Tomato Variety Status- Good but Getting Better - Auburn University ...

VOLUME 15, NO. 1
HIGHLIGHTS
OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
AGRICULTURAL
AUBURN
EXPERIMENT STATION
UNIVERSITY
SPRING 1968
LITTLE RIVER CANYON ..
One of many Alabama
tourist attractions

HIGHLIGHlTS of
Agricultural Research
A Quarterly Report of Research
Serving All of Alabama
VOLUME 15, NO. 1 SPRING 1968
II I ~ I
Ife fa &am0 0
TOURISM-RECREATION POTENTIAL - A Summary of Research
in Four Northeastern Alabama Counties 3
OVER A TON PER AcRE--Research Has Made High
Yields of Channel Catfish a Reality 4
USING HIGH MOISTURE CORN IN STEER GROWING RATIONS
- Gave Satisfactory Results in Trials 5
COMPUTERIZED RECORD, SYSTEMS - What They Are and
Can Do For the Farmer-........ 6-
TOMATO VARIETY STATUS - GOOD BUT GETTING BETTER -
Better Varieties Likely from Breeding Programs 7
SOURCES OF ZINC FOR PLANTS- More Than One Material
Available, but Response Differs 8
NEW FUNGICIDES FOR CONTROL OF PECAN SCAB IN ALA-
BAMA- Gives Findings in Two Counties 9
OVERWINTER SURVIVAL OF ROOT-KNOT NEMATODES- Live
Over in Several Different Stages 10
VARIATION OF WOOD CHARACTERISTICS OF SWEETGUM -
Wood Variation for Production Basis Studied 11
DIRECT-CUT VS. WILTED SORGHUM-SUDAN SILAGE - Equal
Results Obtained when Fed to Dairy Cows 12
MID-SUMMER ESTABLISHMENT OF COASTAL BERMUDA-
GRASS - Clippings or Sprigs Good Planting Material .13
PRE-PLANT HERBICIDES FOR SWEETPOTATOES - Give Promising
Research Results for Weed Control
HIGHLIGHTS OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INDEX - Articles
Published in 1967 Listed -
DELAYING MATURITY OF BROILER BREEDERs - Owners
Can Gain in Several Ways -
14
[5
[6
t/'
Published by
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT
E. V. SMITH ......
R. D. ROUSE
CHAS. F. SIMMONS-
T. E. CORLEY ....
KENNETH B. Roy.
E. L. McGRAW ...
R. E. STEVENSON -
STATION of
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
Auburn, Alabama
Director
Associate Director
_Assistant Director
_Assistant Director
-- Editor
--Associate Editor
--Associate Editor
Editorial Advisory Committee: R. D.
ROUSE; R. T. GUDAUSKAS, Associate Professor
of Botany and Plant Pathology;
T. DON CANERDAY, Assistant Professor
of Zoology-Entomology; W. T. DUMAS,
Associate Professor of Agricultural Engineering;
AND KENNETH B. ROY.
PUBLICATIONS
Listed here are timely and new publications
reporting research by the Agricultural Experiment
Station.
Cir. 152. Spacing and Rates of Nitrogen for
Corn reports results that emphasize importance
of close spacing and high nitrogen
rate for top corn yields.
Cir. 155. Crop Varieties for Alabama-
Field, Forage, Turf lists varieties that have
performed best at several test locations in
each area of the State.
Cir. 158. Tourism-Recreation Potential in
Cherokee, DeKalb, Jackson, and Marshall
Counties Alabama identifies the many natural
attractions of the area and suggests improvements
that may be practical.
Cir. 159. Egg Industry Adjustments in an
8-County Area of Northern Alabama contrasts
status of the egg industry in 1958 and
1966 in the northern Alabama study region.
Leaf. 76. Effect of Management on Yield
and Quality of Sudax Sorghum-Sudan Hybrid
and Gahi-1 Pearlmillet covers effect
of seeding rate, stage of maturity, and nitrogen
on the summer annuals.
Free copies may be obtained from your
County Extension Chairman or by writing
the Auburn University Agricultural Experiment
Station, Auburn, Alabama.

Fishing on Guntersville Lake and scene inside
Guntersville Caverns located 9 mniles
south of Guntersville, Marshall County.
Allc-ricail seelimCal beconmig ill lI me Ilt
iii Aliabamla is toli 511io-cI Catioll.,
III cerl tin aritCs andlc CCII wh ole states,
0111 isI )receatloll lfids stimul iia ted ai
leetlive utlilization of fpli\sieal 11.51111ICC!
of afti-e a's recreationl apo 1 tentiali mas
wiltblite lt XI 141l Caeilr CedlIlllCe hllec
fits thii fla lCop1itraldi efforlts ili IldICI
ilti5. SiIwcesst i venltulres iii this field
Me partl , dependenCt 1u1on1 such factors
asts ilviiahjlit\ (If icCIeat loil r esources,
(flldfitX (of existilig attlractionls, floteltial
Il li elolt CI to determ11ie tlIese fac-
tolls, dt stildX 'Aias made ill (Cerokee. Dc-
Alabamall~. TlhC 4-cut ar111( eit is I icli
en~doweS d \\A se1 5Iic itild Ilittliril attliaC
timis ilcildili1 Lakes, 1401es 1 c dX it (,
watelCIfalls, ilrl lelollgieal sites, ilold( gdmCl
preserves C. The giiCtst lesollrc-c of tlle
dll Cd 15 its itblilliimt 'A itel Suly,~ the
bIlls IC li 141Celii'1t fo1 mo1(st outdoor1) 1 eled-
tioli, 'At Guln(I~tersv ille .Lake be~ing theC
Ildjoll attratetioii (If te dIied. Fourl cit IN
OrI ilrls II, t 5(1II il ii stteh park s, Hus-
Sell ('as\ C \ltioIIlll \1l illCelt, 'ill
\ imitC flCsoit, tiwik's Pocket, an~d theC
t\\ l)1arge Ieevor Ccomb115(1111ine to Illlk C
XCIX aip)C.l ii r ereatil jaittractionl s.
Otliei alttractionslicluldeC fisbuig camlps,
CI Cef Iisite 1o1- su1CCess adli neCCCssdI "
fill C\xtCniv iXC 111isill rCele(,ti(II 1 1) 1111(
timl~ld effot Thu Iils, ill) effort \\a a de,1'
ICCIed at I Iilet 1111iS wer ClC14XIveId al opor-
tui vit to 1late echII fitilt \. ( (IonijinCd
TOURISM-RECREATION POTENTIAL
in Four Northeastern Alabama Counties
LS. DRISCOLL, Department of Agriculturl Economics and Rural Sociology
themi good1(, sCe tdibiC. loi 15idlllll attract
ion I itil igs rioi gel 111om aibouti 4",7
lent rI tillg.
As ii Cliek o11 thle Iratinlgs 'iX CII, I CsiIolld
('I Its \\er aIC.skedl if tl)C \7 would( I CCiI-
hio I I lid Aiollta arl C I i ilded. 11
poxillitY o(f' thl ar ge 111a 1)1111)11)1 tioii
that possesse's high~er 111,11 avXeraige il-
comecs .11 c hig1 I )111Iit Xadds tol greater
c(,ltI ibu~tilmg to i 4reitter 10,11ket llrC theC
5 111.911 liglX aNs that clellinliI the
RHSil(.s (Gisv IN Its ) x ' 1IiONS PA 1I Ii [IOIIN Al ill~d IIN.S VIlII. ) 'NOiIIIII STRIN
I ll. II (4CoNr-% XIII , X IS, JI.NI. SEPTIL IIIII, t966i
Alithilina
N Illtilll istrI) l-ril
I' 01(1911 clililIiis
To(I 51 \
NI. Pct. of
721 42.2
7085 11.4
142 8..
72 4.2
54 .2
12 .
ne S S tio I Ccl mn f(li the))CI failitX byX a11)1(1
97%r of tflC lespolelits illdicatiel ap]
Populaitionii i tlii 51) mile iiciius
if' tiiC cCnter of' thle it1i cd lui(des ilwal I
v >ilil -lloie
etel is ctellcded to 100( ieiis ,inlltliciI1
jotlttlo
Russell Cove, an outstanding archeological site located at Bridgeport Jackson County, right,
and Desoto Falls, Desota State Park near Fort Payne, left.
- ating of1 attracljtion 5N \sitlll
Exec - Goo I c- I' U ah Poo N o
P0. P0. P0t. P0t. )'et. PcI.
2.5 18.1 5.6
.9 .6 2.3
le
AppI OiitlCI 40% o (f all eavt' Xisil-
1111 1respon dentIs 1repoirteid their Xvisits IC-
Hladlsidc' sigls XXi ClCseilld w ithi 111)iit
faplis of- 1 mlgaiie CS -O and1 c otlhCer, illcicliiia1
IiIps all iclv5el gu(ides, 50/c
D)iflel lcCS il d11, Atitt r reflCet('d 1w
I '.iclelcecl byX thei hlighl linlfil of Xvisits
iesltiog from~ flielics' lecooinienldaljiois
1 14.11 cifisS of locIltioli. Th flefcl of road-(
'IC iiis 'Itisil14 %\ as fili lfor. lttllc-
iIIIs iIcited lill 1)flilalJ(hi as.
I -actiolls ilis) svllied X ithl locaItiion lrclit
troiIlilgC XX is thle grelitist siill 41 soulrce
Of celstinecrs s itfi Loulisl~ina, Msisisip-
)RlS(SC fillo15wing ill (hat illrderl. Ill termIls
ofI paltl 11 ige, tilt NI idccstc'ri it rea ii 1
seildIIi tol (t( SoutIIeiC iril C.

