Coasts & Estuaries - City of Port Adelaide Enfield - SA.Gov.au

City of Port Adelaide EnfieldState of Environment ReportCoasts & EstuariesBarker Inlet & Port Adelaide River ~Gulf of St Vincent & the Coast

Coast & EstuariesCoast & EstuariesBarker Inlet & Port Adelaide RiverIntroductionThe Coastal and Marine Environment is a significant feature of the Council area. The coastal regioncan be roughly divided into two areas, the Port Adelaide River coastline (Barker Inlet and PortAdelaide River Estuary) and the beach coastline. Map 22 (page 165) shows an aerial photograph ofthe features of the coastal environment.The Barker Inlet and Port Adelaide River Estuary is the largest tidal inlet in Gulf St Vincent and itsprotected waters provide Adelaide and South Australia with major port facilities. It is highly significantto the State in ecological, cultural and economic terms. The Barker Inlet comprises of the coastalestuary of the Port Adelaide River, with two islands (Torrens Island and Garden Island). The Portwaterways consist of the Port Adelaide River, North Arm, North Arm Creek, Angas Inlet and BarkerInlet.Estuaries such as the Port Adelaide River and Barker Inlet are semi-enclosed bodies of water, wherethe sea begins to mix with urban land runoff, changing salinity gradients due to tidal exchanges.Estuaries are a particularly sensitive part of marine and coastal environments. They act as transitionzones between the land and the sea, where fresh and salt water meet and mix. Due to this processtidal areas also act as filters and channels for the pollutants and nutrients that run off the land and intothe marine environment (DEH 2006).The Barker Inlet and St Kilda wetlands have been identified as wetlands of national importance(Australian Nature Conservation Agency 1996) and encompass the coastal waters, fringingmangroves, tidal creeks and adjoining wetlands and saltfields from St Kilda to Outer Harbor.The area is rich in history as a working port, and is also a popular recreation location. Over the yearsthe area has been host to a number of large industries including coal handling facilities, two electricitygenerating plants (Torrens Island and Pelican Point), cement works, salt harvesting, a sugar refinery,boat building facilities, major fuel storage depots, major sewage treatment plants (Bolivar and PortAdelaide), chemical plants and rubbish dumps.Recent projects in the area include new residential and commercial development in the inner portarea, the Port Adelaide River Expressway including construction of a new bridge over the River, theLefevre Transport Corridor upgrade, and new marinas at Largs North and the Inner Port area.(Barker Inlet Port Estuary Committee (BIPEC), http://www.bipec.on.net/about.html)The seagrass and mangrove ecosystems of the Gulf St Vincent are of enormous ecological andeconomic importance, providing a basis for much of the region’s commercial and recreationalfisheries. Mangroves and shallow water seagrasses support a variety of juvenile fish and crustaceanspecies. The Barker Inlet system is home to a range of uncommon marine fauna including the pygmysquid (Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Natural Resources Management Board 2006).The Port Adelaide River and Barker Inlet is a marine environment, not a freshwater system.Freshwater flows into the Inlet from a range of stormwater catchments; the water quality from thesecatchments is discussed in the chapter on Inland Waters.132

Coast & EstuariesBarker Inlet & Port Adelaide River Environmental IndicatorsState Indicator:• Water quality & sediment classification of Port Adelaide River-Barker Inlet Waterways.• Results of monitoring of Heavy Metals and PCB’s in Dolphins, Sediments and Fish of the PortAdelaide River.• Results of KESAB community monitoring in the Port Adelaide River.Pressure Indicator:• Ecosystem decline of mangroves, seagrasses and saltmarsh (by %).• Caulerpa taxifolia growth in the upper Port Adelaide River.• Caulerpa taxifolia growth in the Port Adelaide River/Barker Inlet.• Introduced marine species identified in the Port Adelaide area.Response Indicator:• Reduction in nutrient loads discharged to the Port Adelaide River- Barker Inlet.Barker Inlet & Port Adelaide River – State & PressuresEcology of the EstuaryThe protection of the ecological significance of the estuary is the aim of a number of reserves andsanctuaries that exist in the area. The Barker Inlet St Kilda Aquatic Reserve (2055 ha), the TorrensIsland Conservation Reserve (79 ha), Port Gawler Conservation Park (418 ha), St Kilda/ChapmanCreek Aquatic Reserve*(870 ha) and the Dolphin Sanctuary (*Port Gawler Conservation Park and StKilda/Chapman Creek Aquatic Reserve are not in the City of Port Adelaide Enfield area).These protected areas have been established to help preserve important local habitats such as lowlyingdunes and chenier ridges, supratidal flats, intertidal mangrove woodlands, intertidal mud andsand flats, tidal channels and sub-tidal seagrass meadows (EPA,2005).Despite these areas being designated as reserves, there are no management plans in place to guidemanagement of these areas. The Dolphin Sanctuary is the exception, with a management planrecently developed.Barker Inlet St Kilda Aquatic ReserveThis area is designated by Primary Industries and Resources South Australia (PIRSA) as the ‘BarkerInlet St Kilda Aquatic Reserve’ and is the largest and most ecologically significant reserve within theCouncil area.This reserve was established for the conservation of mangrove-seagrass communities and for theprotection of nursery areas for several species, including the western king prawn (Peneauslatisulcatus), King George Whiting (sillaginodes punctata), yellow fin whiting (Sillago schomburgkii)and blue swimmer crabs (Portunus pelagicus).(http://www.pir.sa.gov.au/byteserve/fisheries/rec_fishing/pdf/barker_inlet_st_kilda.pdf).Activities that are permitted in the area are boating and removal of fish by rod and line or handline,and the collection of blood worms for bait by the use of a hand net. The collection or removal of anyother marine organisms is prohibited.133

