The Katyn Forest MassacresIn April 1943 in <strong>the</strong> forest by Katyn, close toSmolensk, <strong>the</strong> mass graves of over 4,500Polish officers, murdered with a shot to <strong>the</strong>nape of <strong>the</strong> neck, were shown to <strong>the</strong> internationalpublic. It was one of three crimescenes. At <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r two, over 10,000 morePolish officers had been likewise murdered at<strong>the</strong> same time. These two sites were only discoveredafter <strong>the</strong> end of <strong>the</strong> war. The Westernruling powers knew that all traces of <strong>the</strong>se officersin <strong>the</strong> Soviet camps Kosielsk, Starobielsk<strong>and</strong> Ostashkov had been lost sinceApril-May 1940, <strong>and</strong> that <strong>the</strong> mass murdererswere <strong>the</strong>ir Soviet allies. Never<strong>the</strong>less <strong>the</strong>guilty parties participated in <strong>the</strong> horror-showof <strong>the</strong> “Soviet Commission of Inquiry” that wascreated one year later by <strong>the</strong> Soviets <strong>and</strong>lasted beyond <strong>the</strong> Nuremberg “War Crimes”Trials of 1946, <strong>and</strong> charged <strong>the</strong> Germans withthis mass crime, ignoring all <strong>the</strong> proof that hadbeen available in abundance since 1943.Solzhenitsyn referred to <strong>the</strong>m.There were twice as many as <strong>the</strong>se—or even manymore. 99Yet uncounted in all of this are <strong>the</strong> half-free roamingvagabond prisoners.“The 1,800 Komm<strong>and</strong>anturas of <strong>the</strong> NKVD administeredmore than 1,200,000 “special settlers.” 100In two o<strong>the</strong>r historical investigations <strong>the</strong> judgment ofStalin’s “worker <strong>and</strong> peasant paradise” is as follows:a) “A conservative estimate of <strong>the</strong> number of arrests in<strong>the</strong> years 1937 <strong>and</strong> 1938 is about 7 million <strong>and</strong>, if one assumesthat in early 1937 5 million were behind bars orbarbed wire, by <strong>the</strong> end of 1939 one would arrive at a totalnumber of 12 million had <strong>the</strong>re not been shootings, starvations<strong>and</strong> death by exhaustion. About 2 million will havedied off during <strong>the</strong>ir detention—<strong>and</strong> about 10% of <strong>the</strong> arrested5 million or more were shot each year, which for1937-1938 would produce <strong>the</strong> figure of around 1 millionkilled by bullets.As we are told by Ronald Hingley in The <strong>Russia</strong>n SecretPolice 1565-1970: “By this calculation, at <strong>the</strong> end of 1938<strong>the</strong>re must have been about 9 million humans in detention, of<strong>the</strong>m 8 million in concentration camps <strong>and</strong> over 1 million invarious prisons.” 101b) “Thus, over <strong>the</strong> period of obligatory collectivizationbeginning in 1929 <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> carefully planned <strong>and</strong> organizedhunger holocaust of 1932-1933 that worsened it, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>concealed genocide of <strong>the</strong> Ukrainian people, various estimates<strong>and</strong> demographic investigations agree that between7 million <strong>and</strong> 10 million human beings were eliminated.The mass shootings of so-called ‘people’s enemies’ thatbegan in <strong>the</strong> early 1930s <strong>and</strong> culminated in <strong>the</strong> hysteria of<strong>the</strong> ‘Great Purge’ of 1937-1939, robbed yet ano<strong>the</strong>r 5 to 7million human beings of <strong>the</strong>ir life.According to Joachim Hoffman, “<strong>and</strong> about ano<strong>the</strong>r 1million people died as a result of <strong>the</strong> annexation of easternPol<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Baltic republics between 1939 <strong>and</strong> 1941.” 102Hoffman adds, “The mortality rate stayed enormous in<strong>the</strong> 80 big concentration camp complexes <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> “hundredsof single camps.” Just in <strong>the</strong> concentration camp ofKolyma [in far nor<strong>the</strong>astern Siberia], at least 3 millionhuman beings perished from <strong>the</strong> terrible living conditions<strong>and</strong> temperatures as low as -60 degrees C.” 103A sum total of 40 million Bolshevik terror victims1917-1941 is now generally considered realistic.Solzhenitsyn tells us, however,“by <strong>the</strong> computations of<strong>the</strong> emigrated statistics professor Kurganov, this ‘relativelylight’ suppression that ran from <strong>the</strong> beginning of <strong>the</strong> OctoberRevolution through 1950 cost us [<strong>Russia</strong>ns] about66 million human lives.” [GULAG Archipelago, p. 37]“In <strong>the</strong> year 1939 <strong>the</strong>re were 8.5 million Soviet citizens,or 9% of <strong>the</strong> adult population of <strong>the</strong> USSR in concentrationcamps <strong>and</strong> prisons.” 104“This can be said with certainty: on <strong>the</strong> eve of <strong>the</strong> warwith Germany (1941), 20% of <strong>the</strong> work performed in <strong>the</strong>Soviet Union was forced labor.” 105✦T B R • P. 