Over A T on of Channel
Catfish per Acre
E. E. PRATHER
Dept. of Zoology-Entomology
Is NitX
tie
to151i. titc iteii 11110 Itcitas lit tolls atl cliati
1 catfish pit acte fi titt ll Tidtis. cticcci mesacl thods
itc 1 prtetl tt ls Io\ iits takc sitih litgh ii 'c'cs ait i',tllt
Loi ig citsice i ic itf thii moist X allialate stt cittn fishes.
the clhiai ic' catfish lhis ltcctlc all itt1) tttttt spl fish ill
pontdls. Its (cicI cottisl5i (lit. Iedi per lit. ssciglit gTiti.
giit0d flaiX it, diesitrablie siz, lack ofi hiatrd biti s, il Spot
itf eatehlitig hi~iXc cotribuiteid to its t ise ill it ipiili i\.
It x as illoce' teliccl that chall tii catfish sptiXXtiiid otil] ill
I ttllit,\i XX1t'. de Ill I ('(('Iit vc(itl S I i'si'itcii i-c ilicil lii' \ iliiittf
the( ciiitlitii 1 eat ats at 1 )otl fish. iltetisis i I ciai(' its
spa\%X o itig. fitwig ii 1 1 )t t(ittiiit spicic's citittliti itits, sup-
1lelitiitd l eeds, aiicll 11 ite~t an "I (liscalse citlitio ]it ha s ildiih
i esults sh\iiiX u thait catfish pitii.Is ale potteitiiils p)iifitiht
cntet i isies.
(iiX ters XX iltiw tio prouct itIttci' iii insiiti catches of chaliloci catfish
tmtlst flio\t\ essetutial steps itt mltiittlilt itt tli
ptttid. II igi I5ilis firtot citfisli pill is" itistil i citi idlelalti
ittlxih it( iIXXd ills XX ill it 14tto itict itclessall eist littId
stock amicd
diictiouu
i ti4c their piics lot- ttimottttt caitfish It()
IPoitd 1icuill Itictits tuti ciai iii catfish ic abouiut tlh' sititt
ats thocse fur hissItlitigill ciuttthiitttuutis, suichl is saltisl~ictol\
\% itet sliltI id(cittte citX soilsuuil tot kccp sci'ptig tii
ittiltitt., atuul itilc ss atet slii. It is esseiittil tilt a t (Iait
p~ipe Iti s uu' F) Xccss \% al titlst ibc dicit t ii stci
catfish s ill (cdxic potilis ssithi i cit i \ C1s etfosat 6
spill itss a\
dltiulitiepthl of 112, it. aitd ilt\itttltttt it' 6 to 7 ft. ant
gioci tass I ditiill Ipi-ouctiiti I Ilic lids lie tuit igi' silt(
ic'ssflls l tii pro ii' fititils\ fishitng Itm catfish.
4
licsial-cli ilt AiiiitI h l 111ids Siio\% I i thIIat Iiti \iiili IIIIoatci \% its
oiitidil Xsit:,000( cittiisl. L,000( lttlleadi iilloXX, ilii
5J 1 Ingeilolith i ss \%Xr sl''tocked peir1( ac (ui 1114XXitte
Success of, this ciiitiltitittit dIep)ends hligel oil ibsetice of
otlici speies~t tha~t XX ittilcitc ilea Nt X11ili stocked catfish in
f ((111114 wier tei( 'o pelteifihlec)ragslio:3lt
it starc(h }iid tnil addtial etil) ( izer i amnillt ol
Iced is t educed tite iicxt X eartas fish ate eimglit.
Pi ii o\XXnet titlst lie cottstdnti\ alei t to potssiblte fisi
hisses caus~edb. lt\iiasitis itt ((XX oi\ Yet Ili cit itt ltittlis ill tii',
X itt It eatutei t ott fitiget hugl(s below11 stoekitig is imruiitiiit
(eais. 'I'liicl'oi('. iiei(ticiit 1)01( ilisptectiittloi- sick oti deadi
fish is a tlist-: occaitonal 1)011( tieittinettt ia liv e iiece.sstii 'v
I lea'\ , vleedling ealises j"itllutioo" ill 1)111( 5Xitci XXitli lissicl
olx gi eti i'ttitiis that ii cautsce cisti-ess ort cx eli
1ihi ouf fish. Dils fecdlti ill exscess of1:3 11). pcr aete
is chit I gt iits ill p)ondis that liaX little XX atet exchatnge oiii il
11((1tiil tical aei atiii. Aiiitii' socitcc of' tioittili is exeessiX
all':i "bloolms" that idet ease light 1 )etietrattitlii 111( lower('
1 \X gel coltcetr9atiin ill (leepe w' ater. TIlecse itt av be salfe1
coi llrlici by peioici ti eattuletts witth :" l1). of' Cotpper Sullate
1per stitface acte
IFotttiii. eatfishi fitugel hugs stocked is Iehi ats iil fll
acol toti schedile treachied l ha estaitle size of ((.7 li).
bX ()ctohet S iii iii g at gewd (0.7 11). bv August
XX licti fishing begati. Ill tests att Aotltit \dwr XXli e tiltet ofi
isliermeti XX\atsinit litiiteci, tltex caught :2.655 lb. of caitfishi
itcl :3011li. of bass ili
iiii i tIt(e pci iod I,09
It)l1 initlis of fishitig. (See tabli.)
people pet acte 1' s 1 ccl ati c oiiglit
ti 1 (li te catfish stocked. The eatfishi spis' ted the secoid
sutillte btut iiot eioigli \ 1)111 escaedii bass ptedatioti tit
tttatiltiatti satisfaetitis fishing. Silie c ieX fish X t left di tit
ieaX -v fishitng, the pwid1( XXias driaineci antd~ restockedl. PiiIicls
that airc liglitX fishied sitililc prosvide toil fisliihi t XI'X sevril
PVsels. IlIN; lAN1 Al''lCIAI M A(l11
FIttL 19661
Y ' s at nditi
1Itoit it
(IOlctii (25 c lust i
Spjri ii.-stuiier. 1967
Mih (i t15) opiwdi
.\pt ii
.\it\ i
,it s t
' tidw T
II~
Ti) FA 1
Fislinswi
Pctm sitI)i
an atiti i pcii r icico
(:halinl catfish
cauittil
No 1 ).
1.1)96 2,518- 2.655
STtal is 85' ittf eliaiich catfish stociked.

O Hi t i t11,i (.1I. cani be xtoiccf at 2 ,5-30% iioitiic
xx ithi ijiiiiimiitijetit losses if soaeis oxgnftee o
I eals so. If proper! s h an dled, thc grain s mi ine out of stol1
alge xx itl it bri)1ght color ani d 5castN odor.
Feedinig high moisture graitis \\as first piracticed hx fannielt
feeders with at sinall size oper ationi \\]ho xx aiitecl to cotisers c
all tile feed niutrients they produiced. \ o\\ tile practicel is
s1preading to some of the naitionis lbig feecdiing opeliitioirx
The idea is not tiess,
the Nlidxsest.
heinig used at least 20 y ears ago im
Tests sexeti ay ears ago at Iowa State and Purdue ill
,ersities xx itli corni andc at Te'sas A & NI with milo xlioxx(
that leecding x aloe of tI ese gfratiis m ax be improved 8i-Ill
\xith the O'ssgen-frec feitietiatioti process. Ili addiition to
iu)i)ros itig feeding s loie, other ittiflot taut ,iixaliaex iiicliidl
loss red gTrain loss dot io lharvs t aid more efficien t use of
I ahot a i cI equipmfenlt lby earls Iharvest.
toi the fall] oit t965, a sealed ltit stiructure xx ax er ected
at the Teiitiessee Valles, Suibstationi sio that high mloisture
shelled corti1 HIM l) could he cx aluated iii cattle titiftiiti
research. Corii %\ as harvxesxted with at convieniiti onia! pickel
xlieller at mtoistur e cotiteiit of 28-:30%/ anid xxit asxtoredl i
w5hole ker nel cohri ili the sealed ]iit. Whtlen remos ci li
feedin Ig it xxits cimOped xx i t ita cci u o cicial i ollIcr-critn peli
Stic1h coil ii st lie pie patred fresh for t cccl g sin cc it spoils
rapi)dly ill w5 attn ssea tI ir.
Adlditionaol con ifrom1 the saitme atrea xxit axputt illiil etal
grain ill i ilid dried b\ arti 6 c-ial h eat to about I 4% moi istuire.
:oniit io ii a sn appled coni t(ear andc hustk ) serv ed as the
cotittil feed iii all fecilitig tirials.
Ili 19(5-6(6 andic 19656-67 exlpcrimeiais, cotn or iii x~ti mt
silatge xxias fed ixs the tmajor etierg N source for gross it g xtmtkcr
steer- calves. A xstpplieent ouf, 1.5 11t. cotton seed meal atnd(
2 11). of grountd sniaped corit ita fed daily iii additioti to
a it il feedc of sf1lage.) tried or Ihigh itutire ci tit re1)lacdf tI e stia)pled cotrniO oi li 'l 55ui \vigl t Ilais xfoir S(tt t )ico thc
treattmetits. The trials lalstedc 128 clas. xxith 12 calvs oii
each test rat ioi ch yeat.
(lort silitge fed iii 196.5 xx as e'scellenit, cotititit g 44( ,
gri t i otil (It 5 nitter hasis, 1)u t that Icc1 the f6 d hiiig y eat
\\its oiil] Ileioct in c (21% giiii ). Eveti sot, aiiiiial Iterlottit
lit ce dlata ss crc nt d ciastical cdifferenit hetss cii seats. Thc
Sor-gl icito si1lage
\\-it cotnsidieredl
ctinitainecl al ocit 47 73 head btf' scars itil
execlIitnt. A miu itm -gross iiia g.l'glg t
coiitetl IM iic hot age v ariety s NK :31)0) xx ixs tlic xorgliitio
PtR i HIit x's( I- OtF S[iiiKill CAil si, ONs StiAl xi' xxiiit S'ssi'i'i
,St it :i iii, OH llII ii Itsiii COo'sN.cs 's LSEF N xi.Fi
Sc is istu'sN 1965-6(6 -\ i1 ii xii-
Recstilt, Its list rationt
I'it1 irmliic Sirghctoul Con in sililie a
Intiad st, lbt.
Final ht.,,1lb.
Gilin/ge d,1)
C~orni
Feed, csst. gain, Il.
silag 1
Cittli i xi til I
coti i
litil ccist/cxxt. g
fco i \1ci mo Stiapi
45 6
652
19 6
1 .5:3
.54
67.:3
219 1.71
4,181 .3,97:3
192 192
254 25-1
2,142
98
1:31I
1I81f5
88
1(6
456
664
2085
1 (2
COi i
I I\I
455
66(2
20iT 1.0t
3,01 :3,98,1
192 192t
25-1 25-1
1,886
92
1222 122
S16.54 'sf13.86 S 15.:38 $'15. 12
giiixxl Miaid P X( .- T \\ sx iti c loi c co silage,(. ,kiI silag es
Datai ill Olii tifde sli\tihafi, it' ill flux fitits stuiesx
cattle fe'd ciiiit silage, gaited filistl tilt itoe getl i
sot gliii sili (1(62 xs, I,5 1.5. dili 'Ihiis xx\,ixs true
cx (,IIIIIoIr] I t I i th t sil( If 11in sililge fidlili i cittitelti tf IT",
aIx cx fed silppci cittit guttiled the fas~test, 1.7 I l.
clails xx filis those led ii tificiall dited ori high) ticistttrc
coi1 iiiu gt le il , the rate of 1.652 l1). these textits
itliciate thiai 11MN corit x\%as itilizccf tioi elf icieltl pet.
hullt of ilix iiaitei. 1'lle II NI coitt ax et ig~cc T:i- itil the
dliecc ciii1 ii ,iti ( cli 1 Iliatlil ix fcif.
Assitliliiiig that feed iciuoliilxs fiti 7Y itf total cot of
fit tificiil~ ig lc tfici costsx ill I fiexe tests iuw ii l ft mu
.SP1A.48 to 8522.05 lpcW 100)11). I lits gyiitx hiiio stocker
caifxvcx ciili he pirofitabhle for Xlitiiiia cilttleitic if foriages
ate- ulsed to iliiliii iill it i ii~e
Basedi ott ililiigx reporited, stilppecl citi i is jpiifci i c
xxhl is ailif di' ( ,itile pcrililtice xx as the siliuc ()t
cliedi ort lii g i lii titlu- e l c ciiii i. olIii cli rv uiltt
xxix lilili/ill shllill ol eifiiieit (it frilltt II NI citit i. 'I llii
are prjIt hf ixxitctjilc(d xx illi ficicli thit' peishiiltll' high
i.till coititi sticl a it
1
xfatspilagec libit Itltic aili lto
hail S ext cii cal eats ax eiiiti'iciilx, i .fsitiltitjes.
Using High Moisture Corn
in Steer Growing Rations
R. R. HARRIS, Dept. of Animalr Science
JK. BOSECK, Tennessee Valley Substation
W B. ANTHONY, Dept. oi Aninial Science
Corn harvested at high moisture content was stored in this airtight
bin for use in feeding trials for growing stocker steers.