Coast & EstuariesBird HabitatThe Barker Inlet forms part of the international migratory bird treaties. 57 species of waterbirds havebeen recorded in the area: 12 are listed under international treaties. Significant breeding habitats for18 species of waterbirds including; pelicans, cormorants, oystercatchers, gulls, terns, egrets andherons (Barker Inlet Port Estuary Committee (BIPEC), http://www.bipec.on.net/about.html).The tidal mudflats are likely to provide significant habitat for wading birds covered under the ‘Japan-Australia Migratory Bird Agreement’ (JAMBA) and ‘China Australia Migratory Bird Agreement’(CAMBA). The mangrove areas on Torrens Island provide one of the few breeding areas for the littleegret and rufous night heron in South Australia (EPA,2005).Mangroves, Seagrass and SaltmarshThe estuary contains the largest area of mangrove forest, shallow seagrasses and mudflats in Gulf StVincent. Sheltered conditions and good light penetration create very high levels of plant and animalproduction making these prime contributors to the ecology of the gulf and major nursery habitats forjuvenile species of commercial fish and crustaceans, particularly juvenile Western king prawns andKing George whiting (EPA, 2005).Seagrasses are ecologically important, providing plant production in the estuary, they support fishfauna and the growth of other organisms, offer protection from predators, provide an importantfeeding habitat for birds and assist in stabilising sediments (DEH, 2006).Mangroves are major primary producers for the inter-tidal area, they assist movement of fish at hightide, provide shelter and nesting sites for birds, provide a major role in the balance between erosionand deposition of sediments along the coast and create clearer water (DEH, 2006).The Dolphin SanctuaryA major feature of the Port Adelaide River and environs are the dolphins. There are 25 to 30bottlenose dolphins known to frequent the area, and around 250 bottlenose dolphins have beenrecorded in the area.South Australia is home to the common bottlenose dolphin, the indo-pacific bottlenose dolphin andthe short-beaked common dolphin. The indo-pacific bottlenose dolphin is the resident species of thePort Adelaide River and Barker Inlet.In June 2005 the Adelaide Dolphin Sanctuary Act 2005 was proclaimed. The object of the Act is toprotect the dolphins and their habitat. This legislation sets out the boundary of the Sanctuary (Map 22page 165) and arrangements for the management of the species in this area. The Act requires aManagement Plan to be developed within the first twelve months of the Act’s operation.The dolphin sanctuary aims to promote the importance of the area as habitat for the resident andvisiting dolphins, and to develop improved management strategies for threats to the dolphins and theirenvironment. Examples of threats and impacts to be addressed include poor water quality and otherforms of pollution, introduced marine pests, harassment to the dolphin population via boat strikes,stabbings, shootings, entanglements, noise disturbance, loss of habitat and non-compliance withexisting regulations (Government of South Australia, 2002). Adelaide Dolphin Sanctuary rangers nowpatrol the land and water of the sanctuary. These rangers also work with officers from Transport SA,PIRSA - Fisheries and the EPA to make sure that activities they regulate such as fishing practices,boat activities and regulation of industrial discharges do not pose unacceptable risks to the dolphins.(Source: Barker Inlet Port Estuary Committee (BIPEC), http://www.bipec.on.net/about.html)134

Coast & EstuariesWater QualityThe water quality of the Port Adelaide River is known to be degraded. The major causes of pollutionare considered to be the industrial activities that operate along the river, the wharf and shippingactivities, and stormwater from large catchments of the North Western section of Adelaide (see InlandWaters for details of catchments that discharge to the Port Adelaide River). Another potential sourceof pollution is the landfills in the area, on Garden Island and Wingfield (both closed). Figure 28 (page164) shows the locations of major activities and discharges.Since the 2000 State of Environment the first attempt at a holistic study in the Port Waterways hascommenced. The EPA Port Waterways Water Quality Improvement Plan (WQIP) is a two stageprogram to research and identify environmental values, water quality issues, river flow objectives,establish pollutant loads, sources, requirements and including time frame to attain and maintain thewater quality objectives.Essentially WQIPs are documents that detail strategies for water quality improvement, addressing arange of pollution inputs to an area and enabling stakeholders to agree on outcomes and theprocesses for achieving them. The draft WQIP (November 2006) is limited in scope to the nutrientsnitrogen and phosphorus.As reported in the Port Waterways Water Quality Improvement Plan (EPA,2005), several studiesindicate that the Barker Inlet-Port Adelaide River system demonstrates clear signs of seriousenvironmental stress and ecosystem decline. The principle water quality issues are:• nutrient enrichment (nitrogen and phosphorus) and the proliferation of algal growth.• toxic algal blooms, the largest stretching some 30km north from the inlet.• microbiological contamination, which may comprise recreational use.• toxicant contamination (such as heavy metals) in some areas of waters and sediments.Current water quality statusThe EPA undertake an ambient water quality monitoring program in coastal areas. The most recentEPA water quality data available, as discussed in the Port Waterways WQIP November 2006, issummary data from 1996 to 2000. There are 9 monitoring sites including Inner Harbor, North Arm,Barker Inlet and Outer Harbor. Ambient water quality and sediment analysis was undertaken. Thewater quality indicators used to describe the water quality condition are nutrients, heavy metals,bacteria and turbidity.State Indicator: Water quality & sediment classification of Port Adelaide River-Baker InletWaterwaysAs shown in Figure 21:• A poor heavy metal classification for ecosystem protection was given in locations 1,2,4,7,8and 9.• A majority of locations were classified with a poor microbiological rating mainly due to algalblooms.• Locations 5,6,7,8 and 9 were classified with a poor rating for organochlorine pesticides forprimary recreation.As shown in Figure 22:• 8 of the sediment survey locations were severely impacted by heavy metals.135

Coast & EstuariesFigure 21: Port Adelaide River- Barker Inlet Waterways, Water Quality ClassificationSource: Port Waterways Water Quality Improvement Plan Stage 1, Fig 5 pg 13, EPA June 2005136

Coast & EstuariesFigure 22: Port Adelaide River- Barker Inlet Waterways, Sediment ClassificationSource: Port Waterways Water Quality Improvement Plan Stage 1, Fig 6 pg 14, EPA June 2005137

Coast & EstuariesThe most recent summary water quality classification is for October 2005 to March 2006.Table 26: Port Adelaide River – Barker Inlet waterways water quality classification – October 2005 –March 2006Indicator Ecosystem Recreation AquacultureAmmonia Poor NA GoodOxidised Nitrogen Poor NA NATotal Nitrogen Good NA NATotal Phosphorus Moderate NA NATurbidity Good Moderate NAChlorophyll a Moderate NA NAHeavy Metals Poor NA PoorBacteria NA Good GoodNA = not applicableAmmonia, nitrogen and Chlorophyll (a) were classified as poor and soluble phosphorus was elevatedat Site 9. This is likely due to the industrial discharges of Penrice Soda Products, historicalcontamination from the now closed Port Adelaide Wastewater Treatment Plant and the large numberof stormwater drains that discharge into the Port waterways.Heavy metals (copper and zinc) are classified as resulting in a poor rating and may also beattributable to historic and ongoing industrial and urban stormwater discharges (heavy metals onroads) to the river.Elevated turbidity levels were likely as a result of dredging in the Port Adelaide River channel duringthe sampling period.(source: http://www.epa.sa.gov.au/all_port.html )Ammonia as a toxicantThe Penrice Soda Products plant at Osborne has discharged large quantities of ammonia into thePort Adelaide River for many years (EPA, 2005). With improved environmental knowledge, thispractice is now unacceptable and Penrice now manage their lime wastes onsite and are investigatingre-use opportunities.A small fraction of the total ammonia present in the water column will be present as the unionisedform (NH 3 ), this form can have toxic effects on marine organisms such as fish, invertebrates, algaeand plants.Figure 21 shows the extent of ammonia pollution within the Port Adelaide River, sites 1,2,4,5,6,7 and9 were classified by the EPA as poor, exceeding the 90 th percentile ANZECC trigger values forpotential toxicity, with sites 3 and 8 moderate. Sites 1 and 9, located within the Port Adelaide River,had significantly higher concentrations than other locations. The level of ammonia within the PortAdelaide River remains a concern (EPA, 2005).The implementation of the ammonia reduction Environment Improvement Program at Penrice SodaProducts has resulted in an 18% reduction in the discharge of ammonia (EPA, 2005).138