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Pogroms in <strong>the</strong> <strong>Russia</strong>n Civil WarSolzhenitsyn does not stint on criticism of pogromsduring <strong>the</strong> <strong>Russia</strong>n civil war time, especially inUkraine, which changed overlords several times(White Guardists, Ukrainian Independentists, <strong>the</strong>Kaiser’s German troops <strong>and</strong> Bolsheviks). However, he correctserroneous historical representations that claim that<strong>the</strong> pogroms provoked <strong>the</strong> subsequent acts of revenge by<strong>the</strong> Cheka:The sequence of events was exactly <strong>the</strong> opposite: The80% [of <strong>the</strong> Cheka in Kiev who were <strong>Jews</strong>] had alreadybelonged to <strong>the</strong> Cheka since 1918 or early 1919, whereas<strong>the</strong> wave of <strong>the</strong> “Petlyura pogroms” only began during <strong>the</strong>year 1919 <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> pogroms by <strong>the</strong> Whites began only in<strong>the</strong> autumn of that same year. 106After “<strong>the</strong> government of independent Ukraine” <strong>and</strong><strong>the</strong>ir party leadership had decided on January 11, 1918 toseparate <strong>the</strong>ir country from <strong>Russia</strong>, <strong>and</strong> evacuated Kievfor Shitomir as <strong>the</strong> Bolsheviks advanced, <strong>the</strong> very numerous<strong>Jews</strong> living in Kiev went over immediately to <strong>the</strong> Redswith <strong>the</strong>ir “class terror.” When evaluating all <strong>the</strong> eventsthat followed, it remains essential to remember that publiccalls for mass murder <strong>and</strong> “class terror” were issued exclusivelyby <strong>the</strong> Bolshevik side.On February 9, 1918, Germany officially made peacewith Ukraine in <strong>the</strong> treaty of Brest-Litovsk, <strong>and</strong> with <strong>Russia</strong>on March 3, 1918.In a supplementary agreement of August 27 of thatyear, <strong>the</strong> Bolsheviks recognized <strong>the</strong> national independenceof Ukraine, Finl<strong>and</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia<strong>and</strong> Lithuania.One month of Bolshevik rule had sufficed to releaseenormous revenge feelings among Ukrainians when, as aconsequence of <strong>the</strong> Brest-Litovsk peace treaty, <strong>the</strong> nationalgovernment was able to return to its capital, Kiev, in February1918.While returning militias composed of farmers <strong>and</strong> Cossacksseized <strong>and</strong> shot <strong>the</strong> “Yid commissars,” ironically, itwas <strong>the</strong> German occupation troops who, as Solzhenitsynsays in his The <strong>Jews</strong> in <strong>the</strong> Soviet Union, “had an open earfor <strong>the</strong> needs of <strong>the</strong> Jewish population in <strong>the</strong> spring of 1918in Kiev.” 107 Solzhenitsyn adds:This group was by no means insignificant: in 1919<strong>Jews</strong> were 21% of <strong>the</strong> inhabitants of Kiev. The Zionistswere able to be active without hindrance under <strong>the</strong> hetman[head of <strong>the</strong> Ukrainian national government]; <strong>the</strong>y held anelection for <strong>the</strong>ir own provisional “Jewish national assembly”<strong>and</strong> a Jewish national secretariat. 108Under German occupation <strong>the</strong> Ukrainian governmentnot only appointed a Jew as a government minister, but alsogranted unfettered political freedom to <strong>the</strong> Jewish homel<strong>and</strong>movement. It was only after <strong>the</strong> departure of Germantroops <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> return of <strong>the</strong> Simon Vasilyevich Petlyura directoratefrom Vinnitsa to Kiev in December 1918 that a“civil war”-like situation arose against <strong>the</strong> <strong>Jews</strong>.Solzhenitsyn adds, “<strong>the</strong> <strong>Jews</strong> were blamed for all <strong>the</strong>victories of <strong>the</strong> Bolsheviks.” 109 The excesses againstUkrainian <strong>Jews</strong> under <strong>the</strong> Petlyura government (Solzhenitsynmentions an abundance of place names <strong>and</strong> dates) 110caused not only terror <strong>and</strong> mass flight, but also a strongermovement toward <strong>the</strong> Bolsheviks.Solzhenitsyn says in The <strong>Jews</strong> in <strong>the</strong> Soviet Union:Between December 1918 <strong>and</strong> August 1919 combatforces led by Petlyura organized dozens of pogroms, duringwhich, according to data compiled by a commission of<strong>the</strong> International Red Cross, about 50,000 persons werekilled. The largest pogrom took place on February 15,1919 in Proskurov . . . after a failed Bolshevik attempt tooverthrow <strong>the</strong> local government. 111An American researcher attributed this civil war situationless to government policy <strong>and</strong> more to, as Solzhenitsynaffirms, “independent reactions by <strong>the</strong> people<strong>the</strong>mselves <strong>and</strong> especially <strong>the</strong> farmers.” Armed b<strong>and</strong>s werearbitrarily doing as <strong>the</strong>y pleased in <strong>the</strong> countryside.The White Guardists who served under <strong>the</strong> generalsPeter Wrangel <strong>and</strong> Anthony Denikin had volunteered tohelp free <strong>Russia</strong> from <strong>the</strong> Bolsheviks; <strong>the</strong>y quickly developeda fundamentally anti-Semitic attitude after <strong>the</strong>y realizedthat Red forces had been comm<strong>and</strong>ed by Jewishcommissars, 112 although <strong>the</strong>ir generals endeavored—oftenin vain—to prevent excesses by <strong>the</strong>ir troops.The history of <strong>the</strong> <strong>Russia</strong>n civil war is characterized by<strong>the</strong> fact that after <strong>the</strong> Bolsheviks imposed an absolute informationblackout toward <strong>the</strong> outside world, as exclusivelyas possible all writing on this conflict has been doneei<strong>the</strong>r by foreign or domestic <strong>Jews</strong>. As interested parties,both <strong>the</strong>se sources are fundamentally unreliable in <strong>the</strong> data<strong>the</strong>y furnish. Therefore it is extraordinarily difficult if not26 S E P T E M B E R / O C T O B E R 2 0 0 8 B A R N E S R E V I E W . C O M • 1 - 8 7 7 - 7 7 3 - 9 0 7 7 O R D E R I N G