M ODERN MANAGEMENT of a successful
farm or any other business requires
knowledge of an increasing amount of
data as the business expands.
Farm business size in the South is beginning
to grow rapidly. According to
the latest census data for 10 Southern
States, there were 20% fewer farms in
the South in 1964 than in 1959, but
commercial farms with more than 5,000
dollars gross sales had increased in number.
Farms with more than 20,000 dollars
gross sales almost doubled in number.
Management efficiency will be enhanced
if increased amounts of data
resulting from larger businesses can be
speedily summarized into a form suitable
for decision-making. Electronic
record keeping is one answer to improving
management skills.
A survey of all known central record
keeping programs conducted in fall, 1966
gave the following results: Eighteen replies
were received from 26 programs.
Thirteen programs responding were under
the direction of various university
personnel and five were directed by private
enterprise. Most prominent of the
private groups were programs now under
the direction of the Farm Bureau
anl th- F-arm TnJornal Thi lar n-rn-
.... U ... ...... X-a . . 1".1U . . . 18 L
This is a sample of scan sheet used in the
project as an automated input device.
the farm, (4) general farm management
analysis, and (5) research and education.
Commercial services tended to be
highly oriented to tax filing, whereas the
university-related programs tended to be
management analysis-research oriented.
The oldest programs were university related;
three in the survey were more
than 35 years old. New programs were
closely related to availability of computers.
Ten new programs, of less than 5
years, began as computerized systems.
Complete systems covering all five
service categories tend to be costly. The
Department of Agricultural Economics
and Rural Sociology, Auburn University
Agricultural Experiment Station, established
a research project, Elec-Com, in
March 1966 with the objective of studying
cost reductions in a completely automated
management information system.
To accomplish this objective two factors
ELEC-COM RECORD SHEET
O 4 2: :47: 4:: :-57 ::6 -
: : :4r : 1:: :-2:: NEW :5: :: -: :
S : - :: l ::4 : 3: - 3 3
: .: 2 -: 4:6- f-ew 3- ::-: t
-5 3 4- : - : :-
O: :1: 3 4:: : - 7::e -: :: :
4-gap
:- :: ::€: ::g=: : :
ZZ w ago les: ::I:- :Z
, : :
4 3 7
S -
S :::- 5: :- G- : ::
0 : 3--: ::6-: ::7: 3
z 1 2: 3- :--4: -3:
:: a: 3 :
S :::-- - -:7- 3: :
4 : ::5:: 3 ::4 : 6 :8: 3:7
COMPUTERIZED RECORD SYSTEMS
What They Are and Can Do
BILL R. MILLER and VICTOR M. YELLEN
Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology
grams were university relate d,
I
up
U-
to
m
must
ust be
be
m minimized: inim ized : (1) cost of con-
1,367 farmers in Michigan, Michigan, but some consome
verting that ct cooperator records to an input
private groups were forecasting 2,000
cooperators in 1968. One important interested
private group was banks. The
American Bankers Association has estimated
that 100 banks are now offering
some type of computer service. Several
banks were participating in university
and private programs included in the
survey. Services offered by programs
surveyed were in five categories: (1)
tax records, (2) tax filing service, (3)
cost and return for each enterprise on
that can be digested by electronic data
processing equipment, and (2) cost of
a professional and clerical staff. One
answer to factor one is automated input.
This automation is least time consuming
when using either an optical reader,
voice interpreter, or an optical scanner.
An IBM 1232 optical scanner as an in-
put conversion device and a tape ori-
ented IBM 7040-1401 data processing
system were used as an approach to
minimizing factor one. The second factor,
reducing the cost of professional
ERRORS IN THE USE OF ELEC-COM BY TYPE and clerical staff, is closely associated
AND NUMBER FOR 7,300 TRANSACTIONS,
MARCH, 1967
with type of code system, the person
doing the coding, and where it is done.
Field in
error
Type 1
errors
Type 2
errors
Type 3
errors'
The chart is of a scan sheet used
in the project as an automated input
Social Security
number-----
Date ---------
Account codeor
Amout .
426
431
37
2
47
7
NA
NA
94
8
device. As an example of its use, the co-
operator filled in his social security number,
123456789, the date, December 5
(12/05), the account number, (0001),
as looked up previously in a code book
Cash value .... - 8 1 supplied to the farmer, and the number
Total errors---- 857' 993 104 of cwt. of fertilizer bought. He had to
Total trans- convert 1 ton to 20 cwt. since the code
actions----- 831 94 104 book specified this to be the units used
' Seventeen of the transaction errors were with this cotton fertilizer transaction.
returned by cooperators and the remaining He was not required to code cotton as
were estimated by system personnel by an enterprise and was not required to
means of a questionnaire. code the transaction as buy or sell as
SUnchecked by the computer. this information was coded in the com-
SMore than one error of type one or typeuter as a part of the account number.
two can occur per transaction. puter as a part of the account number.
He recorded the cash value ($40.27) of
the fertilizer and the transaction record
was completed. Every month the cooperator
mailed his scan sheets to Auburn.
The costs per transaction of this means
of input to the computer have been
found to be very low in comparison to
other methods.
The table contains an analysis of the
errors observed in using the system.
Errors were divided into three types:
(1) Type one errors were correctable
by the system and comprised 11.4% of
the year's total record entries, (2) type
two errors were uncorrectable by the
system and comprised 1.3% of total entries
and, (3) a total of 1.4% type
three errors was undetectable by the
system as determined by an analysis at
the end of the year. Errors of omission
were perhaps the most substantial as a
majority of the 30 cooperators obtaining
year-end summaries had records that
were incomplete.
Most farmers used records only for
tax purposes although a few used them
for management decision. As an example,
several farmers kept detailed
records of labor use on various jobs in
their broiler enterprise. One set of records
showed a cooperator that the $417
per year he was spending for labor for
sweeping out broiler houses was more
than enough to justify purchase of a
sweeper attachment for his tractor.

Il Xuof (. tcriila' is't 1400(
(I(lit llt',i' C liptoav t1111oXX Xs NilCtif',
do ll 'tIitaill it11)l to (olIIrrOWX C ICX
Des~pite te llll1iil( of oldlilesX til
ilre ietllli iii IX threeC k1 (iX of toillit((
varie(tiCes. ( LztXfitaZtiolo of tolilalto tX -\ p
iX h\ thet IIIIIIhl I 01' l~ tIC' 1oe betXX (Ill
flou Cl trussesX ditli tihe XtIIIl
T\ jitC' IX li Tall~t IXo\ w it fltetfii 4 l fate
1101 e lio(C lit\ XX el CI \,er d.ustelsX
literitilla on.I)S llt til X e loIH a.X t one'
timel.)
dtei X iiit \ 'I iei l \\ Lth lini t
fIl l
ttlllIot( tX 11eX tii ,(Il fowerXCI t1 Is-
Sel prj)C .3 llr I XX (-If (Itllse lil th l alt toI
tliX. XX it 1 lil ~its l)Id' 11(1 fflXX\ el- (lhlsttl
t vXr nod (%1 ig. .
V aritie ot', (T i~p I p) iduce he(st (oI
till] stakt, those (ot t\ vi 2 oil shotII
stakes o01 lit kef. ill iX t\ pe X)
x 0 it
((111 titei f tit sett (It tXp 2) and :3 X -
I leti(X fX lilillX i tl it((f XX it] I 11101 (
eoIiei('ss \ irit i', pi(ll red I fo process-X
i lt Itel Xdlft, XiOiT fl'
TItX I( i d ittlI \it i iiit o l X ]fi '3
XX ii I\ eot1 f i I dl ( I fl~t it X i it i
20 t I f 3) i ll f1itt aw 1 (f(, lit ~t smo th t
3:Ii
ick
ttl Ie( i r )1(1 I I I IXI e fI l flaXt II i I Ii I
C .o r c ( I X ) r XX i i ld exeill ittt 11 i 1 ill-
terhal it dl ii 1 ) t uprl o It ftC', o- I Itit I I
i ft (5i() dl 1to( f(i v to fl i tiliX.iw \\ iit
ri 4 t~ilt(ICX ilt iI I ifi, n thll f-i
Illld tI h iid IC itI XX 11(11 Xt 1 itI X ai 'l \ti\
Dift t ,nt t0nl(00 IrpCo ar shlown here: 1-tall, indeterminate [l-- ttd n to
semideterminote variety of intermediate height. 3-dwarf determinate tyoe having flower
clusters at every node; 4-jointed (left) and jointless; 5-extreme catfacing.
Tomato Variety Status-
Good but Getting Better
WALTER H. GREENLEAF end SAM T. JONES
Department of Horticulture
Nlielii ii Iredliii ti etImthii e illteile
24ik \ iaficfe 3 tlodl, 4 dli, dillitd
N I 1(11 doi l i 11(Ni e iie i i iti ltII.i e
ktet X I 24let fi rst t\f5 ii Oilt',tini 24te
IXilll XX fildin varietie iha 2 ',dl fi ill,
tI 197Xiitiak rii',at ,I\\~ I aIn ligd
iso iti Ilil lil SiLI, pri (4. ill'ill,lk, ("
frilitlttX mill 4C it l \lt i I i ll ( 14((11
i 4, i i ki e (i \li o Xi 3 toi 4 liii c XX ri t
thiflilig F Noka l iII I l( (i IItIfo
XiiiI)Cil 111ti alfetl to
th',e smootdesi2f
ket 2. illI Itf- I('I I XX TI loist ea l 24lii
hadX 114 6S"(' is X li 1%bi III(i1111 ac (i I I ii

