Homes, offices, publicfacilities, restaurants,hospitals20 ppb200 ppb1Airplanesoffices0.1 to 200 nCi/m 3 >>1 Homes, buildings100 to 500 µg/m 3 >>1 Homes, offices, cars,public facilities, bars,restaurantsSulfate Matches, gas stoves 5 µg/m 3
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ENGINEERING MANUAL ofAUTOMATICCONTR
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Copyright 1934, 1940, 1953, 1988, 1
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PREFACEThe purpose of this manual i
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CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSElectronic Cont
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CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSDeviation—The
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CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSHVAC SYSTEM CHA
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CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSInfiltration is
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CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSROTATINGGRANULA
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CONTROL FUNDAMENTALS-PATHOFIONSAIRF
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CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSOPENFINALCONTRO
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CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSTIME PROPORTION
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CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSON“CLOSE”SW
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CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSOUTDOOR AIRTEMP
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CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSPROPORTIONAL-IN
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CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSCONTROLLERVALVE
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CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSIn terms of hea
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CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSFLAPPERSPRINGSI
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CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSimpact of the j
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CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSCHARACTERISTICS
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PSYCHROMETRIC CHART FUNDAMENTALSWAT
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PSYCHROMETRIC CHART FUNDAMENTALShea
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PSYCHROMETRIC CHART FUNDAMENTALS19.
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PSYCHROMETRIC CHART FUNDAMENTALS0°
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PSYCHROMETRIC CHART FUNDAMENTALSREF
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PSYCHROMETRIC CHART FUNDAMENTALSThi
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PSYCHROMETRIC CHART FUNDAMENTALSCOO
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PSYCHROMETRIC CHART FUNDAMENTALS90
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PSYCHROMETRIC CHART FUNDAMENTALSFig
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PNEUMATIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSMain
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PNEUMATIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSFrom
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PNEUMATIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSA tem
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PNEUMATIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSSome
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PNEUMATIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSPRESS
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PNEUMATIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSnozzl
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PNEUMATIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSSENSO
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PNEUMATIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSFigur
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PNEUMATIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSBRANC
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PNEUMATIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSMROOM
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PNEUMATIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSCAPAC
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PNEUMATIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSHESIT
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PNEUMATIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSM13MD
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PNEUMATIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSLow-l
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PNEUMATIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSPNEUM
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PNEUMATIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSPNEUM
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PNEUMATIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSSUPPL
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PNEUMATIC CONTROL FUNDAMENTALSDISCH
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AIR HANDLING SYSTEM CONTROL APPLICA
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BUILDING AIRFLOW SYSTEM CONTROL APP
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CHILLER, BOILER, AND DISTRIBUTION S
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INDIVIDUAL ROOM CONTROL APPLICATION
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VALVE SELECTION AND SIZINGVALVE SEL
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LINE PRESSURE IN PSIVALVE SELECTION
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VALVE SELECTION AND SIZINGVALVE MAT
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VALVE SELECTION AND SIZINGWhen butt
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VALVE SELECTION AND SIZING— Graph
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VALVE SELECTION AND SIZINGPRESSURE
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VALVE SELECTION AND SIZING3640.443.
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VALVE SELECTION AND SIZINGQUANTITY
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VALVE SELECTION AND SIZINGThe criti
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VALVE SELECTION AND SIZINGTable 5.
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DAMPER SELECTION AND SIZINGDAMPER S
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DAMPER SELECTION AND SIZINGIn a low
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DAMPER SELECTION AND SIZINGFor typi
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DAMPER SELECTION AND SIZINGTORQUE R
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DAMPER SELECTION AND SIZINGwhen eit
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DAMPER SELECTION AND SIZINGStabilit
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DAMPER SELECTION AND SIZINGTable 4.
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DAMPER SELECTION AND SIZINGDAMPER P
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DAMPER SELECTION AND SIZINGLOUVERSO
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GENERAL ENGINEERING DATAHEATING DAT
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GENERAL ENGINEERING DATACONVERSION
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GENERAL ENGINEERING DATAVOLUMEExist
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GENERAL ENGINEERING DATAHEAT TRANSF
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GENERAL ENGINEERING DATAFORCEEXAMPL
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GENERAL ENGINEERING DATATHREE-PHASE
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GENERAL ENGINEERING DATACONDUIT SIZ
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GENERAL ENGINEERING DATAVOLTAGE CON
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GENERAL ENGINEERING DATAAIRFLOW DAT
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GENERAL ENGINEERING DATAMOISTURE CO
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GENERAL ENGINEERING DATAENGINEERING
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GENERAL ENGINEERING DATAASHRAEGuide
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GENERAL ENGINEERING DATACooling Tow
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GENERAL ENGINEERING DATAFlame Safeg
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GENERAL ENGINEERING DATAOperationSe
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GENERAL ENGINEERING DATASeries 40Co
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GENERAL ENGINEERING DATAValve Contr
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