Coast & EstuariesNutrient loads – Nitrogen and PhosphorusStudies into the environmental status of the waterways consistently report that nutrients, particularlynitrogen and phosphorus are the key pollutants throughout the waterways.There are two main point sources that contribute to the 1538 t / year of nitrogen (N) and 258 t / year ofphosphorus (P) loads to the waterways. These are Penrice Soda Products (820 t / year N) (nitrogenbeing a key component of ammonia) and the Bolivar Wastewater Treatment Plant (477 t / year P).Response Indicator: Reduction in nutrient loads discharged to the Port Adelaide River-BarkerInletTable 27: Percentage nutrient reduction from Port Adelaide Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP)Year Reduction total N (from 1994loads)Reduction total P (from 1994loads)2002-2003 64% 35%2006-2007 100% 100%2010-2011 100% 100%The redirection of the pumping line from Port Adelaide WWTP to Bolivar resulted in a significantdecrease in the load of nutrients discharged to the Port Adelaide River, the completion of the transferfrom Port Adelaide to Bolivar will reduce nutrient discharges from the Port Adelaide site to zero.Table 28: Percentage nutrient reduction from Bolivar WWTPYear Reduction total N (from 1994loads)Reduction total P (from 1994loads)2002-2003 70% 40%2006-2007 63% 33%2010-2011* 75% 53%* predicted reductionsThe dissolved air flotation and filtration plant (DAFF) plant at Bolivar WWTP and the Virginia PipelineReuse Scheme has resulted in significant reduction in the nutrient load entering the gulf from BolivarWWTP. The combined impact of these improvements is predicted to further reduce nitrogen andphosphorus loads.Table 29: Percentage nutrient reduction from PenriceYear Reduction total N (from 2002loads)Reduction total P (from 2002loads)2002-2003 18% Negligible2006-2007* 35% Negligible2010-2011* 40% Negligible* predicted reductions139

Coast & EstuariesImprovements to operations at Penrice as stipulated by EPA licensing conditions are expected toresult in a predicted reduction of up to 40% for total nitrogen load. Total phosphorus load is expectedto remain constant at around three tonnes per annum.(Source: http://www.epa.sa.gov.au/pdfs/pw_plan.pdf)Community Monitoring - KESABCommunity monitoring is coordinated by the KESAB Patawalonga and Torrens Waterwatch groupsthrough the Snapshots program. The majority of Waterwatch sites are located along the PortAdelaide River; the results relating to freshwater sites are discussed in the chapter on Inland Waters.140

Coast & EstuariesState Indicator: Results of KESAB community monitoring within the Port Adelaide RiverFigure 23: KESAB Waterwatch Sites – Marine Sites in the City of Port Adelaide EnfieldSite DetailsANI050Angus InletGarden Island YachtClubMUT050Mutton CoveVitas KarnaitisPOR010Port Adelaide River(wastewater outlet)Le Fevre High SchoolPOR015Port Adelaide River,Hack St outfallHarborside Quaycommunity groupPOR016Port Adelaide RiverMinories CommunityGroupPOR020Mangrove CovePortside ChristianSchoolPOR025Port Adelaide River atKaratta DockDolphin WomanPOR030Port Adelaide River,BirkenheadLe Fevre PeninsulaPrimary SchoolPOR040Port Adelaide River,BirkenheadLe Fevre PeninsulaPrimary SchoolPOR050Snowdens BeachOceanview CollegePOR065Snowdens BeachOceanview CollegeOnly two samples 2004POR070Port Adelaide RiverNew Haven PrimarySchoolOnly two samples 20052001 2002 2003 2004 2005PNTpHPNTpHPNTpHAlAmPNTpHAlAmPNTpHAlAm1 3 11 1 1 1 32 1 1 3 4 2 31 1 1 1 6 3 4 22 3 32 1 2 1 6 2 233 11 111 2 12 3 2141

Coast & EstuariesGood (for all samples taken)2 Poor (number indicates how many samples had poor result)Not monitored6 Snapshot Events per year in March, May, June, Aug, Sept, Oct/Nov. Not all groups will havemonitored every Snapshot event in every year.Results RatingTurbidity: Good < 5 NTU; Poor > 25 NTUNitrate: Good < 1 mg/L N; Poor = or > 1 mg/L NOrtho Phosphate: Good < 0.1 mg/L P; Poor > 1 mg/L PpH: Good pH 6.5-9.2; Poor < 6.5 > 9.2Ammonium: Good < 0.5 mg/L; Poor > 0.5 mg/LAlkalinity: Good 90-120mg/L calcium carbonate; Poor 120 mg/L• A higher incidence of poor samples were recorded from the Port Adelaide River, Hack St outfallwith a total of 19 poor samples, followed by the Port Adelaide River, waste water outlet andMangrove Cove with 16 poor samples each during the sampling period.• Very high levels of nitrate and phosphate were recorded at several locations in 2003 and 2004indicating a local source of nutrients entering the estuarine system.Sample Location: POR020, Mangrove CoveSource: KESAB Waterwatch: http://www.cwmb.sa.gov.au/kwc/programs/water_monitoring.htmImpacts on Marine EcologiesThe EPA have noted a serious and continuing decline in the marine ecosystems in the region,particularly in the loss of seagrasses and mangroves. Nutrient levels especially nitrogen, isconsidered to be a principle factor in the ecosystem design. Development and industrial land use isalso an important contributing factor in changes to the distribution of biological communities in thePort waterways (EPA, 2005).Mangroves, Seagrass and SaltmarshThe seagrass, mangroves and saltmarsh of the Port Adelaide River have been degraded over time bypollution (particularly effluent outfall) and development.142

Coast & EstuariesPressure Indicator: Ecosystem decline of mangroves, seagrasses and saltmarsh (by %)Figure 24 depicts the ecosystem decline showing the condition of mangroves, seagrasses andsaltmarsh.There has been extensive loss of seagrasses in the northern part of the Port Adelaide River environs(north of Outer Harbor) due to effluent outfall and nutrient enrichment of the waters, it is estimatedthat since 1954 approximately 36.4% of the subtidal seagrasses have been lost, much greater thanexpected from natural changes. This subsequently has detrimental impacts on fish nurseries. Inaddition since 1954 it is estimated that approximately 25% of mangroves and 80% of samphires havebeen lost due to development (Kinhill Sterns, 1985).Monitoring has indicated that the growth of the weed Ulva (large nutrient-induced epidphytes) hascaused death rates of young mangrove seedlings of 67% (significantly greater than occurs naturally).Recognition of the ecological value of mangroves and seagrasses has taken precedence over that ofsaltmarshes, with little scientific work available on South Australian saltmarshes resulting in 80% ofthis habitat being lost in the Barker Inlet-Port Adelaide River region.Caulerpa taxifoliaCaulerpa taxifolia is a pest weed that has colonised in the waters of West Lakes and Port AdelaideRiver. A significant concern is the potential spread of the weed as a result of the ample nutrientsupply. It was first discovered in West Lakes in 2002, and was successfully removed by fresh waterflushing of the lakes.The weed was also discovered in the Port Adelaide River, and attempts have been made to eradicatethe weed using salt, chlorination and suction. Despite this, colonisation has occurred around GardenIsland into Eastern Passage, North Arm and the southern end of Barker Inlet. The further spread ofthis weed has been attributed to the 2004/05 long hot summer and mild start to winter.Caulerpa taxifolia is a bright green seaweed with main stems that can grow up to three metres longwith up to 200 fronds growing off these stems that look like feathers or ferns. It can grow up to 25mma day and spreads by itself. New infestations start by dispersion of tiny plant fragments and are alsothought to spread via the release of spores. Caulerpa is a tropical species and its ideal habitat iswarmer waters, but the strain invading the Port Adelaide River is capable of surviving and thriving innon-tropical waters. Anchoring of vessels helps to spread the weed.Caulerpa taxifolia spreads quickly over the sea floor and takes over areas of native species such asseagrass. It is a very real threat to the seagrass meadows of Gulf St Vincent . When it takes overthis flora, it destroys fish nurseries and fish habitat. Fish do not eat Caulerpa taxifolia because itcontains a toxin that is distasteful to them.PIRSA and SARDI Aquatic Sciences are continuing to monitor and attempt to manage and eradicateCaulerpa taxifolia in the Port Adelaide River. This includes divers controlling high risk areas, anddeveloping dredging plans. There is currently in force a ban on anchoring in most of the PortAdelaide River to prevent spread of the weed, the ban exists from snapper point (Outer Harbor)running the length of the Port Adelaide River and up to the middle ground beacon (Inner) of theBarker Inlet/Torrens Reach.143