Sources of Zinc
for Plants
JOHN 1. WEAR, D. L. HARTZOG, and
E. M. EVANS, Dept. of Agronomy and Soils
Z ItNC 15, i(Lt LMiENLL iL'
sLIIILIX Sttils \\itli Il I ofl 6.)
t)'lLI e It1 o 1l
oi htighiei (L
\\,]tllt tlie sil is to bte litneci. lTese
ICII Mti]i)Ct i (Iat iti is, iii eIffect Ifor It) vaLiis,
resitlttei frottt ct'NtisiX C fieldi Laid greenIhouse5F
t'expeimnitts.
Zil It%\' uft its aLi pLliledl w~it ti Ile fet-
Btecauste ttf stitrog intecrest ii tthei
source ot z'(L inlit, tie ('ttl iecom iedat itt 0 XXis
t'llaii((c tn :3 lit. (LI hitit XXitlitoit iefer-
(iCoCe to ti e ('Liriei' comiiipouniid.
Sttnre's of ili it fttt agicuiituirail tcropJs
(I ) Agr-itnitural gi LdtI (LI hiIt stillfLtt'
/nit'c, is tile intst ssiek u((X isted Sonite.
It is i eatl Isotlubile inl XX it t' it Ina\i
('ike" Ifertilizer if Stored't Ifit sev eral
(2) Zii e oxitle, it fit it' \\ bite 1 )oXX clet
soLlublle inl ss iter inid tioes (1(L caike Ict
tili~ei. It is tlitlit'ilt tot nil. \X ith et -tili-
hti becauseiX tof its fiintiniss.
(:3) Zii t EDTA' is Li t'lliCittI foriti
t'ottiiiiiia Labou~t 14% zintc. It ixesNC well
(41 Zitit suilfitdt (or s~lilerite. ('(Lii-
tLaitIng abouitt 60%Y zhut', is aLillitst illsolutile
inl ssatert. This itLLteil is titl
iililbt' toL plani ts ssIici first alied (t to
SoilsX. LalL(iaLttot te'sts Lit Auburn iiii to\\iL
sottli' ofI tilL' i sullthl sitifide tit XihLbILc
8
;t't'ti liLct 5stuitei's X\ ithI tilt fi(Ll]
Zinc deficiency in corn usually shows up as spots in field tleft), with stalks hovinq dark
cross lines inside (center). Effect of zinc application to deficient field is illustrated at
right. Larger corn at left got zinc, that at right same fertilizer without zinc.
TIXiII C. I. LI.Nt VI. tKI1 I' Soitcnr X
LATS Is 'Iit A.i'i'tit AI[S LION , LI 'ii.'
ZINC SOt1E L(F5IN
111)1.SFIF TEST
(;It FN-
Ztitc soti e.'
anti riit('
per :it'i
Zinc stillite
:1.5 lb).
5.0)1lb.
10.0t lb.-_
Zin~c Oxide
:3.5 11).
5.0)ii.
10.tt l1).
Zinc .'ltclate
1 li).
2 lb).
4 11)t
Zinc Sulfide
tt00 11).
500t IlL.
1,tt00t l1).
NIt'
1 rx sweight,
pi'r po(t, tratini per pot
14.7 99
18.6 t22
:32.6c 2tt5
14.5 94
17 .2 tt1
25.8 173
tW, -71
12.6 81
15.6i 95
12.2 7:3
18At tt08
22.2 1t-34
ltt.8 72
Io\\ \\hI eli t) zNli \it,; appX l Iied atd itit
tilt' IoXXCs e lte of Ziiit ('ielitte anid s itli
the zinc sulfide treLattiit. ~The 5-1lb. rate
of sitfate andl oxide iid thle 4-lit. rtte
(LI eielate gas Ce Sim~tilar result1s. A 500l1).
talte (oI hiLt' Sulfidle \\ias requ(iredc~ tn
equpal up~taketfon 5iL ). olL (Line siillate.
As it reCsult (LI th I ( r~Neviii 1(1se test, i
ni je-tinte aplicaI~ Lt ion of oss rtate ( ' /itl
Su11late aLiLd oxidle \\ as (Lmit lrIed wiith ita
lar ger rate (LI tile Snlfide ill field tests.
Biltes XX cie lL'edl oil tile(, (cInhlil5(i
test I (so lts. Tllt(, first s eii tests wer ( itl
'Norfolk loLliI(Lv sLini ( i 11 6'.2 neari Ai-
l)Irt I iii ci s tre fertilizied ieeoi( y tog
Soil tetst I e(Ltnimiteli tio ILs.
AeirLge , vids for tite .3-\ctt peiod
show it sila 1
inerease It- ali sourcees (LI
zinc, Table 2. Planits aials d aLlLt thie
.3-ft. staige slitISSed modea~te L critt 'sl
il iic cotenLietta tion~i frIt ZLincht sultalte
iiti theF (oxidet aoid it Ilrge utat~ke Irnt
tlt(' Sulifid appl1))1ied 2 yetars bLLefo(ire. The
lar ge up 1 take frint incit snlfide (Iloll tless
suiii Lte fo(rmI.
sailit to dterinie itihitiXe upilta~ke oLI
Retsiilts Itit thtese Studies tndicate
hut' b~ l ants Sor'ghiumlt it goodL iiitit that Ahii snil Lat( aL ci oxl' ide itv t g((Li
('itol' ILILi t, \\,i5ts X' Iy,)v fti 4 XX ceks wXithi
('t'(I iicl Sourcest' of, (LIc fi obu field tirops.
thiree raites of /int'. Othiei ftirtilizers wereii
spilit' itt ( hut' XSulfideL') 115(11 all i 1
Laddedt Lit.'t'(i i g to t il test iresult.
A'lthiouigh not diffeirencets ill giiiss tli (LI I imiie uIst'. I Io\\tcI'r it nIIit\ ha' 1),;s
pimi~ts Nvr bt in~ a etd, Ilargt' tlilleei'ices
il z1 it' up 1taike- XXi noC tedi't Ifo it- Cm
tILtri iltXts Tihl I. Ziu iltakt \X dX
ni il 2. B$Fli'sI,\ s, of. (il Nil\1 ti m ( \i I I \tIo IPI l \ \I I tii \ I , I l I"S
OF I /(N IN XA '))I H 1 11,I At
i s~' LXI IX t iNh
Zhu illit I lt hi
hut' o((i, 3 III
/i ll( sutllil'.
1 %t5 1966 19 T ca
a\('
'/Iti o iiil lit l i
3it i , ll ilit"
I9W5
B311. 13ii 1 3 ii1 . 31 p tI )1
52.6 $2.. 'i I. 19"' 2~ T.
5t t, 6
(it )
15.9
15,T 7
66.
9 1
5 6.7
55,:i
;5).9
$ 1 .
"92
M2.5
w(1 IT .2 G'i 5 S). 39 6I It0t12.1

New r
ISEASES airet',I fi re(Iiilnt Iv a iitii icTf w
tor ill the prodctitloll of p)eallN., thie most
juN t'Xtilfiltills of, NIwijiil t(,\\ f illgi-
citfeN 1(11lj iotro ofI peii ll ise~ases d)'t hiX I
s itX A(,i jelltili al Lf elr iIIIellt t Stattiot I
,iiie 1961. Peei I Scab. at f iliig iiN fI
caw. liaN ]oil(, bieenii amlajor factoi inl
hRi procftict io ii of Sl ccc',', Schl uv, -\lit
hlil) alit 1 othci ',c'ii) NIimccitile ai itie',.
111 1966 thet Stiliii t vi it vX \\it attacked
b\X ilt XX i ace of tlt( Scabf fuiiilNmdi it
is ~X 01CO lideci'icd Nle(' 1 tible.
W\itih the die\ c'iopiii' wit ofi elfliceliit iil-
of pe't-ii olchil(I for discatse aid ins'ect
ciiitio has iliNlecille at tiidiai d practic
inl Alabam~oa. Siiiiltimoils (cleN eimii t
oif, Iii~flil\ eflec tiX f ill)igic-itis li d ii iec-
fcXX ci ofl-vtals Noif lo\\ N lidiN.
\iII, Mobdile, .\ltahiga, mid \Ittiome
comuitiesN 1961- i) o967 iii a:3-\\-('(k- Schliltile
fio iiiilte April to cairl\ Septi'iihei.
fi dridce B rei('st ii i ripiiteiivitiii acetatte
) clildi ) prey (dilill t) weire applied
XX itil johin Betati Aiifliatt sprit 'iN.r Iliii
rileie uinibliiXXCI, tir Johnul liim fiX
drailIie spilveri '.fictidC Xetapld
iDiti \Xc'ic takenl fiii .3 tot 6 itfilecatedi
siiiglt tic ('plts pci ti-catuiicit edei \eair
iitetX ii AuisIt 25 aid September 4.
Scai data XX i t ciillcted tlsiil 50i giecli
Iinits Iim t iwha tie( cc liltie siiick-Npiit.
hiicidc ic' ii fccill I iseXcsC, filitit.
iilaik IX Nix l) its XX i ai tiii tililit Alititi
from 1964- 17. Pec iiNal a t XX X
cpfiih iiXtiltic iii 1965, awl \\ itsX icesliac
til Stuarit ptcims il ic966-67 fill thei first
tiiii ill Alabamalii~. IlteliltN cit 4 Xcii N
Xp-iii ofi11 i SiuccessX f)(i IX i til ill
URBAN L. DIENER and
A. J. LATHAM, Dept. of Botany
and Ptant Pathotogy
FRANK GARRETT, Dept. of
Agriculture and Industries
CitiiitX Stireet Oid ciliid ) Xitli il('X I111
i.Yiciclt. alt' gix cii iii Ttle I1. Nciii of
these :3 t liil \\asX I tiscti ctmmeiic al-
IX for pecil Xi)Ii axlug' ill 1N61. 13u istal,
" pi-cxiian Dttt XX\erel ill igiliX cfitctX
c ft Scab ctiiititii XX ieu appliedc
til t :3 XX cck Xclwdtillc'. Poi-iXI lii Pai ,itte
C , Kticiclc 101, antd 1 1)22 5 ('it\(c iiia Ic'
i1 1 itteco(ill ti ii it icil Xcait iiilllost ot
thesed t'Nfii ililtN. Fi cli tiit''e dalta it
tCi plcu
Buvt acli
L )iit\ (-
Stitut ipccim i Iccs lt Xcaii citrtit XXecut
Nimilar to till Ni rfi)re itcfor SlitccNN Nat-
i etX\ . Excclic it Scaib tiiiitil X %-i ts oittii'i
lin 1966i ioc 19671 li \iliitciivucv
11111~ it XX \lii'i LewXXiX pcdi tid'CN wXcie
X,I~t~Xccl XX itfi at II lii IC aic itSt-il0XXCi'
iti a 4-XX cc'k scilc'iiie. ItcNapplied
XXct fi ciii1.4-0)., 1i). foti hDitt'u and
fliestii mcidi 1.7 11). finr ( N huNT Ic'Nte
%r ltitii\\ I I I iiim IX-i IN Miiu IlI m \1 (66i67)
ijtlcwil that u'2 1i). IN, tilt. 111110011111(,I
fectiv IXc li sa gc of 1)11i tli it a lAX(v
Nciiecllcc [lie iiiici ltts 'N iXv be ittter
lic.XiIN oif 2 x citi N Xi ii 1) of' Stic c INN
glitcim oi~c~ i l iii XX\c IX olttciiiil'Mobile
(dOfCil disile cXX troii ~i %\sotil Xdl ce ilt
commeriti ciil mtiitiiil XX\it, obita~inedl tilN
XX itli ( X fii(N clod the ighert' rates iif w3
[XLi t. St XINiABtN 01i iiLii Y(I XBi COii hll, OF StA 0iiti SUCi t INN S f'FXN LA- u 'NI1
thu, APIi 1i XiIINNS Ai TI11111ii\\FE INilIX XIX IN BII\i\ iiXvi N ('o~' hff16467)
Full"'i( ill(.
Iiattu pti i (b iiifii Sca Itl.tOini lt ,i i~k
I )ott~ 0 . 3 05I 95.7 1 .5 0.2
I )lit,1 0.2 .16 S9.2 10(.2 6(1
t li 1pliN\Id 1 2.6 4 i.5 112 -)8.:
SStai llind\ 0i. noi will): L. tiacto 10 ( 2, 1 125'/r: :3, 26i 50r: 4, 51 -100(t,'
102 hit Cw3o 2113'Ii 1.2a\
2 1 _). 1 1) . S ( t 15 . 0.
2 0.:2 51,
3. 1t
66i.9
( I
27-1.6(
1.2
5.5
85.8
bl\iiXi leaf Sptt XX I icIk XXas le CXcud t ill
this i criai c. IDitcr cuntitlldli Xotitt imotld
ill most C'Xiicli iicilts. 'f'lit' adicitiiili cit 2
ii). Nillhil Sf 8 90)) lilt) gail. tof spi ap-l~
Ii i Nt'X ii ii~ra Iliitstciatii Sli; IX gaX t'
tiellt' auciiiol toft 1oii \ XXilisi C.
'fl Iit iiic(ti tticatX citXlini\lug iiki radis
til ii Xi cX c cpoiitil i iic \\iiaiiicii
fi'Th e (ii costs~ii o s X cill Ill('I i trachil l
tor iillct liltiXI Ctft'CiXtiXll XXd itf i.8 i
peti cide liiihXclci it itt Ijuti cii , mllre
tills and 1.1li h 11)1 gate. of (N piN dc.i
M:1I ilt i c c'k ti (liii l sci April li
mi'pti'iiltt'diuii e tos iii'ke i t .3 Nt'1)i.
9

THE ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE continues
to be the chief nematode pest of many
kinds of plants in the Southeastern
States. This is why there is so much
interest in all aspects of its life history
in seeking ways for its detection and
control.
As an example, the purpose of a new
service available from the Nematode
Analysis Laboratory at Auburn University
is to provide control recommendations
based on analysis of soil samples usually
collected in the fall and winter months
prior to spring planting. Accuracy of
diagnosis depends upon an understanding
of how the nematodes can overwinter,
namely: stages of life cycle, their
depths in the soil, and anticipated mortality
rates from surrounding causes. This
information is particularly important
when concerned with production of annual
host plants since such plants do
not provide living roots to harbor the
nematodes during winter such as occurs
with perennial hosts.
Editor's Note: See your County Extension
Chairman for complete information about
this service, instructions, and for mailing
containers.
At Auburn investigations of root-knot
nematode overwintering have been conducted
2 years in a field where the
ground was left bare following harvest
until spring planting. The findings have
been useful although they have not been
entirely as expected.
Series of soil samples at various depths
were made at intervals during winter up
to planting time in a set of field plots
providing uniform soil and root-knot disease
conditions. The soil is a sandy loam
overlying a hardpan at about a 24-in.
depth.
In the past only the infective larval
10
Overwinter Survival of
Root-Knot Nematodes
E. J. CAIRNS
Dept. of Botany and Plant Pathology
W. A. JOHNSON
Dept. of Horticulture
stage and males of root-knot nematodes
could be found in soils assayed, and
even though survival in other life history
stages was indicated, details could not
be obtained. Use of a recently developed
soil processing technique in connection
with standard processes enabled detection
of all stages of the nematode in this
study.
IUnder conditions that prevailed in the
field at Auburn, the cotton root-knot
nematode (Meloidogyne incognita acrita)
survived the winter at all depths down
to the hardpan. Infection of test plants
occurred, with larvae hatched and already
free in the soil and with other
larvae subsequently hatching from eggs.
The eggs remained together within the
gelatinous matrix-the whole structure
called the egg mass. Size of the egg
mass was found not to be a reliable
guide to the quantity of eggs contained.
Hatching was not induced by soaking
in water for as long as 10 days, after
which fungi frequently became apparent
on the egg mass under laboratory conditions.
If the eggs were released by dis-
rupting the matrix, some hatching occurred.
Perhaps in the field hatching is
regulated by factors in addition to moisture,
as is known for some of the cystnematodes
that are closely related to
the root-knot species.
It was surprising to discover that living
females persisted for such a length
of time in dead and decaying fragments
of roots, and in a few cases they contained
or produced viable eggs from
which larvae hatched and infected test
plants.
Another surprise was the survival of
infective larvae and egg masses in the
upper inch of soil. The greatest quantity
of males, larvae, and egg masses
was distributed in the upper 12 in. with
the top 6-in. layer generally containing
the greater quantity. Numbers were
reduced at depths below 12 in., with
only a few specimens being found at
the hardpan and none below.
The results of a current parallel study
in Oklahoma indicate overwintering survival
is only at the lower depths. Thus,
climatic differences may be important
in determining depth at which soil sampling
must be done during late fall and
winter months to detect this nematode.
The actual importance of this under
Alabama conditions is being checked in
locations ranging from north to south.
The results of the overwintering study
indicate that success of early planting
as a means to escape severe root-knot
disease development may depend on factors
influencing hatching as well as distribution
of surviving nematodes.
An immediate practical value of findings
to date is confirmation that when
soil samples are assayed for both larvae
and egg masses a closer relationship results
between the analysis and root-knot
disease prediction. The question of how
deep to take the samples in different
climatic areas now has to be answered.
OVERWINTERING STAGES

S WEETGUM is one of the most important
southern hardwoods. It is currently
receiving the attention of research foresters
who, are studying ways to develop
and grow trees having higher growth
rates and better quality wood. Knowledge
of variation existing in wood is
basic to the production of better trees.
Samples for studying wood characteristics
were collected from 5 trees in each
of 87 plots located in Alabama, see
figure. Two 10-mm. cores consisting of
wood extending from the pith to the
bark were removed from each tree at
breast height (4.5 ft.). Variables measured
were: diameter, total age, percentage
of colored heartwood based on years
as well as inches, length of each of the
first four 10-year growth intervals from
the pith, and the specific gravity of
each of these intervals.
To determine whether broad measures
of environment were significant
sources of variation in the wood variables,
analyses were made so that differences
between degrees of latitude,
physiographic regions, and rainfall areas
were tested. These classifications are delineated
in the figure and means of the
variables are presented in the table.
Generally, these broad categories accounted
for only a small portion of the
total variation in any given wood characteristic.
But specific gravity and growth
Plot locations, physiographic regions, rain- o 0 0
fall areas, and latitudes included in the
study of wood variation in sweetgum in Ala- 10
bama. 0
0 . o 0
0s 0. 0 o
rate of wood formed during the first
20 years growth from the pith at breast
height can be expected to vary with the
broad measures of environment studied.
-
o0 0
o o
While radial growth rate decreased, specific
gravity increased from the southern
to the northern portion of the state.
0
o
Specific gravity and growth rate of wood
21-40 years from the pith and the pro-"0
a o
portion of colored heartwood do not vary
to any degree between the broad meas-0
ures of environment.REGION
. o
Correlations between all possible com-LatitudeLine
binations of all variables were calculated.
There was only a low correlation be-0o ... a
tween specific gravity and growth rate, .
R..... A. Boday
VARIATION of WOOD CHARACTERISTIKCS
of SWEETGUM
A. GENE HUNTER and JAMES F. GOGGANS
Department of Forestry
indicating that growth rate had little influence
on specific gravity.
MEAN VALUES OF VARIABLES STUDIED IN SwEETGUM AVERAGING
46 YEARS OF AGE IN ALABAMA
Colored Colored
Classification heart- heartof
data wood wood
years inches
Latitudes
320
33 - ......
340
35-
Length of intervals Specific gravity of intervals
0-10 : 11-20 21-30 : 31-40 : 0-10 : 11-20 : 21-30 31-40
Pct. Pct. In. In. In. In.
18.4
18.1
18.9
20.7
25.1
19.4
20.4
17.5
16.2
20.8
2.20
2.23
2.07
1.65
1.68
1.93
1.99
1.98
1.66
1.69
1.39
1.42
1.48
1.30
1.28
1.18
1.02
1.07
1.07
1.06
.463
.474
.473
.482
.482
.477
.491
.488
.494
.502
.484
.490
.489
.492
.500
.483
.492
.489
.489
.501
In sweetgum a definite zone of juvenile
wood or core wood was found within
the first 10 annual rings from the
pith. But the small difference between
juvenile and mature wood is probably
not important enough to justify any
change in current industrial procurement
practices or usage of sweetgum.
Relationships between the percentages
of colored heartwood and other variables
appeared to be of little value in
accounting for the variation in percentage
of colored heartwood. But 10% of
the trees sampled were 36 years of age
or older at breast height and showed
no colored heartwood formation.
Physiographic
Regions
Undulating
Coastal Plain 15.0 17.1 2.50 2.13 1.56 1.18 .462 .473 .483 .483
Of the total variation found for any
single variable measured, most was a
Hilly
Coastal Plain 19.1 19.1 2.02 1.88 1.39 1.07 .469 .487 .488 .488
result of variation between plots and
between trees within plots. Variation
Piedmont------ 18.0 18.1 2.38 2.13 1.49 1.05 .474 .489 .488 .498 between trees within plots interests the
Ridge and
Valley-------- 21.5 18.4 1.76 1.72 1.31 1.06 .483 .496 .494 .491
forest geneticist using individual tree selection,
for this variation can indicate
Rainfall Areas
Southeastern
Alabama...... 20.9 22.1 2.08 1.86 1.36 1.09 .470 .489 .490 .488
the presence of important amounts of
genetic variation. The large betweentree
variation found in specific gravity
Southwestern and percentage of colored heartwood
Alabama ------------ 16.0 16.7 2.30 2.09 1.49 1.11 .470 .483 .487 .490 suggests that enough genetic variation
Northern exists in sweetgum to warrant improve-
Alabama...... 20.8 17.7 1.79 1.75 1.34 1.06 .479 .492 .490 .490 ment in these characteristics through
Mean (-)------ 19.4 18.5 2.03 1.88 1.39 1.08 .473 .489 .490 .490 breeding programs.
11