Coast & EstuariesFigure 24: Port Adelaide River- Barker Inlet Waterways, Sediment ClassificationSource: Port Waterways Water Quality Improvement Plan Stage 1, Fig 7 pg 27, EPA June 2005144

Coast & EstuariesFigure 25: Caulerpa Infestation Areas in the Port Adelaide RiverSource: reproduced with written permission from Government of South Australia, PIRSA145

Coast & EstuariesPressure Indicator: Caulerpa taxifolia growth in the upper Port Adelaide RiverIn March and April 2002 distribution surveys of the extent of the Caulerpa taxifolia infestation in thePort Adelaide River were conducted, these observations found a significant population of the alga,particularly northwards of the Railway and Jervois Bridges, with further small patches and singleplants extending as far as the Birkenhead Bridge (refer to Figure 26). Eradication measures wereundertaken to manually eradicate and control the spread. Despite these efforts by the end ofDecember 2003 large areas of healthy C.taxifolia remained in the upper Port Adelaide River and anoutbreak in southern Barker Inlet indicated that the Caulerpa population in the upper Port AdelaideRiver was not fully contained.In follow up to this work, surveys of the upper Port Adelaide River were conducted in January andFebruary 2004 to determine changes in the distribution of C.taxifolia. In 2004 C.taxifolia in the upperPort Adelaide River is spread over two main areas, one mostly south of Jervois Bridge and a secondarea parallel to shore upstream of the Birkenhead Bridge (refer to Figure 27). The combined areacovered is approximately estimated to between 9-12ha (blue and pink shaded areas on Figure 27)although this includes potentially large bare areas.There were some differences in the distribution from the 2002 survey to the 2004 survey. However itshould be noted due to differences in survey methods and environmental constraints, comparison isproblematic. A large shallow zone of patchy weed observed in 2002 to the north of the Railway Bridgewas not present in 2004, otherwise the distribution in 2004 roughly correlates with that observed in2002, indicating that the eradication measures employed in this area have been ineffective.Pollution inputs to the Port Adelaide River included annual doses of 68 tonnes of phosphorus and(previously) 460 tonnes of nitrogen by the Port Adelaide sewage treatment works (now diverted toBolivar), as well as significant heavy metal contamination from various industrial and diffuse sources.This places pressure on native plant growth to compete with and combat the weed infestation (EPA,2002).Photo of Caulerpa taxifolia (Source: PIRSA - Environmental Issues - Caulerpa Taxifolia)146

Coast & EstuariesFigure 26: Map of upper Port Adelaide River showing the distribution of Caulerpa taxifolia inMarch/April 2002(Figures 26, 27, 28; Source: Westphalen et al 2004, reproduced with written permission from SARDI)Figure 27: Map of upper Port Adelaide River showing distribution of Caulerpa taxifolia in January –February 2004147

Coast & EstuariesPressure Indicator: Caulerpa taxifolia growth in the Port Adelaide River/Barker InletThere have been four broad-scale surveys of the Port Adelaide River/Barker Inlet region since thediscovery of C.taxifolia The first in March – April 2002 included the upper Port Adelaide River.Following surveys excluded this area and were undertaken in February 2003, June 2003 andFebruary-April 2004.Three outbreaks were documented over the survey periods, refer to Figure 28 (A,B,C). SARDIindicate that there is a correlation between these outbreaks and the activities of recreational fishers,and that these infestations are likely to be the result of fragments of C.taxifolia being transported onfishing equipment.Further large scale follow up surveys of the Port Adelaide River/Barker Inlet are highly recommendedto ensure that small ongoing pockets of plants remain contained and that other outbreaks can beidentified.Figure 28: The junctions between the Port Adelaide River, Barker Inlet, Angus Inlet and North Armshowing the location of the Caulerpa taxifolia outbreaksAlgal blooms – red tidePhytoplankton blooms commonly known as ‘red tides’, are a common occurrence in the Port AdelaideRiver estuary. Aside from presenting possible health risks, major ecological problems can result, suchas dense microalgae causing oxygen depletion in the water column and consequent death of fish andinvertebrate fauna (Cannon, 1991).148

Coast & EstuariesWithin the Port Adelaide River large quantities of bioavailable nutrients support the development ofthe bloom.ToxicantsThe State of Environment 2000 referred to a toxicological study undertaken by the Australian DolphinResearch Foundation in 1998 to determine if polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB’s) were present inmussels and fish taken from the Port Adelaide River. The report findings (Bossley and Burzacott1999) failed to detect PCBs in any of the mussel samples, however did find low levels of PCBs in oneof the five fish sampled. At the time of the study two bottlenose dolphins were found dead and wereincluded in the study. Blubber samples were analysed, the younger dolphin was found to have highPCB levels (5-6mg/kg and the older dolphin low levels (less than 1mg/kg). A liver sample from theyounger dolphin was tested for mercury with a level 465mg/kg found. In a subsequent media releaseit was stated that “an Adelaide dolphin has been found to have the highest level of mercurycontamination ever recorded in a bottlenose dolphin anywhere in the world” (Bossley 1999).Following on from this study a survey on the Port Adelaide River by the EPA was conducted in 2000,monitoring of heavy metals and PCBs in dolphins, sediment and fish. Analysis of tissue samples fromdolphins is a useful means of determining whether accumulative toxicants including heavy metals,such as mercury and cadmium, and chlorinated organics compounds such as PCBs, are present insignificant amounts in the environment. Analysis of Port Adelaide River dolphins which have spent asubstantial proportion of their life on the estuary can indicate the presence of localised pollutionproblems.Tissue samples were analysed from 15 bottlenose dolphins, liver tissue tested for mercury, kidneytested for cadmium and blubber tested for PCBs. Sediment samples were taken from 26 sites in andaround the estuary, samples were analysed for heavy metals and PCBs. Fish were caught from thePort Adelaide River and tested for mercury, cadmium and lead to determine if they complied with theFood Standards Code.State Indicator: Results of monitoring of Heavy Metals and PCB’s in Dolphins, Sediments andFish of the Port Adelaide River.Dolphins• PCB levels in blubber samples from dolphins found in the vicinity of the Port Adelaide Riverwere substantially higher than dolphins at other sites around the state.• Mercury levels found in liver samples from Port Adelaide River dolphins were not unusualwhen compared to State, and cadmium levels were lower.Sediment• 17 of the 26 sites sampled had high lead and zinc concentrations, the source likely to be roadrunoff and historic industrial waste disposal to the Port Adelaide River).• Copper was found in high levels at five sites and nickel at one site, these sites were adjacentto ship or boat building/repair activities.• Elevated levels of mercury were found in 5 sites.Fish• Levels of mercury, cadmium and lead tested in fish caught from the Port Adelaide River metthe food standards and were safe to eat.(source: http://www.epa.sa.gov.au/pdfs/dolphin.pdf)In response to these findings the EPA has undertaken an audit of industries in the area in order tolocate the source of PCB and mercury pollution, investigate ways of reducing these toxics from149

Coast & Estuariesentering the river, and review the practices of shipyards and marinas to reduce pollution from theseindustries. Road runoff was also identified as an area requiring further investigation of strategies tostop pollutants such as lead and zinc from entering the river via stormwater discharge.Thermal DischargeSeveral facilities in and around the Port Adelaide River release hot water as a result of industrialprocesses, including the Pelican Point, Torrens Island and Osborne power stations. Due to the largevolume of water present the impact of thermal discharges may be localised as overall backgroundtemperatures are not significantly altered by thermal discharge.However further investigation into the impacts on fauna and flora in the area is required. One studyconducted near the Torrens Island thermal outfall indicated that near the point of discharge somespecies of intertidal animals had reduced in population or had been eliminated, while other previouslyrare or absent species had become more common (Thomas et. al., 1986). A more recent studysuggested that thermal discharge, in combination with elevated nutrient levels and increased algalgrowth, had contributed to reduced biomass and diversity of intertidal fauna in parts of the estuaryand altered the fish species composition (Jones et. al., 1996).Development of Barker Inlet and Port Adelaide RiverIncreasing development adjacent to and in marine water bodies and coastline, including housing,marinas and boat ramps, places significant pressure on delicate coastal and marine environments.If sited incorrectly marinas and boat ramps can disrupt sand movement, degrade habitat and waterquality, and disrupt the natural flows of coastal creeks and streams (Department of Environment andHeritage, 2006).The new Port Waterfront residential development is a significant new coastal development within theCity of Port Adelaide Enfield. Approximately 2000 new residential dwellings will be built along the PortAdelaide River, including direct water frontage dwellings. Increased stormwater discharges directlyinto the Port Adelaide River is a potential pressure, some of this impact will be mitigated though urbanstormwater planning, installation of rain water tanks and gross pollutant traps.The approved construction and operation of approximately 550 marina berths within the Inner Harborat Port Adelaide, has the potential to place significant pressure on the Port Adelaide River andassociated ecologies. The Coast Protection Board has raised several of these issues including, theincreased potential for Caulerpa taxifolia and Caulerpa racemosa to be dispersed through the marineenvironment via boats, the long-term cumulative effects of large boating facilities including ballastdischarges, accidental discharges, changes to flow regimes, and litter, and the impacts on dolphinsincluding habitat, water quality and direct harm. Pollutants of potential concern include petrol, sewage,household garbage and boat wash-down effluent.The EPA is providing advice to the development in regard to these issues.Dredging of the Port Adelaide RiverWork has been completed on deepening the channel at Outer Harbor from 12.2 metres to 14.2metres to accommodate large Panamax ships as part of the Flinders Ports development. Severalother one-off or regular maintenance dredging occurs at various sites along the river. Dredging haspotential significant environmental consequences on benthic (living on or in sediments of the seafloor) flora and fauna and the re-distribution of exotic marine species.The long term effect of dredging activities is not well documented. Further research is required toinvestigate the impacts of dredging and recovery rates in specific locations and in various conditions.150

Coast & EstuariesA working PortThe management of the Port and the Shipping Channel is through Flinders Ports. Flinders Ports runsthe seven South Australian Ports, which includes Adelaide, Port Giles, Klein Point, Wallaroo, PortPirie, and Thevenard. Of these ports, Port Adelaide is the largest. Flinders Ports has berthing at twolocations, Inner Harbor and Outer Harbor.The distribution of key marine pests is a major impact of shipping on the marine environment.Shipping transports marine and estuarine organisms faster and over longer distances than previouslyencountered. Ballast water, hulls or anchor ropes of these vessels regularly transport marine pests.As a result the Commonwealth Government is considering listing this process as a Key ThreateningProcess under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 in order toregulate the threat.The most significant marine introduced pest in South Australia has been the invasive seaweedCaulerpa taxifolia prevalent within the Port Adelaide River area as previously discussed.Pressure Indicator: Introduced marine species identified in the Port Adelaide areaTable 30: Introduced marine species identified in Port Adelaide areaSpeciesCaulerpa taxifoliaSabella spallanzanii – European /Sabellid Fan WormCarcinas maenas – European Shore CrabCiona intestinalis – AscidianAlexandrium minutum - DinoflagellateBugula flabellate – Bryozoan (sea moss)Cassiopea nodrosia – Tropical jellyfishPerna canaliculus – New Zealand greenlip musselLocationPort Adelaide River, West LakesNorth Haven, West Lakes, Port Adelaide RiverBarker Inlet, Outer HarborPort Adelaide, Outer HarborPort Adelaide RiverPort Adelaide River, Outer Harbor, northern GulfSt VincentPort Adelaide RiverOuter HarborSource: PIRSA, http://pir.sa.gov.au/pages/sus_res/mar_hab/pests.htmCoastal Acid Sulphate SoilsWithin the City of Port Adelaide Enfield acid sulphate soils exist in the Barker Inlet and Port AdelaideRiver environs and are discussed in more detail in the chapter on Land. Acid sulfate soils may formunder tidal conditions and can generally be expected in unmanaged low-lying coastal areas.Disturbance of these soils and exposure to air can mobilise sulfuric acid and cause toxic runoff thatcan degrade the marine environment and result in fish kills and algal blooms.151

Coast & EstuariesLocal ResponseThe conservation and protection of the Port Waterways involves a range of stakeholders includingcommunity groups, non government organisations, State Government, EPA, Council and localindustry. There have been numerous response actions, management plans and improvements to landmanagement and industrial practices (as discussed above) which have contributed to a moresustainable and healthier river system.Specifically the EPA is undertaking a targeted program to improve the long term water quality of theriver.The EPA commenced a study of the water quality of Port waterways in 2004 with the assistance offunding from the Federal Government. The study has led to the development of the Port AdelaideRiver Water Quality Improvement Plan (WQIP). This plan aims to reduce the quantity of nutrientsdischarged into the waterway.Significant research and modelling of water quality processes in the estuary provided data on thereductions in nutrient discharges from Penrice and SA Water (Bolivar Wastewater Treatment Plant)required to improve the water quality. This provided documented nutrient reduction targets to guidefuture planning. The necessary reductions are substantial and may be costly to implement, but isenvisaged to return very significant social, environmental and economic benefits to the region.The WQIP will be reviewed every 7 years. The review will include monitoring (and public reporting)the progress of nutrient reductions and improvements in water quality of the waterways.Recommendations & Data Gaps• Management Plans are developed for the Barker Inlet St Kilda Aquatic Reserve, the TorrensIsland Conservation Reserve, Port Gawler Conservation Park and St Kilda/Chapman CreekAquatic Reserve.• The EPA seek to address heavy metals and contaminants associated with industrial effluentwithin the Port Waterways Water Quality Improvement Plan as the next stage of the WQIPrather than focus solely on nutrient discharges.• Ongoing monitoring of Caulerpa taxifolia in the Port Adelaide River and broad-scale surveys ofthe Barker Inlet system is imperative given the continued discovery of plants at outbreak sites.Widespread surveys of the metropolitan coast are required particularly in areas popular withrecreational fishers.• Monitor and review the use of rock salt to control Caulerpa taxifolia infestations and othereradication options available.• The impacts of thermal discharge on fauna and flora of the Port Adelaide River require furtherinvestigation.• Environmental Impact Assessment and ongoing monitoring is recommended for the PortWaterfront development specifically the impact of the construction and operation ofapproximately 550 marina berths.• Research into the long term effects of dredging and ecological recovery rates in the PortAdelaide River is required.152

Coast & EstuariesGulf St Vincent & the CoastIntroductionThe coast of the Gulf St Vincent is home to approximately 95% of the State’s population, despite thevastness of the State’s coast line. The establishment of human population and development in thesecoastal areas has contributed to significant degradation of marine environs (Edyvane, 1999).Gulf St Vincent exists as a reverse estuary (more saline at the top of the gulf, rather than the oceanmouth) which has limited exchange with the Southern Ocean. This has consequences on waterquality as the water in the gulf has a longer residence time when compared with the open ocean, andthe movement of polluted water from point source discharges can have negative environmentalimpacts on other regions of the gulf (Gayland, 2004).Gulf St Vincent is a shallow, sheltered tidal estuary with a biologically diverse and highly productiveecosystem, comprising of seagrasses, mangroves and tidal saltmarshes. The fishing community andcommercial fishing industry rely heavily on the protection of its water quality to maintain fish andcrustaceans species. It is also a popular and important recreational feature of metro Adelaide’s Coast.The coast of Adelaide (with the exception of the Port Adelaide River and Barker Inlet) generallycomprises sandy beaches and sand dunes that are used for recreational purposes. The coast asdescribed in this section can be defined as the 8km from end of Bower Road at Semaphore South, tothe Outer Harbor breakwater at the northern end.There are no major commercial fisheries or aquaculture operations located on the beaches of the Cityof Port Adelaide Enfield. Seaweed harvesting is allowed if licensed. The sand dunes have significantbiodiversity value, and require careful management to ensure the recreational uses of the beach donot have an adverse impact.Management of the Coast has been a priority for the City of Port Adelaide Enfield, with variousmanagement plans in place to conserve and protect the coastal systems and supported biodiversity.Gulf St Vincent & the Coast Environmental IndicatorsState Indicator:• EPA Water quality classification of beaches.Pressure Indicator:• Change in the distribution and quantity of seagrasses.Gulf St Vincent & the Coast – State & PressuresWater QualityThe EPA monitors water quality of metropolitan beaches (twice monthly in summer and monthly inwinter) providing an indication of water quality for swimmer health and safety by measuring faecalbacteria (Enterococci) and water clarity (turbidity). Faecal waste pollution in coastal waters comesmainly from treated sewage discharges, boats and stormwater runoff. Poor water clarity reducesvisibility which can cause accidents and can also limit the penetration of light to the lower water levels,resulting in reduced seagrass growth. Water clarity problems are caused by particulate matter instormwater runoff (soil erosion), and industry and sewage discharges.153

Coast & EstuariesUpdated results are available via http://www.deh.sa.gov.au/epa/water_beaches.html.The EPA's Water Quality Monitoring Program also samples Largs Bay and Semaphore beachesevery month for the protection of ecosystem values and aquaculture. Where possible water samplesare taken from the end of a jetty or at locations where there is no jetty, samples are takenapproximately 50m from shore.Water quality is assessed as being in good, moderate or poor condition by interpreting waterchemistry and algal data.State Indicator: EPA water quality classification of beachesTable 31: Largs Bay Water Quality Classification for October 2005 - March 2006Indicator Ecosystem Recreation AquacultureAmmonia Good NA GoodOxidised Nitrogen Moderate NA NATotal Nitrogen Good NA NATotal Phosphorus Good NA NATurbidity Good Good NAChlorophyll (a) Poor NA NAHeavy Metals Good NA GoodBacteria NA Good NAChlorophyll (a) (an indicator of algae) was classified as poor at Largs Bay. This is most likely due towater from the Port Adelaide River, Bolivar WWTP and urban stormwater promoting algal growth.Heavy metals have slightly improved since the last 6 months, this could be due to less runoff enteringthe marine environment from urban catchments.Table 32: Semaphore Jetty Water Quality Classification for October 2005 - March 2006Indicator Ecosystem Recreation AquacultureAmmonia NC NA GoodOxidised Nitrogen Moderate NA NATotal Nitrogen Good NA NATotal Phosphorus Good NA NATurbidity Moderate Moderate NAChlorophyll (a) Poor NA NAHeavy Metals Good NA GoodBacteria NA Good NANA= Not applicable NC = not classified due to laboratory failureChlorophyll (a) was classified as poor and oxidised nitrogen classified as moderate at Semaphore.This is most likely due a combination of effluent from the Bolivar WWTP, heavy industries in the PortAdelaide River and urban stormwater adding nutrients, which promote algal growth.Heavy metals were classified as good, which is an improvement from the last period where they wereclassified as poor. This is likely to be due to less runoff from urban areas due to the warmer months.(Source: http://www.deh.sa.gov.au/epa/water_beaches.html)154

Coast & EstuariesFigure 27: Map of the Adelaide metropolitan coast showing the accumulated loss of seagrasses from1949 to 1996 and stormwater outfalls between Largs Bay and Marino.(Figure 27 Source: Westphalen G,Collings G, Wear R, Fernandes M,Bryars S, Cheshire A (2005). A reviewof seagrass loss on the Adelaidemetropolitan coastline. ACWSTechnical Report No 2 – Figure 2, Pg 4– reproduced with written permissionfrom the EPA).156

Coast & EstuariesFisheriesThe fisheries of the Gulf St Vincent are an important ecological resource. The commercial andrecreational fishing industries have economic importance to the State. The over exploitation (overfishing) of these resources can have a significant impact on the ecology of our marine life, and theviability of industries. In South Australia the management of fisheries is overseen by the StateGovernment (PIRSA). The Barker Inlet St Kilda Aquatic Reserve and St Kilda/Chapman CreekAquatic Reserve form part of this fisheries management system.The Department of Environment and Heritage expresses concerns regarding the sustainability ofNorthern Zone rock lobster and snapper in Gulf St Vincent.The impacts of recreational fishing are noted. Recreational fishing is responsible for a greaterproportion of the fish catch for certain species (principally snapper and King George whiting) than thecommercial sector, however there are not the same levels of control in relation to total annual catchlevels.There are environmental, social and economic effects of over-exploiting fisheries. Effectivemanagement is required to ensure commercial and recreational fisheries remain sustainable and thatmarine biodiversity is not adversely affected by over fishing or damaging habitats through fishingpractices (DEH, 2006).Port Adelaide was subject to an ‘Inventory of Important Coastal Fisheries Habitats in South Australia’.Threats to fisheries habitats were identified within the study. Some of these include: establishment ofexotic pest species such as the Sabellid fanworm north of Outer Harbor and Caulerpa taxifolia inWest lakes and upper Port Adelaide River; increased nutrients caused by the Bolivar SewageTreatment outfall; altered patterns of water and sediment movement caused by the location of theOuter Harbor breakwaters; physical disturbance caused by human trampling; bait digging and off roadvehicle use; increased turbidity and sedimentation caused by intermittent dredging operations atOuter Harbor and in Port Adelaide River; increased heavy metals caused by atmospheric fall out andstormwater runoff of industrial effluent in the region; and thermal pollution from the Torrens Islandpower station (Bryars 2003).Coastal DevelopmentPressures of urbanisation and developments associated with coastal tourism significantly impacts onthe coastal zone. Development in close proximity to the beachfront damages the natural dunesystem. The clearing of dune vegetation and modification to the shore line disrupts the natural coastalenvirons.Urban development resulted in accelerated erosion of parts of the foreshore. Undisturbed dunes actas physical barriers that absorb wave energy and thereby protect inland areas from waves and tides.Dunes also store large quantities of sand that replenish beaches affected by wave and storm damageand play an important ecological role by supporting a diverse range of flora and fauna (Petherick2005).Coastal development has caused large quantities of sand to be ‘locked up’ or removed from thebeach system. Many of Adelaide’s coastal suburbs were built on an extensive system of coastaldunes, land was reclaimed along the Lefevre Peninsula to establish the suburb of North Haven.If development on the coast was restricted, the natural recession of the coast would have beenallowed with the coastline alignment progressively adjusting inland at southern beaches inaccordance with natural northward littoral drift of sand.157

Coast & EstuariesOne of the major issues associated with increasing coastal development is erosion of the foreshoreand a change in the rate of sand movement along the coast.North Haven, 1949 North Haven, 1999(Source: http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/coasts/adelaide_background.html#factors)Sand Movement - beachesThe sandy beaches of Adelaide are highly modified environments that require significantmanagement to maintain. The manual management of sand has occurred over the last 30 years.The sand along the coast moves in a northerly direction, resulting in less sand on the southernbeaches and large amounts of sand along the northern beaches such as Semaphore. It is estimatedthat between 40,000 and 70,000 cubic metres of sand are moved north each year along the erodingcoastline between Brighton and Semaphore.There is currently major sand accumulation at Largs Bay, while sand has been depleted atSemaphore Park. Sand is carted from Semaphore to maintain this beach and protect coastalproperties.The manual sand management to date has been carried out by the Coast Protection Board andCouncils, and has involved beach replenishment by carting sand from the northern to southernbeaches, sand trapping and sand bypassing at Patawalonga, West Beach, and Torrens River outlet.The Department for Environment and Heritage have recently released ‘Adelaide’s Living Beaches, AStrategy for 2005 – 2025’. The current system of sand management has been reviewed, and the newplan focuses around building a series of pipelines to pump sand slurry from north to south. This sandwill also be supplemented by sand from external sources, most likely from Mount Compass.Investigations also continue into coastal structures that will capture sand at a few critical locations.An example is the breakwater installed at Semaphore South constructed to trap sand to be used forbeach replenishment.The type of pipeline system to move the sand slurry is still being explored by the State Government.A pipeline system will mean that trucks should no longer be used. The trucks can damage the sanddunes and beaches, and often need to move through residential streets.Sand DunesThe Semaphore dunes have developed over the last 30 years. The pre-European settlement dunesno longer exist due to housing development fronting the esplanade. Adjacent to the Semaphore jetty,158

Coast & Estuariesthere were no dunes in the 1970s, and by 2001 the dune width at the jetty was approximately 100m.This occurred due to the accumulation of sand on the beach as a result of changes in wavepropagation influencing the movement and deposition of sand and further exacerbated by the loss inoffshore seagrasses (Townsend, 2005).Accumulation of sand remains significant despite at least 700,000 cubic meters of sand having beenremoved to replenish southern beaches.As a result of the young age of the dunes colonising vegetation is also recent. The dunes aredominated by introduced species such as Thynopyrum juncieform (se wheat grass) and Euphorbiaparalias (sea spurge) (Townsend, 2005).Off shore impact of Port Adelaide River DredgingAs part of the Flinders Ports development, dredging of the Port Adelaide River has been completed,resulting in the deepening of the channel by 2 metres to accommodate large ships.Land based disposal was not undertaken - the dredged soil was deposited off shore in the Gulf StVincent. It was suggested that this activity may threaten off-shore marine ecosystems by potentiallyspreading Caulerpa racemosa and Caulerpa taxifolia. The wider spread of this invisible alga issignificantly detrimental to seagrasses already under threat in this area. A point worthy ofconsideration and follow up is that the impacts of an influx of soil into the Gulf may lead to thesmothering of benthic (living on or in sediments of the sea floor) flora and fauna and increasedturbidity.Stormwater and waste water discharge to the seaLocally stormwater is discharged to the coast through the Port Adelaide River systems, as well asseveral smaller outfalls that discharge stormwater within the dunes or directly onto the beach. Thetotal estimated annual flows from the Barker Inlet system to the sea is 10.3GL (Wilkinson et al 2005 –ACWS Technical Report No.3).The Bolivar and Port Adelaide wastewater treatment plants have discharged treated effluent into GulfSt Vincent. Effluent from the Port Adelaide plant is now diverted to the Bolivar plant for treatmentrather than being discharged into the Port Adelaide River. Up until 1993, sludge from the sewagetreatment process was also discharged offshore from the Port Adelaide plant. These dischargesincrease nutrient and sediment levels in near shore waters.In 2001/02 around 85% (or 77,329 mega litres) of this treated wastewater was discharged to the sea.Despite improvements to wastewater management and a reduction in the volume of treatedwastewater discharged in recent years, nutrient enrichment and eutrophication of marine waterscontinues. Table 31 provides more detail on the volume of treated wastewater discharged to Gulf StVincent in 2001/02.(Source: http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/coasts/adelaide_background.html#factors).159

Coast & EstuariesTable 31: Amount of treated wastewater discharged to Gulf St Vincent in 2001/02WWTPWastewatertreated(megalitres)Wastewaterdischarged(megalitres)Wastewaterre-used(megalitres)(% of total)Nitrogen(tonnes)Phosphorous(tonnes)SuspendedSolidsBolivar 45,671 35,957 9,714 (21%) 477 131 1,981 108ChristiesBeach10,718 8,747 1,971 (18%) 230 72 86 55Glenelg 20,812 18,894 1,918 (9%) 520 145 242 173PortAdelaide13,731 13,731 0.0 (0%) 456 67 235 55Total 90,932 77,329 13,603 1,683 415 2,544 391* - Biochemical Oxygen DemandSource: DEH and SA WaterBOD*(tonnes)Climate ChangeCoastal systems are highly vulnerable to sea level rise, and changing storm and wave energyregimes predicted as a result of climate change. There is significant uncertainty regarding theprojections of sea level rise ranging from 9cm to 88cm by 2100 (AMLRNRMB, 2007).There are potentially significant flooding impacts for coastal regions, particularly in low lying areas,due to an increase in height of storm surges associated with sea-level rise, more intensive stormevents and increase in stormwater runoff linked to rainfall events. Tidal, estuarine and dune coastalsystems are highly dependant on sea-level, tidal range and flooding regimes. There is a high risk ofpotential damage to beaches, estuaries, mangroves, salt marshes and important biodiversity,recreational and industry assets. The impact on the coast is exacerbated by previous degradation andremoval of sand dunes (AMLRNRMB, 2007).The City of Port Adelaide Enfield commissioned a report titled ‘Flood Risk Management Study 2005’.This study aims to identify the risks and develop and implement a strategy to protect the vulnerableareas of the City from the risk of seawater rise and stormwater flooding taking into account thepossible sea level rise and known land subsidence over the next hundred years.The study reported floodplain mapping and damage estimates for a range of future sea level risescenarios of inundation combined with a 100 year storm event. These predict that the damagesassociated with a 100 year storm event will increase dramatically from existing conditions ($8m-$28m) to future scenarios associated with 500-880mm of sea level rise ($180m-$310m) within theCity of Port Adelaide Enfield.160

Coast & EstuariesLocal ResponseCoastal Management PlansIn 2000 a Coastal Management Plan was prepared in conjunction with the community to ensure thatmanagement of the region was in line with community views and expert opinion.Since this time more detailed management plans have been prepared for Semaphore Dune andSemaphore South Dune vegetations. These plans were prepared by the SA Urban Forest BiodiversityProgram. In the near future management plans for dune vegetation will be prepared for Largs,Taperoo and North Haven.Climate ChangeThe City of Port Adelaide Enfield has studied the impacts of projected climate change on flooding inparts of the Council area through the Flood Risk Management Study 2005 as discussed above.Environmental Indicators (currently not measured)StateNumber of samples exceeding ANZECC/NHMRC guidelines for water and sediment quality –beaches and estuary.PressureIndustrial and residential demand for coastal and riverside land – proportion of coast developed.Increase in visitor numbers to beaches and inlet.Increased storm and flood events (ARI) on the Lefevre Peninsula.ResponseTrend-responsive spatial data management system in place of species status (including GISmapping where possible).Percentage of area zoned as mangrove retreat.Budget expended on development and implementation of management plans for coastal and riverenvironments (both site specific and regional) – inter governmental programme.Number of community participating in coast management and conservation activities – e.g. dunecare, coastcare, Our Patch.Area of riparian, coastal or wetland rehabilitation projects (annual).Area of coast/marine environment covered by a MPA status (Marine Protected Area).161

Coast & EstuariesReferencesACWS Technical Report No.1 prepared for the Adelaide Coastal Waters Steering Committee,November 2003. Department of Environmental Health, Flinders University of South Australia.ACWS Technical Report No 3 prepared for the Adelaide Coastal Waters Study Steering Committee.Department of Environmental Health, Flinders University of South Australia.AMLRNRMB February 2007 Climate Change in the Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges Regionhttp://www.dwlbc.sa.gov.au/assets/files/NRM_CC_Final.pdfBarker Inlet and Port Estuary Committee website (2005), www.bipec.on.net/Bryars S (2003) An Inventory of Important Coastal Fisheries Habitats in South Australia. Fish HabitatProgram, Primary Industries and Resources South Australia.Daniels C, Tait C (2005). Adelaide, Nature of a City: The Ecology of a Dynamic City from 1836 to2036. BioCity: Centre for Urban Habitats.Department for Environment and Heritage website (2006) Estuarieshttp://www.environment.sa.gov.au/coasts/estuaries.html#what_isDepartment for Environment and Heritage website (2005). Adelaide Dolphin Sanctuary websitewww.environment.sa.gov.au/coasts/ads/overview.htmlDepartment for Environment and Heritage (2005). Adelaide’s Living Beaches, A Strategy for 2005-2025.Department of Environment and Heritage 2004 An Ecological Representative System of MarineProtected Areas in SA Technical Report 2004http://deh.sa.gov.au/coasts/mpas/pdfs/mpa_report/part_4.pdfEnvironment Protection Authority (2005). Port Waterways Water Quality Improvement Plan –Stage 1.Environment Protection Authority (2005). Setting environmental values for the Port Waterways.Environment Protection Authority (2000), Monitoring Report Special Survey of the Port AdelaideRiver, Heavy Metals and PCBs in Dolphins, Sediment and Fish.Environment Protection Authority 1998 Changes in seagrass coverage. Adelaide, EnvironmentProtection Authority (SA).Jenkins, C (2005). Nutrient flux assessment in the Port Waterways. Environment ProtectionAuthorityFlinders Ports (2005). Flinders Ports website www.flindersports.com.au162

Coast & EstuariesGovernment of South Australia (2002) Adelaide Dolphin Sanctuary: A Strategy to Protect BottlenoseDolphins and their Habitat in the Barker Inlet / Port Adelaide River Estuary and Associated Waters.Booklet. 10pKinhill Stearns Pty Ltd (1985), Wasleys to Adelaide Pipeline Looping Project, Draft EIS for SouthernSection and Supplement, Pipelines Authority of South Australia, Adelaide.PIRSA (2005), Information Sheet Caulerpa taxifolia. www.pir.sa.gov.auPetherick C and SA Urban Forest Biodiversity Program (2005), Vegetation Management PlanSemaphore Dune Reserve, for the City of Port Adelaide Enfield, May 2005.Townsend M (2005), Semaphore Park offshore breakwater: a trial, Coastal Protection Branch,Department for Environment and Heritage, South Australia.Westphalen G, Collings G, Wear R, Fernandes M, Bryars S, Cheshire A (2005). A review of seagrassloss on the Adelaide metropolitan coastline. ACWS Technical Report No 2 prepared for the AdelaideCoastal Waters Study Steering Committee. South Australian Research and Development Institute(Aquatic Sciences) Publication No RD04/0073, Adelaide.Wilkinson J, Pearce M, Cromar N, Fallowfield H (2005). Audit of the quality and quantity of treatedwastewater discharging from Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) to the marine environment.Wilkinson J, Hutson J, Bestland E, Fallowfield H (2005). Audit of contemporary and historical qualityof quantity data of stormwater discharging into the marine environment, and field work programme.163

Figure 28: Port Adelaide River-Barker Inlet Waterways, location of major activities and discharges.Source: Port Waterways Water Quality Improvement Plan Stage 1, Fig 8 pg 39, EPA June 2005164

Map 22 Features of Coastal environment within the City of Port Adelaide Enfield165