Direct-Cut vs. Wilted Sorghum-Sudan Silage for Dairy Cows
iiiiiui ii~ xix r IS ix nriiiiii iii i l n~ i txtc cotea xIig il t
ccx x tcrii t c i ge ii ici ases prol ems x ii f h andiliing,
seepage. anid xilo piresures, 111(1 '~ciuiaiix re'xltx ili ll-
pr'edic't able fecrii'li t at (oil .
Oile iplitalli toi ox c oililig pi iiliii x iih fiighiililoixtine
silaige is to xxilt the forage biefoiie etisiliuig. Tis prot'tiiire
xx\is ex ai ated( iii -x ear texts x athIle B(1lick Belt
Silixstatioi, \lauiou ftiiictiiii. AX itiliexcltitix t xuridiinxlidiaii
lix li id(l ticKalli SX- I I ax ixiiit( tliictct 'it and
xxilitedh tii ('1)111pare for age pireserv ation i.' cia icaii ciompioixitioin.
xilage i ake, i idi milk pr1oducitioni.
Forageits xx a iixextell ill tue p)rc-f calf xtagc each x t'ai
aili 42 tdiys after xeediiig. Ntaijxx iited foirage xx\as tiiict-
('lit xx itii a foragt ill 1rxesteir. Tiiat toi iie xx ited xxax('its xx iti
a1 iuoxx 11 ctiilditiicd xxitli at xtenil-l'i ckiiig, iiaciiu, iiiti
iloxx ef to xx-lit iii tlie xxx .tii abotit 24 hoiii xbieftore liii
xx iiitiroxx d ainid ciiopped. Aul foragex xx\cue eniixied iii 1 5-tiii
cehperiiicu l tx p1' ttixxer silox.
Dilelt -('lt or xxwiltedf xii ag(x xxl fet tid ax thle oiiiii fill a(
to iactaltiiig daifix l'iixx ill 6-xxeek fee~diug tialis eacfi xii
rate of 1 lb. for (eacii 3 Uii. of 1CM (4% fat colrrectedll, n1
proue i')(t('' il lx \ iiiiing ai prii ii ,r per iodx thiiat pr'c.edeid
eachl fi't'diuig trial.
MIoixtuire' iiteiit tof' dilect-clit siiagex fe't tin lg tile fiii
tl'xtx axveiagt't 828..T, ax colmpar ed xx ith 66.4/, for xx iltimi
siiages. Differeiices iiiliomostuire 'onttent sfioxxc i p iii xtiii
.1 ge capaci1(1tyN of I' xi iloxs. Appiroximia tely 20'7 niore f iiia'(
iii'x\ miattt xx\ax stiiretf per xilo xx l xxilted.
F'oirigie pr'eervationlit ii (e silo xxas simiilar for both tre'at-
JA. LITTLE, G. H. ROLLINS, and G. E. HAWKINS, Deportment of Dairy Science
LA. SMITH anid H. W. GRIMES, Block Bel Substation
Different appearance of wilted (left) and direct-cut-sorghumsudlan
is illustrated by these two samples of the test silages.
I(11(5, xx itli oo s.ikwe iigl(cloict aix i.giiig YU and 78.71
b_\ \\hc 11(1(lixiletI dfi inatti'iwa xxll'ost.
Nso xi'ic).ge losses' OCICii i cci fi'oio \\ iitt-' sihiiet' blt diirectcult
toiar .it'dxeiagt'tl loxiig~ :3.5% oit toltal eiixiii'il tlix mattei
Jlx xICT'lpgt. Iii addfitioi. setpage c'iealtedan ii licdxaiit, fold
xlici'ilii odoir ill \ ic.iiiit\ of, the silosx. Ave (rage lossesx fro
lpoilage aiid teri'iicitatioii x tie Iliglici (or- tiht XX iltt't ( tatmiiit
tliaii f'or dii'i'(t ('lt silage, bult (bicieii.cx vlied allillg
D~ata ill tile tallt silo\\ that ax ci .igt dlliical (ililiplxi-
fibe ci hut of iri tct ilr \\ag' xas liigiici tiiaii thaut of
clii iespoiiinig xx iittd xiiLigi' ceh xca'. Th'is 1iitiiuii ire-
xi iltcd houuii loss ofi soillt solile nuitrieiits ii st'epligt ii oi
iii tll di'('t ('lt foiages fpiiiiaibi\ hi11 liii SoilclIitaili il t ioi i at
Iiurt' es Tota ag d igestilglitri iilt olxxlito diict'i. tsi
Siiagc cotuiiiiptiiiui ))x ('1o\\ s oii boithi iatitil Is wxas loxx . Iltake
tif xx ilted liii agfe (fiN, matter pei cwxt. averIagedl 14.4%
"rIeatei thiaii lt diiect-('lt xilag(. Nix ertliuliss, cto\xx con-ii
slimedf about tile, xie tital duixetilli fotiiirg 1iutuii'its iajix
froll each of tit' xliagres.
Daily F( A productioni pci (-ox% xxI, ab loutl ciflal oil (lilcttit
aiid xx ilted xiluigts, as xiioxx o in tlie talble. Pcrsixteljil. xoti
1 )rodlictii w xax io\x foir ci\% ixxxed( cdcli f~ra gi'.
Besults ot the Black Belt xtticx iiiducatc that hia titilg
tiairv ctixxs p'rftii equalix xxcii oii tii lt ('lt iii xx ilted
xt1,rgbtbo) sldaiixiac iiixxre cx er,~cI 10gbl I)iiitii'iiig I'ilxx do it
iot miniitaiii a xlitisfto ii x ie lcei of ilk pliothlctioli xx ell
citiuci foiNll of xiii gliiii-xilitll Siiage ix the iiuiix forageV.
W\iltiiig hefor i'tiixiio t'iitiatix si'c(1)agi' Midf ilicicaxex
dix illittil xttfl'.gt ('aipa(itx o
tilois. Ouil the ttici iuaiid.
ttiiial i li( aiit
t:auo age.
l iill iit ail Ii ill caxex ciaiiccx of xx iathl'
Siiice ('uoxx x pci f iimcd ci~iiaix \x\(T oii tit( txx i siiagex.
faiitiii xoithiei (hll lloti itioiiai xsitoiid he' the Iasix fior t'liliiiiig
I iutxx tli iliccl ci it ii ll \\xii till( g mithii ds.
Coillpositio
SiLwiua IY )\ b11 -is i
I'i I. J'ict,
t)ui r uit 9. 4 1. T
Al t'xx t. FV ri sclist
ilai IiC
P'ct. P0.I
7A 55I
1).1 52.6
Lb 1. Lb. Pcit.
.32~ :12. 82.9
1.t 2.:3 8:3.8
'Ml, (11\ illattcl CP, urildc ploteill: CF, (.111de fibt.l: Iild
TI)N, total digcstibic lititricilts.

C O-Xxl L BUl' ie(\i( I) XI1ASS' (all bie estalishe il II)11(1Iid-ile
troml miature 0 re c~0l lipp)ingii 1 s 1eadih115 its 010i pilallto
U.se of tis productivelo 0 f\ 0 ae tirop Ihas pob ) al 1 \ ( I I
lim ite b'i i the necliot N of' li m vege 0('tativ 1 ma dterials I spi Igx
for estab~ilihent. Plaiitiiig green elippimgx offlers all addIi
tionial metotd that ilav 1be bettei- suitedl to some1 1,110 ill i
tiolis than) 5111iia plantinig. (.iel 00t ippllas are( ealsilv 1)111)1('
I sio~ usua 05,1fari inii 11erv
P lailtillg C oastal ('lii)1ili.r \\'axits pobialy first tie ()i i
fieold tsi sx ill Alabli iiil sex oral \ ears ago( at tile U pperF Cit), ll
Plailn Subs~tationl, \\ iifielti. Sincee thenl iluuelotx groxxIi
h1ave0x uct's lul lx estal li C
10( oaxstIIl by spreadhin g it-exi i
ciut clippingx oil lieplarel hold anid diskilng ilto) tie soil.
A citical i comiparisonl of t11e clippingl mlethlod wxithi plaitimxpr
igs \\-iaxineeded, anld tour tests wer 01 otaliliedi iix 23
196:3, jukx 17, 1961, and August 5, 196.5, at the Loxxe
Coastal Plainl Suilstatlllll, (Camdenl; Midt tulY 11, 1963, at till
P1l1ant Breeding U~nit, lallaxxee. These testx comuparedI ('1)1
xei itionaIl sprigginig, Ii xk ill g ill xl 11i gx andi tiskinIg ill grol
clippillgs.
AllI texts wer o10 s)11 x 11151oilll soils th at had been 1i leh
allt fertilizedi a11co01dingl to xol text recoimmend (ationsx ail1
tilled( to p)rov ide at goodt steedbed. Planltin~gs weroe made11 whe1n1
xoiil moixstiure \\ias go od, uim il Irexilikx dug xpriu gx 11 d fr Iesh
ciippf)igx cutlit ita sickle-hai- mower. Clippiligs we re froml
,"raxx that wxax 8 we teks ol1( ori older, xs) tha~t eatch stein
pini)gs from1 yn11g gralss conin II1 fewx itox aiid( are to)o
telldei for Ilse ats p lal itill g ma ,terial.
Raltes (if xprigs uixed wxeire I per sxq. ft.. I for eachl 2 stl
it., and I pei 4 sq. ft. (tile usual sprigging rate). Spiigs
in1g. Gree ecu lipp~inlgs at ritt'x (if 5,20)0, 2,600 ,Illd 1,391) li).
per ac(re' xxere spread aind dixked inlto the soil. Thlese rates
xxere c 0111:1 to 1, 12, Mid1 ' 4 tOil Of t aV per acire, aild well'
comlparab le ill xvalut' to tcost of' tile tillee( raltex of spiigs.
After plantinlg, tile test ar1e1ax \\i,, tcltipat'ke1 an1d iitormixy
ti eitted xxithit ahlerbiide to (hilol xw eedx. Evlx tia-
EFi~iiu oI AIE ANDl N11,i111hl)01O PLAi.NGl ON YlIA-i A NI,
Si xNOl OF COASTxl xi lxll lI~l.15x Lo\\ Ill1 (OAxxl, 1 PSIN
St-li(iAON AN) P1'i \ R1EEDiIN, ['\NI 1961:3-66
('Iippiii gs dIisked ill
5,2011) ).1 1
1,300~ lb./acli
Spr~igs disked iii
4 3,5601 igs acre1(1
1ll,890 T '-s ;t(lV
Sprigs ill rowvs
4:3,56011 i_, l'' l UI
21,7801 xpli 10 s lol
I11.8911 si igx /,lc('
First hill\est, Sc(-ond harxest
Dri\
Illat II I
ill 1(.
Standl
a\ Ill'')
2,852 it 11
2,061t (l 65
1,59-4 c 52
1360( ab1
I 7111
1,5(64
2.,71:3 t
2.37 8 ill)
2,5 tIbc)
I )i x
ill,1 t i I (I,
1))r iiere
1, 1).
Stt(]l
it\ t i90
"('I.
:3,925 at 1001
3, 6 06 ill) 99
:3,736S 1 98
:3,52 1 abh 98
1.3: 1 (b 90l
4,0017 i
:3,829 i
.31774 it
' Fir.,t him-cst aftei (- titblishinunt \vas oot until t1w follo\Nill'-'
for tIllv(' of tit(' four tests.
Ali\ kw follo\N( (I b% tll(, qtlllt, 1(,tt(,] ill(, (.on-
Si(jered equaL tllo"(, not Iollo\k(4 b\ the silille 1('tt('I* [( present
diffelvilues resultiligy front the exp(-riniental tlVZttTnC1ltS.
99
98
97
MID-SUMMER ESTABLISHMENT
OF COASTAL BERMUDAGRASS
C. COOPER KING, JR. Dept. of Agronomy and Soils
R. M. PATTERSON, Research Data Analysis
V. L. BROWN, Lower Coastal Plain Substation
JORDAN LANGFORD, Plant Breeding Unit
Ti tatinlei It difi orei (ox shioxnI ill the tal dtxei e motst evi-
dlew Ittie firs t harv xest aftter estali shment111, xwhith xxas niot
1Iiitl tile foil oxwillg sprI g for tille 0 lthtie o' foiur teosts. At
tcomiiparabllle ialtt5 a111 thlree meitthod(s xxert' equally effettive
ill estalihinig i1 stild, xxithl (,1 excepltion. At the initer-
Il 'niedate ra,1 sprigs disxked l i'i 0er illfIerioir to sprii gs p1 lln'ld
ii) lxx s.
effetct oiIl rormlance at timelt oif first lharvxest. The Ilhigh ralte
x\,its suipeirior to tilt in termeildiailt' anlIowx Irate's fol aI ll It-
it)g miethodits, excep)t xx]tll sp~rigs xxere planltedi ill rowsx tilt
Alixalltilge of' tinig tiie hlighl rate oif pliiltilg iilterili
hv forii 11N' eit and1( staill estjimates. Byx tis timiie oilkl the(
p 1 eteiv oxvercoime its ealiher pol- ieorm011anceU.
Slit' geiiea l0:11ack oi' planiltillg ile0thod ifl i i ie aIt'lt till
firs t 1111rve(st xxals also1 evitdent lit setcod itcutting1. 'No differ'i
planltinlg. AXt tihis ralte, silligs pilantedi ill rows ioituitet mioiie
illen t we re t'(uailkx teffe(ctive0, pilaiitill g lat thiiis 50115011 is inolt
preferried oiver spi ilg t'stabilishmiient xxithI sprigs. Deia' ti
planI t inIg lowxers toltal piroducitioni du~lrinlg th11 first seastonI ail1(
IMo(isxtuie o nOidIlit ions arIe uixull less favorab1 ll' dIuriniig m11itslim
il er thanll ill early sprinlg.
Results oif tile studies itdentify thrt'e miajor findinlgs:
(1) Coalstal bruidagrllss il
cill lie extail i lequa( 111ly wvell
lli) iid xiii )ei xxe] Iioistur ml' ii s ampl b1011 lis kin1g ii glee ii
clippinlgs, dlisking ill sprigs, 01 planltilig 'spigs ill rxxws,
(2) T1ht' high 11110 (If eachli ethot] prodlutted stand~ts lloist
I 111 id1X ' is reflected b,. yiteld lat first halrvestx.
(:3) All raIttes studliedl producitetd goodi stands(1, 90% oir btte(',
alld Ill Il0lY e weI' x(re 0e1u1a1 fiX time( (if 5000111 11alrvest.

Preplant Herbicides
for Sweetpotatoes
W. A. JOHNSON, H. J. AMLING, and
J. L. Turner, Department of Horticulture
M. H. HOLLINGSWORTH.
North Alabama Horticulture Substation
R ESEARCH WITH HERBICIDES for weed
control in sweetpotatoes in the past has
dealt with post-plant applications.
For these to be effective they have
to be applied on freshly prepared soil
before emergence of weed seedlings. It:
is also necessary that ample moisture be
present for activation. Good weed control
is not always possible from postplant
applications, especially with volatile
type herbicides, under droughty
conditions. During sweetpotato planting
season, April 20 through May 30 at
Auburn, there have been 15 drought
periods ranging from 2-4 weeks during
the last 10 years. During these periods
an average less than 3/ in. of rain fell.
A similar condition existed in most areas
of Alabama.
To offset effects of dry periods and
other difficulties of post-plant application,
the preplant applications of herbicides
are being emphasized, especially
the volative types incorporated into the
soil. Two effective methods of application
are: ' (1) bed over and (2) broadcast
and bed. Neither method of application
requires any special equipment.
The bed over method, like the postplant
application, requires an extra trip
over field for applying the herbicide.
With the broadcast and bed method,
the herbicides can be applied when rows
are bedded by placing spray nozzles
ahead of bedding equipment.
Studies with preplant and post-plant
methods were made in 1962-64 using
Eptam and Vernam at 2,3,4 and 6 lb.
per acre rates on broadcast basis in a
14-in. band for the bed over method.
For broadcast and bedded method, 1.0
..and 1.5 lb. rates were used. In these
:studies yields were equal to the hoed
check. Good to excellent weed control
was obtained from 4 and 6-lb. rates
when the bed over method was used
and from the 1.5 lb. rate using the
broadcast and bedded method. The 1.5lb.
rate broadcast amounts to approximately
3 lb. actual in the bedded row
since middles are turned into the row
in bed preparation.
Shown in No. 1 is soil flat broke and disked
early. No. 2 herbicide broadcast width of
row and No. 3 fertilizer applied and row
bedding.
During the past 2 years the broadcast
and bedded method of application has
been used to study rates and effects of
certain herbicides. Results are given in
the table. Highest yields were obtained
from 1.5 lb. per acre of Vernam and
Eptam. When rates were increased above
1.5 lb., yields were slightly depressed
except for the 3-lb. rate of Vernam at
Cullman that produced the highest yield.
At all rates weed control was good to
excellent.
A new herbicide, Ordram, looks promising
in tests. Yields for 2 years study
at rates of 4.0 and 6.0 lb. per acre were
equal or in excess of those from the
hoed check; weed control was excellent.
The predominant weed in these studies
was crabgrass (Digitaria spp.). There
were some pigweed and Florida pusley;
these were satisfactorily controlled by
herbicides used. During 1967 there was
a considerable amount of new grass,
Broadleaf signal grass (Brachiaria platyphylla),
which is becoming widely
spread. As shown by rating for control
in the table, Vernam at 1.5 and 2.0 lb.
gave fairly good control but Eptam gave
best control. In field tests both Vernam
and Eptam gave good control of
nutsedge (Cyperus spp.) and coffeeweed
(Daubentonia texane) in the treated area.
Vernam has label clearance for using
preplant and Eptam and Ordram will
likely have label clearance soon.
EFFECT OF SEVERAL HERBICIDES APPLIED PRE-PLANT BROADCAST AND INCORPORATED ON WEED CONTROL
AND ON YIELD OF SwEETPOTATOES
broaderbicides,
and beddedacre
Total yields at Auburn Per
__broadcast
at
Vernam
Vernam ------
Vernam --------
Vernam
Eptam -
Eptam ---------
Eptam ------- --
Eptam .........
Ordram
Ordram
Ordram
Check, hoed
Check, not hoed
14
Kind Rate/a 1964 1965 1966 1967 Cullman
Lb. Bu. Bu. Bu. Bu.
1966
Bu.
1.0
1.5
2.0
3.0
230
275
617
658
395
299
324
522
425
895
531
483
540
1.0
1.5
2.0
3.0
2.0
4.0.
6.0
usrr rrs~ss r ~s~
1 . _ VULCIIIIVU **CIU IIV111 I LCIIU V ~V ILI
240 669
245 614 363 543
647 296 508
318 480
227 529
.381 578
596
271 660 352 472
221 552 127 135
'Wee coto aig owe oto;1 opeecnrl
Weed control rating: 0 - no weed control; 10 - complete control.
2 Vigor rating: 0- no growth; 10 - excellent growth.
513
532
Weed control rating 1
Crabgrass Broad-
1964 1965 1966 1967 leaf
signal
grass
1967
9.6 8.4
9.6
9.4
9.7 8.1
9.7 8.6
9.1
8.9
9.3
9.4
9.0
9.6
9.5
6.9
8.7
9.6
9.9
9.9
9.9
10.0
10.0
9.7
10.0
10.0
8.0
7.7
8.7
9.0
9.6
9.7
9.7
9.7
10.0
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
CrabgrassCullman
1967
'I
9.4 9.9
9.9
9.9
9.8
9.8
Vigor,
rating
1966 1967
9.4 9.7
9.0 9.4
8.8 9.5
9.0 9.6
8.4 9.3
8.6 8.9
9.1 10.0
9.8 9.9
9.8
9.5 10.0

H IGHLIGHTS with this issue enters its
15th year of publication. It was established
in 1954 for the purpose of reporting
results of research by the Agricultural
Experiment Station to Alabama
farm families, agriculturally based business,
and industry.
Animal Science
CARCASS DIFFERENCES PINPOINTED BY
FEDERAL YIELD GRADING-Huffman and
Collins. Vol. 14, No. 1 1967.
EFFECTS OF FEEDING INSECTICIDE-SALT
MIXTURES TO STEERS-Brown and Hays.
Vol. 14, No. 2. 1967.
EVALUATION OF UREA-CONTAINING SI-
LAGES-Harris, Anthony, and Brown. Vol.
14, No. 2. 1967.
MANAGEMENT OF BEEF CATTLE IN CON-
FINEMENT-Harris, Anthony, and Brown.
Vol. 14, No. 3. 1967.
RELATIONSHIP OF PERFORMANCE RECORDS
TO SALE PRICE OF TESTED BULLs-Patterson
and McGuire. Vol. 14, No. 2. 1967.
SELF-FEEDING A FAT-CONTAINING MIX-
TURE TO STEERS GRAZING COASTAL BER-
MUDA-Harris, Anthony, and Brown. Vol.
14, No. 1. 1967.
WORMING COMPOUNDS FOR HOGs-Tucker
and Gissendanner. Vol. 14, No. 3. 1967.
Consumer Economics
CONSUMERS NEED MARKETING INFORMA-
TION Too-Hammett. Vol. 14, No. 1. 1967.
HOMEMAKERS' MEAT PREFERENCES FOR
SPECIAL MEALs-Hammett. Vol. 14, No.
4. 1967.
Dairy Science
EIGHT GRADE A HERDS USED IN DAIRY
RESEARCH BY AUBURN EXPERIMENT STA-
TION-Blackstone and Autrey. Vol. 14, No.
1. 1967.
FoR GOOD MILK PRODUCTION FEED HIGH
LEVELS OF CONCENTRATES WITH COASTAL-
Little, Rollins, and Mayton. Vol. 14, No.
4. 1967.
GROUP FEEDING OF CONCENTRATES TO
MILKING DAIRY Cows-Hawkins. Vol. 14,
No. 3. 1967.
LABOR-A PROBLEM ON ALABAMA DAIRY
FARMs-Autrey. Vol. 14, No. 3. 1967.
WHAT CAUSES FAT Loss WHEN COWS
ARE FED PELLETED CONCENTRATES?-Hawkins.
Vol. 14, No. 4. 1967.
Farm Economics
ALABAMA'S FEED GRAIN DEFICIT SITUA-
TIoN-Hurst. Vol. 14, No. 2. 1967.
ARE ALABAMA MILK SUPPLIES ADEQUATE
TO MEET DEMAND?-Wilson. Vol. 14, No.
2. 1967.
index to Articles Published in
HIGH-ILIGHTS of Agricultural Research
1967
Early issues were 8-page editions. To
meet demand, the quarterly was doubled
in size and increased to 10,000 copies.
If you do not keep a file of Highlights,
please share your copy with neighbors.
Listed below are the articles published
in last year's four issues.
CHANGING PATTERN OF FARM EXPENSES
-Yeager. Vol. 14, No. 1. 1967.
CONDEMNATION OF BROILERS MEANS Loss
IN VALUE-White. Vol. 14, No. 3. 1967.
HIGH INTEREST RATE PAID ON DURABLE
GOODs-Miller. Vol. 14, No. 2. 1967.
MARKETING AND STORAGE FACILITIES
NEEDED BY STATE SOYBEAN INDUSTRY-
Yeager and Rollo. Vol. 14, No. 3. 1967.
PROPER COTTON HARVESTING PRESERVES
LINT QUALITY-Hurst. Vol. 14, No. 3.
1967.
STATE CONTROL OF MILK PRICES-Wilson.
Vol. 14, No. 3. 1967.
Farm Machinery
FARM MACHINERY SAFETY-Renoll. Vol.
14, No. 3. 1967.
INCORPORATING HERBICIDES GIVES GOOD
RESULTS-Dumas. Vol. 14, No. 4. 1967.
PICKER VERSUS STRIPPER HARVESTING OF
CoTToN-Corley and Kirk. Vol. 14, No. 3.
1967.
Field Crops
ANNUAL GRASS - CLOVER MIXTURES FOR
WINTER GRAzING-Hoveland, Glaze, Richardson,
Langford, and Bertram. Vol. 14,
No. 3. 1967.
BROADCAST SEED FOR BEST SERICEA
STANDS-Patterson, Donnelly, and Gantt.
Vol. 14, No. 1. 1967.
HIGH HUMIDITY DURING BOLL OPENING
LOWERS QUALITY OF COTTONSEED-Woodruff,
Hoveland, and McCain. Vol. 14, No.
2. 1967.
SEED GERMINATION AND VIGOR OF LE-
GUMES MAY BE REDUCED BY WEED RESI-
DUES-Bieber and Hoveland. Vol. 14, No.
4. 1967.
SERALA SERICEA AS A GRAZING CROP FOR
BEEF CATTLE-Anthony, Harris, Hoveland,
Mayton, and Boseck. Vol. 14, No. 4. 1967.
SOIL COMPACTION OFTEN LIMITS COTTON
YIELDS IN ALABAMA-Lund. Vol. 14, No.
4. 1967.
SOIL INOCULANTS FAIL TO IMPROVE CROP
PRODUCTIoN-Hilthold and Cope. Vol. 14,
No. 4. 1967.
Fertilization
SOIL CALCIUM AND ROOT GROWTH-
Adams. Vol. 14, No. 1. 1967.
Forestry
REESTABLISHING FOREST STANDS IN UP-
PER COASTAL PLAIN-Garin. Vol. 14, No. 3.
1967.
RESPONSE OF SLASH PINE TO SLOWLY
AVAILABLE FERTILIZER-Carter and White.
Vol. 14, No. 4. 1967.
SCARIFICATION AIDS NATURAL PINE RE-
GENERATION IN UPLAND BOTTOMS-Whipple.
Vol. 14, No. 2. 1967.
Fruits and Vegetables
ATKINSON, A NEW TOMATO VARIETY--
Greenleaf and McGraw. Vol. 14, No. 1.
1967.
BREEDING SOUTHERN PEAS FOR MACHINE
HARVEST-JoneS. Vol. 14, No. 2. 1967.
EFFECT OF POULTRY MANURE ON TOMA-
TO PRODUCTION-Johnson and Ware. Vol.
14, No. 2. 1967.
Insects and Controls
CONTROL OF LESSER CORNSTALK BORER
AND COWPEA CURCULIO ON SOUTHERN FIELD
PEAS-Bass and Canerday. Vol. 14, No.
2. 1967.
SEX ATTRACTANT FOR INSECTs-Berger.
Vol. 14, No. 4. 1967.
THE ALFALFA WEEVIL AND ITS CONTROL
-Bass. Vol. 14, No. 1. 1967.
Plant Diseases
COWPEA VIRUSES IN ALABAMA-Harrison
and Gudauskas. Vol. 14, No. 4. 1967.
HERBICIDES AFFECT GROWTH OF ROOT
DISEASE FUNGUs-Rodriguez-Kabana, Curl,
and Funderburk. Vol. 14, No. 2. 1967.
LAWN GRASS DISEASE CONTROL-Lyle.
Vol. 14, No. 1. 1967.
REACTIONS OF SMALL GRAINS TO Dis-
EASES-Gudauskas. Vol. 14, No. 3. 1967.
Poultry Science
A NEW DRUG FOR CONTROLLING COC-
CIDIOSIS IN CHICKENS-Edgar and Flanagan.
Vol. 14, No. 2. 1967.
CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT-NEW AVE-
NUE TO PREVENTING POULTRY DISEASES-
King. Vol. 14, No. 4. 1967.
Weed Control
CONTROLLING NUTGRASS (NUTSEDGE) IN
LAWNs-Sturkie. Vol. 14, No. 1. 1967.
CONTROLLING WOLFTAIL IN PASTURES-
Burns and Buchanan. Vol. 14, No. 2. 1967.
WHAT IS STATUS OF COTTON WEED CON-
TROL WITH HERBICIDES?-Buchanan. Vol.
14, No. 1. 1967.
Wildlife
DEVELOPMENT OF GOOD QUAIL HABITAT
IN PIEDMONT PINE WooDs-Speake. Vol.
14, No. 4. 1967.
Miscellaneous
ICAL PROPERTIES OF BLACK BELT SOILS IN
DEALERS' KNOWLEDGE OF PESTICIDES-
Dunkelberger and Johnson. Vol. 14, No. 1.
How FAT IS FAT?-Prather. Vol. 14,
No. 8. 1967.
INDEX TO ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN HIGH-
LIGHTS OF AGRICULTURAL
Vol. 14, No. 1. 1967.
RESEARCH, 1966.
15

DELAYING, NAA'' TIlY
BROILER BREEDERS
I Ill. i 'ii. I iitSm Ni -N
it clelit vs iiiatii
ts of his broiler brteders caii itin iii
seN cral w5aNs.
Diiiilfog tlu last 5 \c ars, at setic of'
cpiiiiciits hs Auiihi it Uici-sits .\,i-i
ciiltuiial Lxpe'iiitii Statitn has t't'I I
dlii ssitli bro iflerl. eecleis to a~scei tafii
t'e best iiletiloi' ill Iaisiiig sluch li, cs
ftor till t'ffjuieiics Since brioiler hu'ilt'ir
ill*( kept for it(' pl p-po' (of pris iti
salale chicks, all] tlitr factors ins ilscc
werte iice secot tial
lI is tstii4,atot s ilseiss l il hs s iiaiti'u
sshstuiis tit u aioo lodelt'
1
ot'cders Its
iiigF suchl it idlexts as h ols s c\ialit, ('cr(2
tire s of itlo ti ii' w t. Iloss us ii. little
resear ch has 1 i'ti tlit oii pi liltictiti I
ot salale chicks as aiffected hs fviiwft.
tN i(lc'iit tlhat clli ugtatit its itbroiiler
lirtteerssithiti hllit" lueillofic a iil itstilts.
Io tit istitict', t'ai Is 'gs fIi bi i s
oilI 11111 feed clinig diR, griussi l,, period
wereit simall aid ,Sl 'iltel ililest ,i(id
it stait of, las\, liilsk oii thet( eslict etl
diet thuritig tIt' g (TIs ii ig peiriodl
siluieIless Iced ii [the lilis fog lent ,
,iittl, thin i'tri' s\er ' mo iire elf ititit
Earls c\pc'titittits ailsio dc'iiiiisti attil
that feetd test) ictioi lii diig [it('ltsoi
per'tiod~ \\it's lot itls sile. It \\its ils
shoissi thiat hitrds raisted clIiiii i [lit] he
couild havuse thir iiiiiiits chilaved be hst
bv i isti ictili tle [lit'tlt to T77, iif that
iit iialls eateitifi duim [tic pc't w iol S
to 21 \\ ccks iol ite, or Its sthjtctitig tIt(
lIlt cs [oita dcliiI igw lighIt schelli' uior.
tnlialx t'vseperfeuicucl a tt that time of t
car.i
spi itihatched hi',is sbh c'c'cl d chis
~il lighlt resti ictitni tivttun ts tol oltafii
tlic' bc'st ir'sults.
J. R. HO0W ES- and G. J. COTTIER
Department of Poutriy Science
Ill it'strfctiili pli illus, it \\its fiitiocl
tha~t tile ts pi' of' litter il \\ lifuli thei
bfidcs \\ss t ( '~ p laice'd ssas fiilpiltaii sinice it
could culijtiittc to dciursv intake inl
somel( iiistiiicc's. ('atttillabltisiis\\ias ri atc'l
('iisii'soi\ iii '\t iiilii', 1, .iio ro DFi,_\1 \tsit it% 1\ Iti%\ sss thu imit Pt iiiis t li 67
\li ttI oil ii)lils fog
Iltii'its
2I . IoIIIrI ~ ut ill c't'ilig,
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.5(K fit
6. ('orui) ilithitis, \situiosil
0.0 t' incilioii i
Full t tljg (,\s i r t d l. iii ( \
( t it ittil oats -16 7
AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION
AUBURN UNIVERSITY
AUBURN, ALABAMA 36830
E V. Smith, Director
PUBLICATION -Highlights of
Agricultural Research 2 68 IOM
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POSTAGE PAID
US. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE