ST HOUR - Winston Churchill

ST HOURAutumn 1997 • Number 96furchill Center and International Churchill Societies

THE CHURCHILL CENTERTHE INTERNATIONAL CHURCHILL SOCIETIESAUSTRALIA • CANADA • UNITED KINGDOM • UNITED STATESPATRON: THE LADY SOAMES, D. B. E.The Churchill Center is an international non-profit organization which encourages study of the life and thought of Winston S.Churchill; fosters research about his speeches, writings and deeds; advances knowledge of his example as a statesman; and, by programmesof teaching and publishing, imparts that learning to men, women and young people around the world. The Center alsosponsors Finest Hour, special publications, international conferences and tours. The Center was created by the InternationalChurchill Societies, founded in 1968 to preserve interest in and knowledge of the life, philosophy and heritage of theRt. Hon. Sir Winston S. Churchill, which are independent affiliates of the Center. Website: www:winstonchurchill.org.THE CHURCHILL CENTERA non-profit corporation, IRS No. 02-0482584TRUSTEESThe Hon. Celia Sandys,Fred Farrow, George A. Lewis,Ambassador Paul H. Robinson, Jr.,The Hon. Caspar W. WeinbergerBOARD OF GOVERNORS(1996-1997)William C. Ives, Richard M. Langworth,Parker H. Lee III, Dr. John H. Mather,Dr. Cyril Mazansky, James W. Muller,John G. Plumpton, Douglas S. Russell,Jacqueline Dean WitterOFFICERSRichard M. Langworth, President181 Burrage Road, Hopkinton NH 03229Tel. (603) 746-4433, Fax. (603) 746-4260Email: Malakand@aol.comWilliam C. Ives, Vice President77 W. Wacker Dr., 43rd fir., Chicago IL 60601Tel. (312) 845-5798, Fax. (312) 845-5828Parker H. Lee, III, Executive Director117 Hance Road, Fair Haven NJ 07704Tel. (888) WSC-1874, Fax. (908) 758-9350Email: PHLeeIII@aol.comACADEMIC ADVISORSProfessor James W. Muller, ChairmanUniversity of Alaska, Anchorage1518 Airport Hts. Dr., Anchorage AK 99508Tel. (907) 786-4740 Fax. (907) 786-4647Email: afjwm@uaa.alaska.eduProf. Paul Addison,University of EdinburghDr. Larry P. Arnn, President,The Claremont InstituteProf. Kirk Emmert, Kenyon CollegeProf. Barry M. Gough,Wilfrid Laurier UniversityProf. Warren F. Kimball, Rutgers UniversityProf. Patrick J.C. Powers,Southern New England School of LawProf. Paul A. Rahe, University ofTulsaProf. John A. Ramsden,Queen Mary &Westfield College, Univ. of LondonSir Martin Gilbert, Merton College, OxfordDr. Jeffrey Wallin, President,The American Academy for Liberal EducationProf. Manfred Weidhorn,Yeshiva UniversityThe Churchill Center, continuedMEMBERSHIP SECRETARYDerek Brownleader, 1847 Stonewood Dr.,Baton Rouge LA 70816. Tel. (504) 752-3313DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEEGarnet R. Barber, Colin D. Clark,Max L. Kleinman, James F. Lane,Richard M. Langworth, Parker H. Lee III,Michael W. Michelson, Alex M. Worth, Jr.Consultant: Anthony Gillesl.C.S. REPRESENTATIVESGarnet R. Barber, ICS CanadaNigel Knocker, ICS United KingdomONLINE COMMITTEEHomepage: www.winstonchurchill.orgListserv: Winston@vm.marist.eduJohn Plumpton, Editor, Savrola@ican.netModerator: Jonah.Triebwasser@marist.eduBooks and FH: Malakand@aol.comAssociates: Bev Carr, bgcarr@interlog.com,Ian Langworth, Catrapl01@aol.comINVESTMENT COMMITTEEJohn H. Mather, Douglas S. Russell,Parker H. Lee, IIICHURCHILL STORES(Back Issues and Sales Department)Gail GreenlyPO Box 96, Contoocook NH 03229Tel. (603) 746-3452 Fax (603) 746-6963Email: greengail@aol.comCOUNCIL OF CHURCHILLORGANIZATIONSAmbassador Paul H. Robinson, Jr., Chairman208 S. LaSalle St., Chicago IL 60604Tel. (800) 621-1917, Fax. (312) 726-9474ICS AUSTRALIASubscriptions and renewals: Robin Linke,181 Jersey Street, Wembley, WA 6014ACT Representative: David Widdowson167 Chuculba Crescent, Giralang, ACT 2617ICS CANADARevenue Canada No. 0732701-21-13Ambassador Kenneth W. Taylor, Hon. ChairmanGarnet R. Barber, President4 Snowshoe Cres., Thornhill, Ont. L3T 4M6Tel. (905) 881-8550ICS Canada, continuedJohn G. Plumpton, Executive Secretary130 Collingsbrook Blvd,Agincourt Ont. M1W 1M7Tel. (416) 497-5349 Fax. (416) 395-4587Email: Savrola@ican.netJeanette Webber, Membership Secretary3256 Rymal Road, Mississauga Ont. L4Y 3C1Tel. (905) 279-5169Bill Milligan, Treasurer54 Sir Galahad Place, Markham Ont. L3P 3S5The Other Club of OntarioBernard Webber, President3256 Rymal Rd., Mississauga, Ont. L4Y 3C1Churchill Society of Vancouver (Affiliated)Leslie A. Strike, President701-1565 Esquimalt Av.,W.Vancouver BC V7V 1R4ICS UNITED KINGDOMCharity Registered in England No. 800030Nigel Knocker, ChairmanPO Box 1267, Melksham, Wilts. SN12 6GQTel. & Fax. (01380) 828609TRUSTEESThe Hon. Celia Sandys (Chairman);The Duke of Marlborough, JP, DL;David Boler; David J. Porter;Richard G. G. Haslam-Hopwood;Geoffrey WheelerCOMMITTEEPaul H. Courteney, John Glanvill Smith,Joan Harris, Timothy Hicks, Michael Kelion,Nigel Knocker, Fred Lockwood,Dominic Walters, Wylma WayneICS UNITED STATES, INC. 'A non-profit corporation, IRS No. 02-0365444Ambassador Paul H. Robinson, Jr.Chairman of the Board of Trustees208 South LaSalle Street, Chicago IL 60604Tel. (800) 621-1917TRUSTEESRichard M. Langworth; George A. Lewis-Wendy Russell Reves; The Hon. Celia 'Sandys; The Lady Soames, DBE;The Hon. Caspar W. Weinberger

CONTENTSFINEST HOURAutumn 1997Journal of The Churchill Center and Societies Number 965 Winston Churchill's Life of MarlboroughFifteen scholars from Britain, Canada and the UnitedStates convene at Blenheim to consider what LeoStrauss called "the greatest historical work written inour century" in the Third Churchill Center Symposium14 The Dream in OntarioFourteenth International Churchill ConferenceNiagara Falls and Toronto, 15-19 October 1997by John G. Plumpton, photographs by Jonah Triebwasser19 Your Invitation to the Ninth Churchill TourAn assortment of Churchill associations: Blenheim,the Lake District, Edinburgh; and Robert Hardy'sYorkshire: May 14th-26th, 199821 The Winston Churchill Memorial TrustA unique living memorial to Sir Winstonby Sir Henry Beverley24 From the Canon: "Man Overboard!"by Winston S. Churchill, 189926 The Memoirs of U. S. Grant and W. S. ChurchillDid Churchill Read Grant's Memoirs?by Manfred Weidhorn28 Churchill and MusicNo musician and nearly tone-deaf, the Great Mannevertheless had his preferences: the simple songswere best, and the old songs were best of allby Jill KendallBOOKS, ARTS & CURIOSITIES:34 Two of the best specialized Churchill studies havejust been published, says Richard M. Langworth:Martin Gilbert's Churchill-Reves Correspondence andDavid Stafford's Churchill and Secret Service.... WoodsCorner asks: What do readers think are the best booksabout Churchill? Thirty nominees are considered ...Alexander Justice appreciates A. P. Herbert's classic,Independent Member.... Douglas Hall takes the ChurchillCommemoratives Calendar into the 1965 Memorials.41 The Royal Air ForceBattle of Britain Memorial FlightVintage Aircraft Commemorate "The Few"by Douglas J. Hall47 Moments in TimeA chance photograph leads us to the recollection of apowerful Churchill speech from 1936photo courtesy Dorothy Jones471320233237424445464748Amid These StormsInternational DatelinesRiddles, Mysteries, Enigmaswww.winstonchurchill.orgWit & WisdomAction This DayWoods CornerChurchill in StampsDespatch BoxRecipes From No. 10ChurchilltriviaAmpersandImmortal WordsCover: A portrait of Winston Churchillcirca 1942, given by the artist, Adrian Hill,to an auction in aid of the Red Cross. Born in1895, Adrian Hill was official war artist onthe Western Front 1917-19 and publishedmany books on art including The Pleasuresof Painting (1952). He lived for some yearsin Midhurst, Sussex. Published by kind permissionof Peter Johnson, a Churchill Centerfounding member. The original may beviewed at Ackermann & Johnson Ltd., 27Lowndes Street, London SW1X 9HY,telephone (0171) 235-6464.FINEST HOUR 96/3

FINEST HOURISSN 0882-3715www.winstonchurchill.orgBarbara F. Langworth, PublisherRichard M Langworth, EditorPost Office Box 385Hopkinton, New Hampshire03229 USA Tel. (603) 746-4433Email: Malakand@aol.comSenior EditorsJohn G. Plumpton130 Collingsbrook Blvd.Agincourt, OntarioM1W 1M7 CanadaEmail: Savrola@ican.netRon Cynewulf Robbins198 St. Charles St.Victoria, BC, V8S 3M7 CanadaNews EditorJohn Frost8 Monks Ave, New Barnet,Herts. EN5 1D8 EnglandFeatures EditorDouglas J. Hall183A Somerby Hill, GranthamLines. NG31 7HA EnglandEditorial AssistantGail GreenlyContributorsSir Martin Gilbert, United KingdomGeorge Richard, AustraliaJames W. Muller, United StatesDavid Boler, United KingdomWm. John Shepherd, United StatesCurt Zoller, United StatesDr. John Mather, United StatesFINEST HOUR is published quarterly forThe Churchill Center and the InternationalChurchill Societies, which offer several levelsof support in their respective currencies.Membership applications and changes ofaddress should be sent to the appropriatenational offices on page 2. Permission tomail at non-profit rates in the USA grantedby the US Postal Service, Concord, NH,Permit no. 1524. Copyright 1997. All rightsreserved. Designed and produced for TheChurchill Center by Dragonwyck PublishingInc. Production by New England FoilStamping Inc. Printed by Reprographics Inc.Made in U.S.A.AMID THESE STORMSI've recently heard some "terminological inexactitudes" about the Churchill Societiesversus The Churchill Center which I'd like to allay in my space here.The most amazing was a remark at the Conference in Toronto, while we wereexplaining the purposes of The Churchill Center: "This is the end of the ChurchillSocieties." No, this is the salvation of the Churchill Societies.After the 1995 Boston conference an ICS director, Cyril Mazansky, brought usdown to earth by demanding "strategic planning." Many resisted. We had just heldour greatest conference ever; membership was at record levels; who needed strategicplanning? He kept at us, however, and eventually, a meeting was devoted tothe subject. We asked each director what he or she saw for ICS ten or twenty yearson. With only one exception, each predicted a winding down of membership andactivities, as those who remember Churchill from their own lives pass on.Now we could have said, "So what?" We could have gone on enjoying ourselveswith no thought of the future, never addressing the question as to whether there issomething about our movement worth leaving for those who come after us. We didnot. We rejected that course as short-sighted and, ultimately, fatal.What then could we do—we in ICS—to "keep the memory green and the recordaccurate," not just in our time, but for all time? The answer was The ChurchillCenter, which focuses on young people. Who else do you focus on, if you want anidea to live? It only takes a few to keep the flame alive. Look at ICS.It was soon clear that The Churchill Center idea had incredible appeal. Manylook upon ICS as a source of pleasure and knowledge, a spawner of friendships.But none think of it as something with which to impress Winston Churchill's legacyindelibly on the twenty-first century. People previously content to pay onlytheir modest annual ICS subscription were suddenly stirred up—inspired—by anopportunity to share in Churchill's immortality. In 1995,1 thought we'd be luckyto secure 200 Founding Members; we secured 600. In 1997,1 had doubts about ourendowment campaign; with the help of just twenty people before it even formallystarted, we were halfway toward our first million dollars.The traditional package of publications and activities the Societies havealways provided are here to stay. With the help of The Churchill Center, all thethings you have come to enjoy in ICS are guaranteed to last forever. Finest Hour isnot "going to disappear"; as the Center's journal as well as the Society's, it willprobably get larger. Though we have found some interesting professors to adviseand speak to us, our Board remains a layman's Board. We are not going to spendoodles of time fund-raising; if anything, we will be doing less of it because onceendowed, we won't be so desperate to make ends meet. International ChurchillConferences are not going to change, but let me tell you something: the people ableto run them on a volunteer basis are disappearing. John Plumpton, BarbaraLangworth, David Boler and Randy Barber, who with their friends ran the 1994-97 conferences we so enjoyed, are declared retired. If we want to hold a conferencein Phoenix, or Miami, or Edinburgh, or Seattle, or Quebec, ICS does not have thevolunteer infrastructure to do it. Amply endowed, The Churchill Center will havestaff members to help in this area.That is why I am so excited about The Churchill Center—why I and others,and maybe you already, have backed it by becoming Churchill Center Associates.It would be inconceivable that I, having founded ICS and enjoyed its activities andcamaraderie for thirty years, could now wish to destroy it. More than anythingelse we've done, The Churchill Center offers us the opportunity to build on whatwe enjoy about ICS—to ensure that it never dies.I plan to be around The Churchill Center and International Churchill Societiesfor quite awhile before I shuffle off. I expect most reading these words have thesame intentions. Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties. Let us thank Godthat we have the opportunity to play such a role in perpetuating the legacy of thatunique spirit; and to be able to do so with all the conviviality and fun we havecome to expect from the International Churchill Societies.RICHARD M. LANGWORTHFINEST HOUR 96/4

The Churchill Center Report: Autumn-Winter 199?The Churchill Center was founded by the International Churchill Societies to encourage study of the life and thought of SirWinston Churchill; to foster research about his speeches, writings and deeds; to advance knowledge of his example as a statesman;and, by programs of teaching and publishing, to impart that learning to men, women and young people around theworld. Programs include courses, symposia, libraries, an annual Churchill Lecture, visiting professorships, seminars, publishingsubventions, fellowships, internet website and ICS activities including Finest Hour and other ICS events."Winston Churchill s Lire or Maryborough"Third Churchill Symposium, Blenheim, May 14-17thOur third and most ambitious academic symposiumtakes as its subject Winston Churchill's life of JohnChurchill, First Duke of Marlborough, the man he consideredthe paramount founder of modern Britain.Churchill's preference for political and military history,written from the standpoint of biography, over economicand social history, is out of fashion. Although often calledChurchill's most impressive work, Marlborough has falleninto neglect among both academicand general readers and is not currentlyin print. Scholarly opinionsare mixed, ranging from LeoStrauss's claim that the book is "thegreatest historical work written inour century, an inexhaustible mineof political wisdom and understanding,"to the view that it is nomore than hagiography or specialpleading.We aim to rescue Marlboroughfrom oblivion by bringing togetheracademic experts on many aspectsof this monumental work, fromBritain's relations with its allies inthe age of Marlborough to the originality ofMarlborough's military art, from Churchill's treatment ofMacaulay and other historians to what he learned fromreflecting on his distinguished forebear about how todefeat Hitler, from Marlborough's part in the GloriousRevolution and the making of modern Britain to his deftbut not unerring management of parliamentary politics inthe age of Queen Anne. Our concern is both JohnChurchill and Winston Churchill, rather than either oneto the exclusion of the other.Given the magnitude of the subject, and to produce acomprehensive book, we have invited fifteen scholars towrite papers, several more than for previous symposia.The Duke of Marlborough has made the facilities available,and our Patron Lady Soames will be present.Presiding as Symposiarch is Dr. Piers Brendon, Keeper,Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College,Cambridge. Symposiasts include Robert Eden (HillsdaleCollege, Michigan), Kirk Emmert (Kenyon College,Ohio), Morton J. Frisch (Northern Illinois University,Illinois), Sir Martin Gilbert (Merton College, Oxford), J.R. Jones (University of East Anglia, Norwich), John H.Mather, MD (Johns Hopkins School of Medicine), JamesW. Muller (University of AlaskaAnchorage), Paul A. Rahe(University of Tulsa), W. A. Speck(University of Leeds), DavidStafford (University of Edinburgh),Geoffrey Treasure (Herefordshire),Stephen Saunders Webb (SyracuseUniversity), Melissa Lane (King'sCollege, Oxford) and Barry Gough(Wilfrid Laurier University).Symposiasts will arrive atWroxton College, where they willbe accommodated, for an orientationmeeting followed by a participants'dinner on May 14th. Actualsessions will occur at the Spencer-Churchill Conference Room at Blenheim in the morningand afternoon on May 15th and 16th. A dinner to markthe occasion occurs at the Orangery, Blenheim, on the16th, attended by Lady Soames and other members of theChurchill family. The papers produced will later be publishedas a book, made available to scholars, and be representedin abstract on the Churchill Center website.Because of limited capacity at both the ConferenceRoom and the Orangery, British founding members ofThe Churchill Center are being invited to the Friday sessionsand members of the 9th Churchill Tour to Saturdaysessions and the Blenheim dinner; tickets to the dinnerwill also be available to Britons through Nigel Knocker,chairman, ICS United Kingdom.address on page 2 >>FINEST HOUR 96/5

DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE, GOVERNORS,UK & CANADA REPRESENTATIVES MEETThe Churchill Center Governors' Annual GeneralMeeting at the Army & Navy Club, Washington on 14-15 November, was augmented for the first time by representativesof the International Churchill Societies ofCanada (Randy Barber) and the UK (Nigel Knocker).Paul Robinson, chairman of Trustees of ICS UnitedStates, also attended. The Center is most grateful to thedirectors of ICS Canada and UK for sending theirPresident and Chairman respectively to our meetings andhope that they will continue to lend their counsel andadvice, which were instrumental in discussing the internationalprograms and activities of the Center and ICS.At this meeting, The Churchill Center set its 1998budget (about $400,000), re-elected William Ives andJohn Plumpton as Governors for 1998-2000, appointed anominating committee to fill open seats, appointed threeBritish scholars, Sir Martin Gilbert, Paul Addison andJohn A. Ramsden, to the Academic Advisory Board, discussed1998-99 ICS and CC activities, set dates for boardmeetings (see below), readopted scholarships for an"American and Canadian student at the Centre for SecondWorld War Studies, University of Edinburgh; adopted• guidelines for Center Trustees and Center publishingactivities, and distributed project proposals by GlynneJenkins, Michael McRobbie and John H. Mather for considerationin the Spring.ENDOWMENT CAMPAIGN BEGINSMeeting on November 13-14th the DevelopmentCommittee and Governors formally launched theEndowment Campaign, which is in full flood as you readthis. Intrinsic to this effort are the Gregory Peck video anda fascinating new Prospectus on Giving, listing the manyways in which you can benefit yourself and your heirswhile aiding the Center and becoming a Churchill CenterAssociate. If you are interested in the Associates Program,and have not yet been contacted by one of our Governorsor committee members, please telephone Parker H. LeeIII, toll-free at 888-WSC-1874.CHURCHILL AS PEACEMAKER LAUNCHEDIn Washington August 29th, the Center launched itsfirst book developed out of a symposium, which is nowavailable through the New Book Service. Churchill asPeacemaker, edited by James W Muller, challenges theconventional view of Churchill as a Man of War, bringingtogether ten readable essays by scholars from Britain,South Africa and the United States, most of them basedon papers delivered at the First Churchill Symposium in1994. Covering conflict from Queen Victoria's "littlewars" to the Cold War, the book provides a fascinating,hitherto unavailable examination of Churchill's successesand failures as a peacemaker. Churchill as Peacemaker isavailable for $50 (+$5 shipping), a $10 discount, from theNew Book Service, c/o the Editor, Finest Hour.THE CHURCHILL CALENDARLocal event organizers are welcome to send entries for this calendar; owing to our quarterly schedule, however, we need copy at least three months in advance.19985 January: "Painting as a Pastime" reception with David Coombs hosted by ICS, UK, Sotheby's, 34-35 New Bond St., London5-17 January: "Painting as a Pastime" Exhibition of Churchill Paintings, Sotheby's, 34-35 New Bond Street, London6-7 March: Churchill Center Board of Governors Spring Meeting, Chapel Hill, North Carolina26 April: ICS United Kingdom Annual General Meeting, RAF Museum, Hendon10 May (tentative): Launch of A Connoisseur's Guide to the Books of Winston Churchill, Brassey's (UK) Ltd.14-17 May: Third Churchill Center Symposium, "Winston Churchill's Life of Marlboro ugh," Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire14-26 May: Ninth International Churchill Tour: Blenheim, Lake District, Edinburgh, Scottish Lowlands, Yorkshire15 June: International Churchill Society Thirtieth Anniversary (founded at Camp Hill, Pennsylvania, 1968)2 September: Battle of Omdurman Centenary Dinner, Boston, MassachusettsSeptember (tentative): Churchill Center Panel, American Political Science Convention, Boston, Massachusetts25-26 September: Churchill Center Board of Governors Annual General Meeting, Washington, D.C.5-8 November: 15th International Churchill Conference & First Annual Churchill Lecture, Colonial Williamsburg, Virginia30 November: Sir Winston Churchill's 124th Birthday1999Sprine- Student Seminar . Summer or Autumn: Sixteenth International Churchill Conference ... South Africa TourV h ' 200014-17 September: Seventeenth International Churchill Conference, Anchorage, Alaska200114 February- Centenary of Churchill's Entry into Parliament Autumn: Eighteenth International Churchill Conference2003Twentieth International Churchill Conference and 50th Anniversary of the Bermuda Conference, Hamilton, BermudaFINEST HOUR 96/6

INTERNATIONALQUOTE OF THE SEASON"Everyone will agree [on] the importance of keeping pledges andnot turning back from a course upon which you haveembarked....There are a great many districts and municipalities inPalestine at the present time where the Arabs have been quiteincapable of affording elements out of which local institutionscould be made. Why cannot you continue your educative process alittle longer?....When you have come to the point of Arab municipalitiesconducting their affairs with anything like the progressivevigour that is shown by the Jewish community, and when you havecome to the point of the whole principle of local government havingbeen implemented by the good will and activities of the population,your case will be enormously stronger for a forward movement."CHURCHILL, HOUSE OV COMMONS, 24 MARCH 1936A LATE ISSUEReaders will remark the lateness ofthis issue, caused by a tremendouspress of work occasioned by unexpectedadministrative matters over the lasteight months and The Churchill Center'sendowment campaign, which hasnow begun in earnest. Despite thedelay, readers with Internet access havebeen able to access most departmentsand some feature articles weeks ago onour website (www.winstonchurchill.org). To regain schedule, we will turnout three issues between now and May,and somehow work in the 1994-95 Proceedings,which are equally, and sorely,behind schedule. Our apologies forthese delays. —RMLLONDON PAINTINGS EXHIBITJANUARY 5-ITTH, 1998— The 50th anniversaryof Churchill's election as an HonoraryAcademician Extraordinary bythe Royal Academy, and the book publicationof Painting as a Pastime, will becommemorated by an exhibition atSotheby's, 34-35 New Bond Street, LondonW1A 2AA (tel. 0171-493-8080). Thedates are to be confirmed.For the first time, Churchill's pictureswill be hung with those of artistshe admired, such as Manet, Monet,Cezanne, Matisse and in particular Sargent,whose work he copied; and thoseof his artist friends and mentors such asSir John Lavery, Walter Sickert, SirWilliam Nicholson, Paul Maze and thesculptor Oscar Nemon.Containing more than 100 pictures,the exhibition has the support of LadySoames, who with other members ofthe Churchill family will lend examplesof his work. The National Trust is loaningpictures and other items from theStudio at Chartwell. Lady Soames willbe writing the Foreword to the catalogueand at her request the exhibitionis in aid of the Churchill Graves Trust atBladon, now undergoing restoration.The exhibit is the idea of its organiser,Sotheby's director Hugo Swire.David Coombs, author of Churchill: HisPaintings, is the exhibition's consultant.This preliminary information comesfrom Mr. Coombs at The Red House,Portsmouth Road, Milford, Godalming,Surrey GU8 5HJ. (See also "Local andNational" news for the ICS/UK receptionat this event.)VOTE EARLY AND OFTENNEW YORK, NOVEMBER 19TH—Time magazineis running a poll for great people,hyper-linked off its internet home page(www.time.com). As of today there is anear-dead heat for "warriors and statesmen"between Mustafa Kemal Atarurk710,640^39%) and Winston Churchill660,193 (36%). Nobody else is over 5%.Curiouser and curiouser: the founderof modern Turkey also leads in everyother category! Ataturk is first among"entertainers and artists," "scientistsand healers," "builders and titans" and"heroes and adventurers." Clearly,Ataturkites have jiggered Time's attemptto let the world decide the Man/Person/Humanoidof the Century.FINEST HOUR 96/7DATELINESAtaturk's supporters (who havetheir own home page) are said to bestuffing Time's ballot box. We doubt it.Anybody smart enough to run asophisticated website can create a programthat repeatedly dials-in Time's"top 100" ballot and Votes Kemal. Itwill be fun to see how Time handles thesnafu. Meanwhile, keep voting! Everytime you're on the web, visit Time'spage (www.time.com) and vote "WinstonChurchill" in the "warriors andstatesmen" category. Remember, eventhough your Texas grandfather died in1906, he voted for Lyndon Johnson forCongress in 1948.TOP EUROPEAN, ANYWAYLONDON, JULY 17TH— Ataturk notwithstanding,an international panel of intellectualshas voted Churchill the mostoutstanding European of the 20th Centuryin a survey for the first edition ofEurope Quarterly, a new social and culturalmagazine. Churchill bested politicians,scientists and artists from twentyfourcountries. Second in the votingwas Albert Einstein, followed by Drs.Francis Crick and James Watson, whodiscovered the structure of DNA. -Fromthe Chicago Tribune courtesy Joe Just.PRIDE OF PLACEPARIS, SEPTEMBER 21ST— France will honourSir Winston with a statue on itsmost famous and prestigious avenue.An imposing three-metre bronze ofWSC in wartime navalattire by Jean Cardot,president of theFrench art institution,the Academie desBeaux Arts, will beunveiled next spring,looking across to theArc de Triomphe atthe head of theChamps Elysees. Hundredsof tourists gothere each day to paytribute to fallen heroesat the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. Itwill not be France's first memorial toChurchill. In the Riviera town of Mouginsstands a huge bronze hand raised ina V-sign.CONTINUED OVERLEAF >»

Notable Churchillians: Randy BarberINTERNATIONAL DATELINESWill the real Randy Barberor WinstonChurchill please stand up?This is the teasing questionGarnet R. (Randy) Barber isasked when he poses beside apicture or sculpture of hishero, Winston Churchill.Randy himself jokes that neitherhe nor WSC ever met a . ^ carbohydrate they didn't like!Randy honours the Churchill legacy the same way he does everything else: withgreat energy. He is the President oflCS Canada and chaired the recent conference inToronto; he is active in the Other Club of Ontario and represents ICS Canada at boardmeetings of The Churchill Center. He will play a key role in the Churchill Center fundraisingcampaign in Canada.Like Churchill, Randy's interests are eclectic. Naturally, like all Churchillians, hecollects and reads books, books, books; but he also has an astonishing collection of barbermemorabilia (no pun intended): razors, shaving mugs, strops, etc. One of his prize possessionsis an 1875 solid oak barber's chair which sits prominently in his living room. Healso has an abiding interest in Arthur Conan Doyle and Doyle's fictional creation, SherlockHolmes.He shares Churchill's fondness for scotch and, typical of Randy, he organizes annualnosings of single malts with friends. Although he has Churchill's affection for brandy, heindulges in another specialty, liqueurs from around the world, the more unusual the better.The contents of his liquor cabinet, which sit proudly with his barber's chair, must beunique in the world. He has also been known to smoke a cigar after dinner.Although he is a proud Canadian of English stock (his grandfather fought in thesame area of South Africa as Churchill) Randy is a student of the American Civil Warand eagerly seeks out aficionados to learn of their interests. His professional backgroundis just as varied. Many years ago he was manager of the rock group "Ocean," whose hit,"Put Your Hand in the Hand" was a million-seller. He worked with band booking agenciesand, at one time, booked entertainment for Holiday Inns across Canada. One singerhe booked was the Norwegian Nightingale, now his wife Solveig. Many of us saw herunforgettable performances at Banff and Toronto.When Randy is not indulging his hobbies he spends twenty-five hours a day withanother love of his life, politics. He is a former Vice-President of the Ontario ProgressiveConservative (Tory) Party, active in his local constituency and a City Councillor inMarkham, Ontario, just outside Toronto. He combines a political life with a strong socialcommitment in support of many charities including Diabetes and Arthritis Associations,and many cultural groups including community theatres and museums. He is an activefund-raiser for his political and charitable organizations.He is presently Vice-Chairman of the Ontario Alcohol and Gaming Commission,which licenses all establishments and organizations regarding alcohol and gambling.Randy's loyalties would have been sorely tested by Winston and Randolph Churchillwhen they visited Ontario in 1929, and circumvented our prohibition laws by carryingtheir refreshment around in hidden flasks.The real Randy would be pleased to stand up: if you can catch up to him!—John Plumpton (primary sources provided by Solveig Barber)UNSORDID CORRECTIONWASHINGTON, JUNE 8TH— Geneva Overholsterreports in The Washington Postthat Churchill Center member and 1995Conference speaker Professor ArthurM. Schlesinger, Jr. has struck a blow foraccuracy. In a letter to The New YorkTimes, Schlesinger reminds us that whatChurchill called "the most unsordid actin the history of any nation" was Lend-Lease, not the Marshall Plan. Nevertheless,reports Overholster, the MarshallPlan non-quote "ricocheted back andforth across the Atlantic, appearing inThe Daily Telegraph, The Scotsman, theAssociated Press, Reuters, AgenceFrance Press, CNN, ABC and NPR."Her own paper used it on May 25th, theTimes on the 27th. Times editorial writerKarl Meyer tracked the error down, andfound it had come from Sketches fromLife, a 1960 book by former Secretary ofState Dean Acheson. (The exact quote,from WSC's 17 April 1945 Commonsspeech on the death of Roosevelt, was:"...the extraordinary measure of assistancecalled Lend-Lease, which willstand forth as the most unselfish andunsordid financial act of any country inall history.")TWIN PEAKSNEW YORK, SEPTEMBER 9TH— In the 75thanniversary issue of Foreign Affairs variousluminaries, including FrancisFukuyama and Eliot Cohen, are askedto list the finest books of the last seventy-fiveyears. Fukuyama mentionsChurchill's The Second World War; EliotCohen mentions Marlborough: His Lifeand Times; and Stanley Hoffmann lamelydefends his preference for DeGaulle's War Memoirs over the Churchilloption. Has anybody ever got allthe way through De Gaulle's memoirs?Fukuyama (author of The End ofHistory and The Last Man) wrote thereview: "Although it produced manymore casualties than the First WorldWar, World War II retained a moralmeaning as a titanic struggle of goodagainst evil. And in the struggle, no figurewas grander or more heroic thanChurchill. His personal account of theinterwar years, when he braved ridiculeand isolation for standing up to the conciliatoryconsensus seeking to appeaseFINEST HOUR 96/8

Twin Peaks, continued...Germany, makes edifying reading forany contemporary politician who istempted to look first to opinion pollsfor guidance on serious matters offoreign policy. Like other great memoirwriters, Churchill has a fine eyefor details of character among thegiants (and numerous dwarves) withwhom he dealt."—Paul Rahe, John PlumptonISAIAH BERLIN, R.I.P.LONDON, NOVEMBER 5TH— Sir IsaiahBerlin, the renowned philosopher andhistorian, has died at 88. Born inLatvia, Sir Isaiah moved to Britainwith his family in 1919. A lecturer,professor and college president atOxford, he is credited with establishingthe academic disciplines of intellectualhistory and political theory. Itis no hackneyed trope of speech tosay that he was one of the greatestthinkers of our time. A notable admirerof Churchill, Berlin wrote Mr.Churchill in 1940, published as a bookin 1964 and regarded by some as thefinest essay on Churchill.Berlin's admiration was repaid byWSC. In The Fringes of Power, Sir JohnColville recounts an amusing incidentin 1944: "Lunched at No. 10 with thePM and Mrs. Churchill. The otherguests [included] Mr. Irving Berlin(the American song writer and producer)....Afterlunch the PM forestalledIrving Berlin asking leadingquestions by himself addressing themto his potential interlocutor (e.g."When do you think the war will end,Mr. Berlin?" This I thought was ingenioustechnique It later transpiredthat the reason why Mr. Irving Berlinhad been bidden to lunch was acomic misunderstanding. There aresprightly, if somewhat over vivid,political summaries telegraphedhome every week from the WashingtonEmbassy. The PM, inquiring whowrote them, had been told by me,'Mr. Isaiah Berlin, Fellow of All Soulsand Tutor of New College.' WhenIrving Berlin came over here to entertainthe troops with his songs, the PMconfused him with Isaiah and invitedhim to lunch—and conversed withINTERNATIONAL DATELINEShim, to his embarrassment, as if hehad been Isaiah."A great light has been extinguishedin the world of academia. Weare all the poorer for it.-Rafal Heydel-Mankoo, Ottawa, OntarioJULIAN SANDYS, R.I.P.FINEST HOUR 96/9SHACKLEFORD, SURREY, SEPTEMBER 19TH—The father of four and brother toEdwina and Celia Sandys has diedaged 60. The three primary strands ofhis life were politics, law and family.That he should have been keenlyinterested in politics was inevitable,given the fact that he was the son ofLord Duncan-Sandys and grandsonof Sir Winston Churchill. At the ageof eight he stood at his grandfather'sside while WSC addressed the crowdon VE-Day. Sandys also named thelocomotive "Winston Churchill"which would later carry his grandfatherto his final resting place.Educated at Sunningdale andEton, Sandys remained with the 4thHussars as a territorial army reservisthis entire life. He even tried to signup for the Falklands War and wasdisappointed to be deemed too old.Following a year at the Universityof Melbourne, Sandys completedhis Bar examinations and contestedunsuccessfully the rock solid Labourconstituency of Ashfield at the 1959General Election. He was then calledto the Bar as a member of the InnerTemple, and was appointed Queen'sCounsel in 1982. In recent years hebecame involved in a number ofdiverse business ventures, but mostimportant to him was his family, towhich he was devoted.In everything he did, Sandys'swhole approach was notable for itscareful preparation and thoroughness.While at Eton, Churchill wroteto him urging that he keep an eye onhistory, "because a knowledge of thepast is the only way of helping usmake guesses at the future." It wasadvice Sandys took to heart and hewas frequently to be found in conversationdrawing attention to the valueof the long term perspective.Throughout his life he was essentiallya private person, shy and caring,who never sought advantagefrom his family background. He wasdeeply loyal to his friends, abhorredgossip or prurient interest. He waspassionate about flying, and latelycomputers, learning to write his ownprogrammes. He also loved poetry,especially Kipling and Milton.Julian Sandys will be rememberedfor the good humour andcheerfulness he brought to life, eventhroughout his illness, behavingalways with stoical decorum. He sawhis struggle in military terms, tellinga friend, "I regard this as a war, not anice scientific experiment." Apartfrom the continuing love and supportof his family, he was sustained by hisfirmly held Christian convictionswhich meant a great deal to him. Heis survived by his children and hiswife, Elizabeth Martin.KAY HALLE, R.I.P.WASHINGTON, AUGUST 7TH— Kay Halle,who has died aged 93, was a glamorousCleveland department storeheiress who cut a swath through the20th century, befriending and bewitchingluminaries and serving as aperceptive gadfly in politics, societyand the arts. During a remarkable lifein newspaper reporting and radiointerviewing, she formed enduringrelationships with George Gershwin,Randolph Churchill, Averell Harriman,Joseph P. Kennedy, WalterLippmann, Buckminster Fuller andscores of other diverse figures. MissHalle demonstrated such a flair forfriendship and a knack for bringingpeople together that it is a wondershe found time for anything else.A tall, slender, blonde beautywho kept her youthful good lookswell beyond middle age, she had alist of sixty-four men who proposedto her, including Randolph Churchill,who fell in love with her on a 1931lecture tour and remained devoted toher for life. One of the few people tohave been a close personal friend ofboth Franklin Roosevelt and WinstonChurchill, she visited Chartwell often.Keeping her journalistic instinctssharp, she made notes of what sheCONTINUED OVERLEAF >»

heard, and ultimately published theoutstanding quote reference IrrepressibleChurchill (1966), followed by a morescholarly work, Winston Churchill onAmerica and Britain (1970). She was alsoinstrumental in behind-the-scenesefforts that brought Sir Winston hishonorary American citizenship, awardedby President Kennedy in 1963.Halle (pronounced "Hal'-ee") wasthe daughter of a wealthy German Jewishmerchant and an Irish-Catholicworking girl, whose father co-foundedHalle Brothers department store inCleveland. She grew up in an ecumenical,intellectually charged atmospherethat left her without prejudice or pretensionand with an eclectic range ofinterests. After one boring year at Smithshe took New York by storm, captivatingGershwin and making her apartmenta mecca of the Roaring Twenties.The Churchill Societies hoped tobring Miss Halle to one of their Washingtonevents and made strong effortsto have her as a guest at the 1993 conference.But age and frailty had takentheir toll and common friends advisedus to desist. We missed a chance tohonor a kind and great lady, whoplayed a minor but not insignificantrole in the Churchill saga.-Adapted from an obituary by RobertMcG. Thomas, Jr. in The New York TimesDOUBLE TAKELONDON— American sculptor LawrenceHolofcener's double statue of Rooseveltand Churchill in New Bond Street hasbecome a favourite photo opportunitysince it was unveiled by HRH PrincessMargaret on 2 May 1995. The life-sizebronze figures are seated at either endof an ordinary park bench with sufficientspace between for passers-by topause for a rest and, as likely as not,have their photos taken. The patina hasalready been rubbed from the adjacentINTERNATIONAL DATELINESknees of both statues by folk eager to bepictured with the great. The manager ofthe watchmaker's shop overlooking thescene reports that, while American visitorsare well to the fore, they appear tobe outnumbered by Japanese! -DJHPORTRAIT OF CHURCHILL"Churchill at Four," the earliest knownportrait of Sir Winston (cover, FinestHour 88) is for sale. The portrait is fromthe estate of the niece of ThomasWalden, valet to both WSC and hisfather. Friend of The Churchill CenterJeanette Gabriel (see her article in FH95) has been commissioned as agent forthe sale of this painting, and offers todonate half of her commission to TheChurchill Center. Anyone interestedshould contact Mrs. Gabriel in Californiaat (213) 272-4547, fax (310) 271-1854.NOTHING NEWLONDON, MAY 25TH— The sale of theRobert Hastings Churchill collectionproduced a minor uproar over a letter inthe collection attacking Churchill fordeserting his mates by escaping singlehandedlyfrom the Pretoria prison campin 1900. Various academics werebrought forth by The Times to cluck softlyover this latest manifestation of feet ofclay. James Muller, Churchill CenterAcademic Chairman, writes: "Thecharges that Churchill acted dishonorablyare old chestnuts that were wellaired in the press early in this century,provoked various libel suits, all of whichChurchill won, and have been carefullyinvestigated and disposed of both by theofficial biographer and others. But it isinteresting that they should have beenturned into news again in the late 1990s,and that professors should have beenfound to take them as seriously as if theywere fresh new allegations. I guess thereis nothing new under the sun."BIG TOBACCOLONDON, JULY 17TH— For only £4830($7700) a Sotheby's buyer claimed acigar case which Churchill carried to thetrenches in France during the FirstWorld War, inscribed "Lt. Col. W. S.Churchill" on one side and "61 R. S.Fusiliers 1916" on the other, notes theJuly issue of Cigar Insider, courtesy of JoeFINEST HOUR 96/10ERRATA & CORRIGENDA, FH 95Page 6: Douglas Russell notes thatwe misquoted Churchill: the correctquote is "We shape our buildings andafterwards our buildings shape us."(Complete Speeches, Vol. VII, p6869).Page 14: Our notice regarding "aseries of summer dinner proposals"incorrectly credits them to the OtherClub of Toronto. In fact, these summerdinners were an initiative of the ChurchillSociety for the Advancement ofParliamentary Democracy and had noconnection with the Other Club or ICS,Canada. Our apologies to the CSAPD.Page 40: In Chris Bell's review ofthe Churchill-Conover Correspondenceappears the sentence: "There remainsa vast amount of material written byChurchill which has never before beenpublished, and still more which hasbeen published and is now all but forgotten,none of which is viable forcommercial publishers." Mr. Bellwishes us to stipulate that words beginningwith "none" were the editor'sand do not represent his opinion. 1confess I thought this statement souniversally accepted as to be axiomatic.I only wish there were publishersready and willing to publishthe many Churchill works we havebeen laboring to interest them in foryears. If there were, our job would bemuch easier. —EditorJust: "Churchill's smoking accessoriespop up at auctions with regularity ... andhigh prices. In 1995, a signed woodencigar box with one of Churchill's cigarssold for £3400 ($8300) and in March 1996an 18 karat gold cigar case with twocigars fetched £3795 ($8500)."Finest Hour's Utter Excess Awardgoes to the buyer of seven Churchill letters"devoid of blood, sweat, tears ormuch interest at all," according to reporterLaura Stewart, at an average of£1728 each. Miss Stewart adds: "Thisraises a maths problem. How muchshould the nation have paid for the1,500,000 letters and speeches it got fromChurchill's heirs in 1995? At this price,£2.59 billion. A reminder: the nation (viaLord Rothschild's Heritage LotteryFund) gave £12.5 million. Screams at thisoutrageous sum were heard loud andwide. It looks rather good now." Yep.

INTERNATIONAL DATELINESLocal and National EventsICS, U.K.The 1997 Annual General Meetingheld at Chartwell on 6th July elected anew Committee and a new chairman,Nigel Knocker; in order to comply withthe Charities Act 1993, Nigel and TimHicks are also Trustees (ex-officio). Alldetails on this plus a change in callingfor subs on a standing order/directdebit basis have been circulated.In London on January 5th, ICS/UK hosts a reception at Sotheby's, 34/35 New Bond Street, between 6.30 and8.30 PM in conjunction with the exhibition"Painting as a Pastime" (see page7). The speaker will be David Coombs,author of Churchill: His Paintings.Details had been circulated to UKmembers by the time this appears.The 1998 Annual General Meetingwill be held at the RAF Museum, Hendon,on 26 April. Cost per person, toinclude entrance to museum, a guidedtour and coffee, is £10 per head. Furtherdetails will be circulated to ICS/UKmembers nearer the time.British Founding Members of TheChurchill Center are being invited tothe Blenheim symposium on FridayMay 15th and the dinner at theOrangery, Blenheim on Saturday eveningMay 16th. Cost for the symposium,including lunch, is £35 and the dinner£95.BLADON, OXON.O C T15TH —Trusteesof theChurchillGraveTrust,establishedin 1995by membersof SirWinston's family, have commenced amajor programme of restoration of theChurchill gravesites in Bladon Churchyard,to be complete by the end ofApril. The graves will be closed to thepublic during the winter months.The object is to address the problemsthat have arisen in the years sinceSir Winston's death. First, it is necessaryto stabilise the ground around thegraves, since they are slowly but perceptiblymoving down the slight inclinewhere they rest. The ground is to be terracedto prevent further movement.When Churchill took the decisionto be buried at Bladon, none could foreseethe extent to which the grave wouldbecome a place of pilgrimage. Not onlyhas this given rise to traffic and parkingproblems, but, especially when two orthree coachloads of visitors arrivesimultaneously, the narrow concretepath to the graves is sorely inadequate.This has led in recent years to the wholearea having an unkempt and unlovedappearance, especially in wet weather.The eminent architect WilliamBertram has produced a design thatdeals with these problems and whichwill greatly enhance the appearance ofSir Winston and Lady Churchill's graveand those immediately adjacent, whilemaking it possible for visitors to walkround the graves on broad stone paths,on which will be set some stone andwooden benches. Bertram's design receivedthe approval of Bladon ParishCouncil and members of the Churchillfamily and former staff. The necessaryFaculty from the Diocese of Oxford, requiredbefore works could commence,has also been obtained.A contract has recently beenagreed with Joslins, the Royal Warrantholderstonemasons, in the sum of£350,000, which includes replacing theconcrete path running through thechurchyard with a wider one (suitablefor wheelchairs) of York Stone. Thefunding is being provided by membersof Sir Winston's immediate family, andfamily friends who wish to be associatedwith the project.The long-term purpose of theTrust is to ensure that the Churchillgrave, its immediate surroundings, andthe Bladon churchyard as a whole aremaintained to a suitably high standardin perpetuity.Plans may be viewed at theChurch Room, Bladon, by priorarrangement with The Revd. RogerHumphreys, telephone (01993) 811415.Further information about the plans isavailable from William Bertram, telephone(01761) 471100.DETROITAPRIL 23RD—Detroit members havemet regularly thanks the enthusiasticefforts of Gary and Bev Bonine. On St.George's day last April they gathered atthe Dearborn Inn, where Dr. RobertEden and his wife Anne joined us fromHillsdale College, where he is Professorof History and Political Science. Eden'stopic was Churchill's The Second WorldWar, and how much of it applies to ustoday. "These books by Churchill guidedthe Allies and provided a frameworkin dealing with the Communistexpansion during 1945-48," he said."The old conservative helped NewDeal liberals become Cold War liberalswith a clear conscience.... Churchillcrafted his volume to be read on severallevels, where he intentionally and preciselyraised questions that revisionistssay he tried to suppress."Gary Bonine commented:"Churchill was the only primary leaderof World War II to write of thosemomentous times. Thus there was greatpublic interest in what he wrote. Histhoughts didn't end with VE or VJ Day.Instead, he used this unique opportunityto shape public opinion on postwarissues. These volumes are his mostimportant writing in the postwar era.He made them readable, for he had agreat deal to say."AUGUST 21ST— Detroiters metagain to welcome John Plumpton,Finest Hour senior editor and a governorof The Churchill Center, to speakabout the then-upcoming Toronto Conferenceand Churchill in Canada. Johnaccompanied us to Windsor to a BoerWar monument, mentioning that thereare many of these all over Canada. It ishoped that a joint Michigan-Ontarioevent will come off in the future.Readers in or near Detroit are urgedto contact Gary Bonine for news ofupcoming meetings at 9000 E. Jefferson,Apt. 28-6, Detroit Ml 48214 (tel. 313-823-2951).FINEST HOUR 96/11

WASHINGTONJULY 27TH— The Washington Society forChurchill held its fourth annual picnicat the home of Craig and LorraineHorn in nearby Laurel, Maryland. Awarm but bright and sunny summerafternoon enhanced the gracious hospitalityof the hosts. The evening programfeatured Dr. Steven Hayward,author of Churchill on Leadership (reviewedin FH 95). As Vice Presidentfor Research at the Pacific ResearchInstitute for Public Policy, a SanFrancisco think tank, he has writtenon a wide range of public policy, economic,and legal topics.Dr. Hayward came to write hisbook when he realized that Churchill,along with Lincoln, was often quotedor featured in management seminars.Lincoln was the subject of a book onleadership but Hayward was surprisedto find no comparable volumeon Churchill. He emphasizedChurchill's ability to make decisions,believing that even a wrong decision,in a time of crisis, was better than nodecision at all. He added thatChurchill, for all his famous meddlingin the trivia of government, placedgreat emphasis on finding the rightperson and giving that person authorityto accomplish the task.Dr. John Mather reported onprogress of The Churchill Center. Theentourage completed the eveningwith coffee and dessert around theHorn's vintage 1948 Wurlitzer andremarkable Civil War collection.—Ron HelgemoThe Washington Society meets regularly.Contact director Ron Helgemo at12009 Taliesin Ct., Apt 13, Reston VA20190 (tel. 703-476-4693).DALLASSEPTEMBER 28TH— Forty were present ata dinner meeting at the City Cafe,Dallas, with Larry Arnn, President ofthe Claremont Institute as guestspeaker. His topic was "Churchill onHow to Organize the World." Arnnheld the audience's attention with hispresentation, which included statementssuch as: "The three most importantmen of the last three centuriesINTERNATIONAL DATELINESwere George Washington, AbrahamLincoln and Winston Churchill. ...Thethree most important sources of lawwere Magna Carta, the Declaration ofIndependence and English CommonLaw. ...Although a monarchist,Churchill admired the democratic societywhich resulted from the Declarationof Independence."Dr. Arnn recommended that hisaudience read selected chapters ofMarlborough which focus on JohnChurchill's skill and prowess as a general.He made reference to WinstonChurchill's enlightened attitudetowards native soldiers during theBoer War, and traced back, throughseveral Churchill speeches from 1916onwards, WSC's belief in America'sgreatness. Sir Winston held this beliefuntil his death and never failed toconsider America's position whendealing with world powers.Present was Tom West, Professorof Politics at the University of Dallas,who had proposed Dr. Arnn as aspeaker and is author of Vindicatingthe Founders: Race, Sex, Class, andJustice in the Origins of America.Dinner arrangements for theSeptember 28 meeting were made byBarbara Willette. The City Cafe, notedfor its cuisine and fine wines, provedan agreeable setting. Several potentialmembers were introduced; an opportunityfor current and potential membersto get to know each other wasprovided in the social hour which precededthe dinner.NOVEMBER 30TH— As this issue goes topress, Wendy Russell Reves, a Texasnative, was guest of honor at a specialreception to celebrate Sir WinstonChurchill's 123rd Birthday. Mrs.Reves, who with her late husbandEmery often hosted Sir Winston attheir South of France villa after hisretirement as Prime Minister. Wendyplanned to recall her warm and vividmemories of the Great Man and theclose attachment between him andEmery Reves. We were able also toprovide copies of the Churchill-RevesCorrespondence, just published by theUniversity of Texas (review in thisissue) for guests to purchase and Mrs.Reves to inscribe. Richard Langworth,President of The Churchill Center,was present to! introduce Wendy andto brief members on the ChurchillAssociates program with its accompanyingendowment campaign.For latest Hews on North Texasactivities please contact Nathan or SelmaHughes, 1117 Shady glen Circle,Richardson TX 75081-3720 (tel. 214-235-3208).CLEVELANDOCTOBER 20TH— Former Secretary ofDefense Caspar W. Weinberger addressedmembers of ICS, TheChurchill Center and friends of Forbesmagazine at a special dinner held justafter the International ChurchillConference at Toronto. SecretaryWeinberger gave his views of currentworld affairs and spoke warmly of SirWinston, The Churchill Center andInternational Churchill Societies. Thiscombined dinner was organized bythe magazine's Christopher Forbesand the co-directors of ICS/Ohio,Messrs. Donald Jakeway and MichaelMcMenamin. A generous contributionto The Churchill Center's EndowmentCampaign also resulted, including$5000 from Forbes and a donationof $50 for each of their clients attendingby Michael McMenamin's lawfirm, Walter & Haverfield. (Photosand a further account are forthcoming-)SEPTEMBER 16TH— Northern Ohio Friendsof ICS met at the Greenbrier Suite inTerminal Tower for a slide presentation,"Winston Churchill and HisPaintings," by Carol Breckenridge.NOVEMBER 18TH— Yet again at the samevenue, Kevin Callahan discussed "TheLess Widely Known Examples ofChurchill's Wit and Humor."For details on Ohio activities contactthe nearest of the following: MichaelMcMenamin, 1300 Terminal Tower,Cleveland 44113 (tel. 216-781-1212);Donald jakeway, Ohio Department ofDevelopment, 77 S. High Street,Columbus OH 43216 (tel. 614-644-0247).FINEST HOUR 96/12

ddenda:k.Cats:Anent thequestion onChurchill'scats, this spacelast issue, severalreadershave remindedus of "Nelson,"a small blackcat at theAdmiralty.Gen. Spears inAssignment toCatastrophe(London:1954,Vol. H, Chapter8) wrote thatNelson "constantlyfocused Winston's indulgentattention by its outrageously felinebehaviour, as a very spoilt cat will....I,who had begun by thinking a good terrierwould have been a welcome additionto the party, ended by feeling quitekindly towards Nelson."We didn't include Nelson becausehe was on the Admiralty staff, not partof Churchill's personal entourage. ThePM once remarked that Nelson wasdoing more for the war effort thansome humans, "by serving as a PrimeMinisterial hot water bottle, thus helpingto conserve fuel and power." RML\A member of The Churchill Center iswriting a book and wishes attributionof mis Churchill quote: "The truth cannotbe seen, perceived, understood, and not bebelieved." If anyone can confirm, please contactthe editor or Mr. George Cowburn 439Plaza Dr 3-36, Vestal NY 13850-3661.Send your questions (and answers) to the EditorRiddles, Mysteries, EnigmasAcQWhen was Churchill elected a Fellowof the Royal Society (FRS)?AIn 1941. This was not exceptional;a quick trawl through Who's Whoshows that several serving Prime Ministerswere honoured including Baldwin(1927), MacDonald (1930), Chamberlain(1938), Attlee (1948), Macmillan(1962), Wilson (1963), Thatcher (1983).-Alan Kucia, Churchill Archives Centre,Cambridge QVarious wartime films show Churchillwearing a variety of military uniforms.Which were he entitled to wear andwhy? -Bill Casey, Host of ILink MilitaryAChurchill in WW2 commonlywore several uniforms: 1) HonoraryAir Commodore, RAF (as in thepainting by Douglas Chandor, now atthe Natl Portrait Gallery, Washington);2) Honorary Colonel, Fifth (CinquePorts) Battalion (Territorial Army),Royal Sussex Regiment; 3) Elder Brotherof Trinity House (naval uniform:double-breasted, brass buttoned jacketand military cap with a small roundinsignia, worn at his meeting with Rooseveltat Argentia, August 1941).The last mentioned is the "undress"uniform of an Elder Brother of TrinityHouse, which exercises general authorityover lighthouses, lightships and aidsto navigation, controls pilotage in England,Wales and the Channel Islands,and is advisory to Scotland and Irelandin these matters. Its origins are lost inantiquity but certainly go back to KingAlfred. Henry VIII gave Trinity Houseits first charter. Membership is dividedinto "Younger" (master mariners) and"Elder" brothers. Elders are divided into"actives" (Masters of long experience,usually employees of Trinity House)and "honoraries" (invariably membersof royalty or very distinguished politicians;Churchill was one of the latter).As a Privy Councillor from 1907, hewas also entitled to appropriate courtdress uniform, and another uniform ofthat ilk after being appointed LordWarden of the Cinque Ports in September1941. After April 1953, of course, hewas also entitled to the elaborate courtplumage of a Knight of the Garter,which he wore at the Coronation.Thecover of Finest Hour #84 shows WSC inhis army uniform; the cover of FH #87is the proof for Chandor's painting.QI recently purchased a book calledRichard Carvel, by WinstonChurchill, published by The MacmillanCompany 1899.1 noticed that it wasn't onyour list. Was there another such writer?AThe American novelist WinstonChurchill, a distant relation, wasso prominent around the turn of thecentury that Winston Spencer Churchillintroduced himself and promised touse his middle name to distinguishhimself from the better-known American.The amusing correspondencebetween them ("Mr. Winston Churchillto Mr. Winston Churchill") appears inthe English Churchill's autobiography,My Early Life. Churchill the Americanwas a minor politician who once held aseat in the New Hampshire legislature,causing the English Churchill, who"planned to become Prime Minister," tomuse on the droll possibility of theAmerican becoming President of theUnited States at the same time. The twomet in Boston during the EnglishChurchill's lecture tour in 1901, wherethe American threw a dinner for him.Great camaraderie prevailed and bothagreed there would be no more confusion,but the English Churchill got thebill. ...The American published numerousnovels: Richard Carvel, The Crisis,The Inside of the Cup, A Modern Chronicle,The Crossing, Coniston, Mr. Crewe'sCareer, and a non-fiction work, A Travelerin Wartime. Winston Spencer Churchillpublished only one novel, Savrola.QWhen was the last time a British regimentwent into battle wearing kilts?AThe kilt was taken out of battleservice in 1940, considered unsuitablefor mechanized warfare, and suspendedfrom service dress until afterthe war, exceptions being pipers anddrummers. However, Churchill gavepermission for the Liverpool Scottish toreadopt the Forbes tartan and theywere the last British unit to go into battlekilted, as part of a raiding force on StNazaire in March 1942. -Frazer Keith,Cleethorpes, Lines, via John Frost MFINEST HOUR 96/13

Tl H REAM IN ONT.NiaTEXT BY JOHN G.ALTHOUGH Winston Churchill did notvisit Toronto often, his two visits werenot without fanfare. In 1900 he threatenedto quit his lecture series across Canadaand the United States because of a dispute withhis agent, Major Pond, whom he called "a vulgarYankee impresario." His Toronto lecture, at historicMassey Hall, was so popular that it wasrepeated a week later and he gave complimentarytickets to all veterans of the Boer War (savingeach of them 25 cents). In 1929 he spoke in thenewly-opened Royal York Hotel (in the veryroom of our Friday evening dinner), drawing alunch-time audience of over 3,000 people.The ICS Conference in Toronto drew equalpublicity. The Toronto Star featured the story ofChurchill the Artist: "Blood, toil, tears...andart." Two Canadian TV networks, CBC Newsworldand Global TV, featured the conferenceand CBC Radio One's "This Morning," whichcovers all of Canada, featured interviews withorganizers, presenters and a number of studentswho attended, thanks to the sponsorshipof Churchill Center and Society members.Toronto, Ontario is now the financial, cultural,and some would say the real political capital,of Canada. It has the relationship toOttawa that New York City has to Washington.This was not always the case. In the early yearsof the 20th century it was a provincial, staidAnglo-Saxon city with little influence beyond itsown immediate area. That is perhaps why itwas not often visited by Winston Churchill, whousually came to Ottawa and, twice during thewar, to Quebec City.Toronto has, however, been a growing influencewithin the International ChurchillSocieties, particularly ICS Canada. Itsmetropolitan area is the home of Randy andSolveig Barber, (Randy is President of ICSCanada); Bernie and Jeanette Webber (Bernie isl^JkurcliRJU15-19 OctoW 1997FINEST HOUR 96/14President of the Other Club of Ontario); thiswriter, a former President, now ExecutiveSecretary and a Governor of the ChurchillCenter; and his wife Ruth. We six, along withGlynne Jenkins, another Torontonian when notin England, and his wife Bev, organized the1994 Conference in Calgary and Banff.The Barbers, Webbers and Plumptonsbrought Churchill Society and Center membersto their home city with the aid of HenryRodrigues, Charles Anderson, John Hewson,Bill and Marjorie Williams, Brian Winter, DavidHarlton, Peter Smith, Bill Milligan, and and oureditor, Richard Langworth, President of TheChurchill Center. Together we hosted over 200Churchillians from Canada, the United Statesand the United Kingdom at the Fourteenth InternationalChurchill Conference. They comprised,in Randy Barber's words, "The DreamTeam," because Churchill's short story, TheDream, was the theme of our gathering on theshores of Lake Ontario. We also wish to thankGail Greenly and her daughter, who drove allthe way from New Hampshire, bringing withthem a wide assortment of "Churchill Stores."The weather was spectacular as Canadiansshowed off their beautiful city and its environs.The Conference began with a journey to theneighbouring city of Waterloo, Ontario, and thefirst Canadian Churchill Lecture, sponsored byWilfrid Laurier University. Professor BarryGough, a Churchill Center Academic Advisorand Professor of History at Wilfrid LaurierUniversity, introduced Professor David Staffordof the University of Edinburgh, who presentedthe fascinating story on which he elaborates inhis new book, Churchill and Secret Service. Itwas a homecoming for Professor Stafford,whohad lived in Canada twenty-three years beforereturning home to Great Britain.continued on page 16...

Left: Celia Sandys gave an admirable reading of her grandfather's The Dream. Centre: President Randy Barber of ICS, Canadawas Conference Chairman. Right: Floral tribute at the Nemon statue in Toronto City Hall Park by Nigel Knocker (Chairman, ICSUK), Richard Langworth (President, Churchill Center), Celia Sandys, Randy Barber and Paul Robinson (Chairman, ICS USA).Above left: The Blenheim Award goes to George Lewis for seventeen years' faithful service as ICS/USA treasurer, dating back tothe time when we had $389.64 in the treasury and a printer's bill coming in for $517.90. Above right: Friday night was ultraformal,with the head table piped in to dinner. Below left: Beverly Carr, the real person behind our website, akabgcarr@interlog.com, demonstrates the Churchill Home Page. Below right: some of our sponsored student delegates.FINEST HOUR 96/15

The next day, after an opportunity toexplore the city on our own, two busloadsset out to follow Churchill's paths throughthe "Golden Horseshoe" to Niagara Falls. Hehad visited the Falls in 1900, 1929 and 1943,pointing out on one of his later trips, "the principleremains the same: the water keeps flowingover." We saw it flow in daylight, and in gloriouscolour illuminated by giant spotlights at nightfrom our dining room in the Skylon Tower.On Friday, David Stafford again spoke onthe forthcoming (2001) Oxford Companion toWinston Churchill, which he is co-producingwith his colleague, Paul Addison. ProfessorAddison had accepted our invitation to join usat the Conference but ill-health prevented hisattendance. He was honoured, in absentia, forhis contributions to Churchill scholarship withthe Third Farrow Award for Excellence inChurchill Studies, joining previous recipientsJames Muller and Sir Martin Gilbert.Next, Professor John Ramsden explored SirWinston's honorary United States Citizenship,research undertaken with the help of theKennedy Library, one of our calls at the 1995Boston Conference. The Library had recentlyobtained the papers of Kay Halle, the lady whospearheaded this honour for Churchill.Ramsden's lecture was so riveting that manypresent asked that we consider publishing it asa pamphlet; one way or the other, we will get itinto print!Hugh Segal, former chief of staff toCanadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, aftermuch good-natured bantering with ICS CanadaPresident Barber, presented a Canadian perspectiveon "Churchill as a Moderate Conservative."Hugh is used to the ready quips bypolitical wags, and one of his countrymen commented,"In Canada, we call them Red Toriesbut it may not sell elsewhere." The editor ofFinest Hour, one of the six people in New Jerseyto vote for Barry Goldwater in 1964, thoughtHugh made a good case for the proposition thatextremism in the pursuit of moderation is novice....Each Conference presents an academicpanel discussion on a Churchill book. This yearthe focus was on India, a collection of speechespublished in 1931 and never reprinted until the1990s. These speeches are often cited as equalor greater in oratorical quality than the onesChurchill uttered in the Second World War,although the message was more debatable.Chaired by James Muller, the participants wereProfessors Kirk Emmert, Cliff Orwin and BarryGough. After the panel we introduced JamesMuller as the editor of a collection of papersfrom The Churchill Center's first symposium:Churchill as Peacemaker, just published byCambridge University Press (and availablethrough the Finest Hour New Book Service).Our Friday evening black-tie dinner, hostedby Henry Rodrigues of ICS Canada, featured apoignant reading by Celia Sandys of her grandfather'sshort, sad story The Dream, with SalAsaro's painting projected on a large screenbehind her. (For those who don't have it, TheDream is available for US $15 from ChurchillStores.) Celia's reading enthralled and movedher audience, who gave her a standing ovation.Honorary member Robert Hardy, the acclaimedBritish actor who has so memorably portrayedChurchill in stage and screen, had been scheduledto perform the reading, but a health problemprevented his attendance. He sent an audiointroduction of his good friend Celia, providingus with a humourous account of his battle withhis health—and his doctor.When deserved, the Blenheim Award is presentedfor notable service to the ChurchillSocieties and/or the Memory of Sir Winston.This year it was presented to retiring ICS/USAtreasurer George Lewis by retiring ICS/USApresident Richard Langworth: "$389.64—thatwas the level of our exchequer when GeorgeLewis took over upon the death of DaltonNewfield in 1982. Although it has grown somewhatsince, what has never changed is George'sdedication to the cause, his steadfast loyaltythrough good times and bad, his sharing in ourmany triumphs, his shrugging off our fewtragedies. Nobody deserves it more."On Saturday, Richard and Parker Lee presentedcurrent plans for the Churchill Center,Washington, DC including the new Associatesprogram, which will be in full swing by the timeyou read this, and answered questions from theaudience. They were particularly grateful for asolid expression of support by Janet Daniels,part of the record British delegation, fromMiddlesex, England: "I think you all deserve ourthanks and a round of applause for this brilliantconcept." Thank-you, Janet.This was followed by three excellent visualconcluded on page 18...FINEST HOUR 96/16

Above left: David Stafford, autographing Churchill and Secret Service, is now working on the Oxford Companion to Winston Churchill.Above right: Dr. John Mather on WSC's granitic constitution. Below left: John Ramsden, introduced by Paul Robinson (right) gavea brilliant account of Churchill's honorary U.S. citizenship. Below centre: "Oyez, Oyez, Oyez,"a magnificent set of lungs,Saturday night. Below right: India discussants James Muller & Kirk Emmert (standing), Cliff Orwin and Barry Gough (sitting).Below left: Hizzoner Brian Winter supervises the auction of a Pan painting print, which was won by John Mather. Held by manyto be the ideal portrait of the wartime Prime Minister, this painting was issued in limited edition and is now very collectible.Below right: Gail Greenly (right) toted her Churchill Stores all the way from New Hampshire, and didn't bring enough!FINEST HOUR 96/17

presentations: Celia Sandys gave an illustratedlecture on Churchill's paintings, using slides shehad prepared for a Japanese exhibition. Dr.John Mather, an authority on Churchill'shealth, told the inspiring story of how a remarkableman overcame many health problems. (Heis working on a book on the subject.) GlynneJenkins, of ICS Canada and ICS/UK, displayedhis remarkable knowledge of "Churchill and theMovies": how WSC was portrayed, and howimportant films were to him. Glynne's presentationwas interrupted by a video breakdown butthe next morning he presented an outstandingand little-known interview with Martin Gilbert,made by TV Ontario.Those who attended the 1994 Conference inCalgary will recall the memorable performanceby Solveig Barber on songs ofWorld War II. This time we saw the entire show,"Hits of the Blitz," in the historic Imperial Roomof the Royal York Hotel. It was a great reenactmentof a WW2 radio show (but we saw them infull uniform as if they were on TV). The audience'sfavourite performer was Norway's gift toCanada, our own Solveig, particularly her renditionof "When the Lights Go on Again, All Overthe World."At the closing breakfast Sunday morningRichard Langworth and I presented a crystalpaperweight to Beverly Carr in recognition forher work on the Churchill Home Page(www.winstonchurchill.org). The night before,Randy Barber had paid particular thanks toJeanette Webber for her efforts as MembershipSecretary and as the Registrar and Treasurer ofthe Conference. They, like George Lewis, representthe many unsung heroes and heroines ofour Societies who are so critical to their success.The Conference closed on Sunday morningwhen we were all piped to Toronto City Hall forthe laying of a floral tribute at the Oscar Nemonstatue of Sir Winston by ICS Canada PresidentRandy Barber, Churchill Center PresidentRichard Langworth, ICS/UK Chairman NigelKnocker, and Churchill Center Trustees CeliaSandys and Paul Robinson. Our hosts wereBernie Webber and Charles Anderson of theOther Club of Toronto, who then passed thetorch to our American cousins and invitedeveryone to join us in Williamsburg, Virginia onNovember 5-8th, 1998. Another memorableChurchill Conference was history.Canadian Churchillians remember thatChurchill saw Canada as "the linchpin of theEnglish-speaking world." That linchpin is nolonger needed, but Canada still stands as aproud partner in "keeping the memory greenand the record accurate." $--5B6 -LIAbove: John Plumpton digs out John Mather's name for thedrawing; Celia Sandys, Bernie Webber at the podium. Below:Fred Farrow and family were the largest single delegation.Word to the Wise: Book Williamsburg Now!Excellent rates are available for the 1998 ChurchillConference at Colonial Williamsburg, 5-8 November(you need to stay the nights of the 5th-7th minimum).The best rooms go fast, so we advise you to call now—you can always cancel later. These low rates alsoapply three days before and after our conference, ifyou wish more time to explore and enjoy the uniquerestored Colonial Capital and surrounding area.Standard Rooms: Williamsburg LodgeMain/East/South Wing $147 Tazewell/West Wing $183Luxury Rooms: Williamsburg InnMain Building $325, Providence Wing $220Economy Rooms: The Woodlands, WilliamsburgGuest Room $95, Suite $105For all rerservations call 1-800-HJSTORYFINEST HOUR 96/18

You are Invited to JoinThe Ninth Churchill TourA memorable assortment of Churchill associations inBlenheim, The Cotswolds, The Lake District,Edinburgh and Scottish Lowlands; andTouring Yorkshire with Robert HardyThursday May 14th-Tuesday May 26th, 1998Recent Churchill Tours have been fullysubscribed months before departure, andwe already have some twenty bookingsfrom members of past tours who wishto come. Capacity is 55, so please letus hear from you so that we may sendRegistration materials. Telephone (603)746-4433, Fax (603) 746-4260. Email:bjangworth.@conknet.com.The Itinerary (subject to alteration)• Thurs 14 May: We gather at theWhite House Hotel, London for awelcoming dinner and overnight.• Fri 15 May: Oxford via Bladon,for a flower-laying at the newlyrestored Churchill gravesites and ameandering through Cotswold lanesand villages in the Heart of England.• Sat 16 May: You have an optionof attending the sessions of theMarlborough Symposium (see page5); visiting Blenheim and Woodstock;and /or an Oxford walkabout with acity guide. Dinner with symposiastsand Lady Soames at the Orangery,Blenheim Palace. (What, anotherBlenheim dinner?!)• Sun 17 through Tues 19 May:England's Lake District; overnights atthe 16th century Swan Hotel, Grasmere,a short walk from Wordsworth'scottage. Enroute we will visitOldham, WSC's first constituency.In the Lake District we will visitSedbergh, Brendan Bracken's publicschool with its many Churchill associations;Ayra Force, the beautifulwaterfall near Ullswater; enjoy a boatcruise on one of the lakes; and heartwo speakers at dinners: RobertSomervell, grandson of the man whotaught Churchill English at Harrow;and Charles Lysacht, biographer ofThe Old Library, University of Edinburgh, whereChurchill received his honorary degree, part ofour environs on 21 May.Brendan Bracken. There will also befree time for personal enjoyment ofthis unique and charming area.• Weds 20 May: To Edinburgh,stopping enroute at Dalmeny House,where Churchill often visited hisfriend Lord Rosebery. A traditionalScottish banquet in the evening.• Thurs 21 May: A free day inEdinburgh to explore historic sitesalong the Royal Mile and to shop onPrince's Street. The evening is veryspecial: Robert Hardy will redeliverChurchill's Rectorial Address of 1931(appropriately on Scottish devolution!)in McEwan Hall, where it wasoriginally given, followed by a suitabledinner in University precincts.• Fri 22 May: Leaving Edinburghwith Robert Hardy aboard, we visittwo important houses: Archerfield,where Asquith offered Churchill theAdmiralty in 1911; and Lennoxlove,home of the Duke of Hamilton, whereRudolf Hess landed in May 1941 in avain attempt to do a deal with Britain.• Sat/Sun 23-24 May: RobertHardy is our guide as we motor slowlythrough Yorkshire, stopping frequentlyat the places he grew to lovewhile playing Siegfried Farnon in thefamous series, "All Creatures Greatand Small." We end this two-day tourin York, where we will finish at thefamous Minster and a banquet for ourfriend and guide.• Monday 25 May: Return andovernight at the White House Hotel,London, with a departure banquetand a well-known guest.• Tuesday 26 May: The tour endsafter breakfast.The Price and What It IncludesCost is $3485 per person (singleoccupancy surcharge $700) includingall transportation, hotels, gratuities,entry fees, and all meals (full Englishbreakfasts, wine at banquets) except afew lunches where the party is nottogether: expertise of tour leaders(Barbara and Richard Langworth,Garry Clark), local guides, speakersand Mr. Hardy's services. Alsoincluded are a welcome packet, tourbulletins, reading lists and maps.What is Not Included:Passport fees, beverage bills(excluding wine at banquets), roomand valet service, any expenses weincur in making individual arrangements,and other items not specificallyincluded. Airfare to Londonand airport transfers are also notincluded. This allows you to flyfrom anywhere, capitalize on frequentflyer mileage or to extend yourvisit. There is little cost penalty sincegroup flight discounts are nowinsignificant.Reserve Now...We hate to repeat ourselves, butplease book your seats now. In 1996we were sold out with a waiting list15-deep. Contact Barbara Langworth,181 Burrage Road, Hopkinton NH03229 USA, tel. (603) 746-4433. M>FINEST HOUR 96/19

http: //www.winstonchurchill.orgCHURCHILL ONLINEThe Churchill Home Page and Listserv IdinstonTHE CHURCHILL WEBSITE:Aim your web browser at the abovewww address and the Churchill Pageshould appear. Click on any of the redbuttons to be led to the latest ChurchillCenter - Churchill Society information.The "Finest Hour" button produces theearliest publication of the next issue. Ifyou experience any difficulty please e-mail John Plumpton:Savrola@ican.netOUR PATRON SURFSLONDON, NOVEMBER 9TH—A delegation bearing computer gearpaid a visit to our Patron today. JohnPlumpton, David Boler and MarkWeber were there to show LadySoames what we have wrought on the Churchill HomePage. Mark writes: "When we arrived, she thought wewere bringing in a TV. In about ten minutes she figuredit out. She thought the Churchill Home Page was verygood and quickly grasped the idea of links and otheruses. She was soon exploring the Royal Family site andthe list of Churchill-related charities on the CharitiesCommission site. It didn't take her long to catch on!"We are delighted to have been able to demonstrate thejoys of the Internet to our Patron.CHURCHILLTRIVIA ONLINEFrom: savrola@ican.net (John Plumpton)As impressed as I am by the knowledge of ourlistserv subscribers, we now have something onlinewhich may test the best of you. In FH #58 BarbaraLangworth began the column "Churchilltrivia." Nowcontinued by Curt Zoller, it contains about 800 questionsdivided into six subjects: Contemporaries,Literary, Personal, Statesmanship, War andMiscellaneous. Test yourself, test your friends! Just visitwww.winstonchurchill.org. Select FAQ's and thenChurchilltrivia. You can choose any category—questionsare at the top, scroll down for the answers.But no cheating—have fun!WWW .WINSTONCHURCHILL.ORGOf all the publications of The Churchill Center andSocieties, the most current and the most comprehensiveis our internet website, the "Winston Churchill HomePage," www.winstonchurchill.org. The accompanyingLISTSERV "WINSTON":Subscribe free to the Churchill Internetcommunity: send the E-mail message"SUBSCRIBE WINSTON" to:Listserv® vm.marist.edu —you'llreceive confirmation and may thensend and receive all messages to theChurchill Online community by E-mailing to: WINSTON@VM.Marist.edu. In case of problems, E-mailTonah.Triebwasser@marist.eduphoto of our website main pageshows a "button" for each of thetwelve main areas of our site andthere are many, many sub-areas withineach main one. In addition, wehave LISTSERV WINSTON, a"usenet" which provides electronic communicationbetween everyone on the internet (see e-mail messagesin "Despatch Box"). The purpose of this column is tokeep readers apprised of the constant changes takingplace in our cyberspace address. In each issue we willvisit a "button" or two.• CHURCHILL CENTER - As well as outlining thepurposes of The Churchill Center, this section providesthe latest information on CC events and lists of thenames of our invaluable supporters (what a great wayto have your support of Churchill announced to theworld). All details on Churchill Center and Society calendarsare posted and changed as plans evolve. Findout what happened at our most recent events and whatis upcoming. We also keep all the back reports online soyou can check out any event ever held by CC or ICS.• FAQ's - Do you have questions about Churchill?Send them to us and if we think they are of generalinterest they, and the answers, may be posted underFAQ's (Frequently Asked Questions). If we don't knowthe answer we will send it to our knowledgeable memberson Winston Listserv, who are seldom stumped!Pay us a visit—or as we say in cyberspace, hit us.Next issue we will tell you where some of our "hits" arecoming from (ending with a preposition— up withwhich you shall have to put).-John Plumpton, Website Editor, (savrola@ican.net);Beverly Can, Associate (bgcarr@interlog.com);Ian Langworth, Assistant (catrapl01@aol.com);Jonah Triebwasser, (Jzml@maristb.marist.edu);Richard Langworth, FH Editor(malakand@aol.com). $FINEST HOUR 97/20

The Winston Churchill Memorial TrustEvery year, one hundred Churchill Fellows from the United Kingdom spend, onaverage, eight weeks studying or researching their Fellowship projects fromGreenland to New Zealand to Central Asia, up to forty of them in the UnitedStates, through this living memorial to Sir Winston Churchill.By Sir Henry BeverleyIn the United Kingdom, in addition tothe statue in Parliament Square,Winston Churchill has two nationalmemorials: Churchill College Cambridgeand the Winston ChurchillMemorial Trust. To say this, of course, isto neglect his wonderful writing, hispaintings, his recorded oratory andabove all these his immeasurable contributionto the survival of freedom.On his death in 1965, steps werebeing taken to raise funds for a nationalmemorial to Sir Winston. Field MarshalAlexander headed the appeal, the objectivesof which were much debated. LordAlexander and his supporters restedtheir case on the visit to Sir Winston in1958 by Edward Houghton, Jr., the thenPresident of the English Speaking Unionof the United States, who first suggesteda memorial foundation with an educationaltheme. Others wanted a monumentof a more physical nature—butthese abounded, and the creation of aliving memorial won the day.To quote Field Marshal The EarlAlexander of Tunis on launching thenational appeal: "The awards will beavailable to any man or woman in anywalk of life and will not be confined tostudents or scholars in accredited institutionsbut will be open equally to thosewhose contribution to the community,and also to their trade, industry, profession,business or calling would be increasedthrough personal overseas traveland study."There was an immediate and generousresponse to the appeal from a nationgrateful for Sir Winston's inspirationand leadership. Thus the fund, raised bysubscription but augmented by a generousGovernment donation at the instigationof the then-Prime Minster, HaroldWilson, was created to enable BritishCitizens to conduct projects overseasand, in the process, learn about the life,Tom Brock is head of SpecialInitiatives for British "Waterways. Hespent six weeks studying waterwayregeneration in the eastern UnitedStates on a Churchill Fellowship.Jenny Turtill visited artists anddesigners in America for herFellowship. She is a jeweller and tutorin multi-media 3D design courses.Nick Danziger followed the Old SilkRoute to Central Asia, writing abouthis journey in Danziger's Travels.FINEST HOUR 96/21work and people of other countries.Norman Brook, the former Secretaryof the Cabinet, a staunch friend of SirWinston and a much-respected servantof the country, established the Board ofTrustees. Viscount de LTsle and Dudley(one of only two people to be made aKnight of the Garter and receive theVictoria Cross) was also co-opted to setup the Council, who would administerthe scheme. Today, under the chairmanshipof Lady Soames, the Trustees mainlyconcern themselves with the financialwell-being of the Trust and safeguardingthe ethos. The Trustees include: LordCarrington, Winston S. Churchill, CasparW. Weinberger and Sir Winston's privatesecretary over the last thirteen years ofhis life, Anthony Montague Browne.The Council of the Trust which ischaired by Ian Beer CBE, a distinguishededucationalist and international sportsman,consists of men and women representinga balance of expertise across thespectrum of occupations and interests.Since 1966 when the first awardswere made, there have been 3200Fellowships awarded from about 90,000applicants; the Trust aims to award 100Fellowships a year after a stringentselection process, including interviews.Each year the Council of the Trustselects different categories within whichapplicants may propose specific studyprojects of their own choice. The broadgroupings from which the annual categoriesare chosen by the Council are:Agriculture and Horticulture; AnimalWelfare; Business, Industry and Commerce;Arts and Crafts; Conservationand the Environment; Education andTraining; the Professions and PublicServices; Medical and Health; Sport;Recreation and Adventure; Open andGeneral Subjects; the Citizen and Societyand Science and Technology, as well ascertain Designated Awards.

Churchill Memorial Trust, continued...In the choice of the annual categories and in the finalselection of Fellows, the Council is alert to the originalintentions of the Trust that awards should bemade to men and women from all walks of life. A certainpriority will always be accorded to those to whoman award represents "The Chance of a Lifetime/' andwho have the requisite character, enterprise, and personality,especially with regard to their worth as"ambassadors" representing their country and travellingin the name of Sir Winston. On average,Fellowships last eight weeks and the average grant iscurrently £5550 ($8800). For the 1997 awards, the averageage was 38, and the balance between men andwomen was equal. To illustrate some of this year's projectsin the United States alone:• Sam Eastop (38), from London, is studyingstrategies for managing Internet technology changeswithin educational workplaces.• Harriet Festing (31), from Kent, is visitingFarmers Markets to learn about their role in small-scalerural businesses.• Juliet Grace (29), from South Yorkshire, visitsvarious National Parks to appreciate the legislativeimplications of countryside access for disabled people.• Peter French (41), a police officer from Essex, isinterested in the inter-agency approach to coping withdrug abuse and young offenders.Fellows are expected to disseminate the results oftheir projects and, to concentrate minds, the Trustinsists (as part of the initial "contract") on a writtenreport on each Fellowship, to be submitted within sixmonths of return from overseas. Submission of thereport is an essential requirement for the award of thesilver Churchill Medallion—and, thus, attendance atthe biennial Medallion Ceremony in London's prestigiousGuildhall. Fellows are encouraged to distributetheir reports to interested parties, and to give talks orlectures, write articles and/or, in some cases, publishbooks.Not widely known is the fact that Fellows of theMemorial Trust have twice linked up with Members ofthe International Churchill Society. This occurred on ontwo of the biannual Churchill Tours, once in Australiain 1991, and again in England in 1992.Whilst one might think at first that members of theChurchill Center and Societies would have little in commonwith the varied disciplines represented byChurchill Fellows, such was anything but the case!Churchill Center and Society members are widely readand tend have broad interests, and the relationship isvery natural."Think for a moment of Sir Winston'sown early travels; think of the immeasurablevalue his enlarged experiencewas to him and, later, to us. I canimagine no memorial more suitablethan the gift of similar opportunitiesto those of a like spirit; opportunitieswhich they will enjoy and use in thename of Winston Churchill."—THE EARL ALEXANDER OF TUNISDuring the 1992 tour, the ICS party met withChurchill Fellows for a lunch at the MarlboroughArms in Woodstock. Many present remembera young thatcher, whose Fellowship took himto the United States to teach and describe his ancientcraft. It transpired that he had appeared on public televisionin a programme which many present had seen. Itwas fascinating to meet a man who knew so muchabout the traditional English skill of thatching and hadstudied the Seminole Indian techniques.Likewise in 1991, the Australian branch of theMemorial Trust brought the visiting ICS memberstogether with Fellows who talked about their experiencesto an enthralled audience. One of these was aphysicist who had studied the radiocarbon dating techniquesused on the famous Shroud of Turin. AnotherFellow was headed for the United States, to learn themarketing of dairy products, which he hoped to applyin Japan, where dairy products are a relativelyunknown commodity. In all these cases the mutual linkwas, of course, Sir Winston Churchill.The Trust seeks to keep Fellows in close touchwith the Trust after their Fellowships—not least,because they represent the very best form of publicity:the satisfied customer! There are fifteen regionalAssociations of Churchill Fellows, who organise meetingsand social functions as well as publicising theTrust in their localities. The Trust actively supports theAssociations, and provides some annual financial support.To keep all Fellows in touch with the Trust,whether active in an Association or not, a Newsletter isproduced "in house" twice a year.Further information about current programmes ofthe Winston Churchill Memorial Trust is available fromits offices at 15 Queen's Gate Terrace, London SW7 5PR,telephone (0171) 584-9315, Fax (0171) 581-0410, or e-mail to wcmt@dial.pipex.com. M>Sir Henry Beverley is Director General of the WinstonChurchill Memorial Trust.FINEST HOUR 96/22

LITERALLY LOUSYIn 1947 the Minister of Fuel andPower, Hugh Gaitskell, later Attlee'ssuccessor as Labour Party leader,advocated saving energy by takingfewer baths: "Personally, I have neverhad a great many baths myself, and Ican assure those who are in the habitof having a great many that it doesnot make a great difference to theirhealth if they have less...."Churchill, a renowned bather,responded: "When Ministers of theCrown speak like this on behalf ofHM Government, the Prime Ministerand his friends have no need to wonderwhy they are getting increasinglyinto bad odour. I have even askedmyself, when meditating upon thesepoints, whether you, Mr. Speaker,would admit the word 'lousy' as aParliamentary expression in referringto the Administration, provided, ofcourse, it was not intended in a contemptuoussense but purely as one offactual narration."-House of Commons, 28Oct47,Debate on the Address, published inEurope Unite (London:Cassell, Boston:HM Co., 1950), page 179.COMBINED LIBATIONDennis Horsfield, a neighbourhere in Emsworth, Hampshire,worked at Chartwell after the war, fora company engagedin laying tarmacpaths. On severaloccasions Churchillwould walk downfrom the house to seehow the work wasprogressing, anddoubtless sometimesto give advice! Healways brought withhim a glass of whiskyand after a chatwould frequentlyleave his unfinisheddrink on a nearbywall. Denis, neverappreciating waste,would always drainthe glass. On a lateroccasion, Churchill paid a routinevisit to overlook the work, but thistime he wasn't carrying his usualdrink. No doubt with a twinkle in hiseye, he said to Denis, "Have you seenour glass?"—L. L. Thomas, Emsworth, Hants., UKCHURCHILL ON MUSSOLINI"A crafty, coldblooded,black-heartedItalian who soughtto gain an Empire onthe cheap by stabbingFrance in the back."* sf *"This whipped jackal, Mussolini, whoto save his skin has made Italy a vassalstate of Hitler's empire, goes friskingup to the side of the German tigerwith yelps not only of appetite—thatcould be understood—but even of triumph...Thisabsurd imposter!"—London, 27 April 1941* * *"The organ-grinder has got a prettyfirm hold of the monkey's collar."* * *"The Italian miscalculatorthought he saw his chance of a cheapand easy triumph and rich plunderfor no fighting. He struck at the backof a dying France and at what hebelieved was a doomed Britain.""...On deaf ears and a stonyheart fell the wise, far-seeing appealsof the American Press. The hyena inhis nature broke all bounds of decency.Today his empire is gone."Editor's note: This collection appeared inLilliput, a Reader's Digest-h'fce monthlypublished by Pocket Publications Ltd.,London, Volume 12 No. 3 for March1943. Alongside were ranged some quotesby Mussolini on himself ("I shall die anatural death..! recognise no one superiorto myself.") We have attributed one ofthe Churchill quotes and would appreciatehelp in attributing the others.FAVORITE QUOTESFrom Listserv Winston (see p20)My favorite quote compresses anincredible amount of thought intoamazingly few words, something Ifeel Churchill was very good atdoing. In commenting in Parliamentabout the wartime excesses of theBritish Army in Africa, he said, "I amafraid that long after we have gone,they will have forgotten ourproverbs, but will remember ourmaxims."—Chuck Duffy, Portland, OregonWhat about: "Nothing is more exhilaratingthan to be shot at withoutresult." This truly reflects Churchill'sability to "go on to the end."—Kevin A. Kelly, East Lansing, Mich.My favorite is one I use at the end ofmy E-mail messages, helping to promoteChurchill awareness in my businessassociates: "Live dangerously,dread naught, all will be well." Thishas been a byword for me, havingsurvived fourteen years of rampantand ruthless corporate downsizing; Istill anticipate the "all will be well"part! I have used the quote for years,and although I have a pretty completecollection of Churchill's writings,I cannot find where I originallygot it. Does anybody recognize thesource?—Gregory B. Smith, Phoenix, Ariz. $FINEST HOUR 96/23

FROM THE CANONMan Overboard!An Episode of the Red SeaBY WINSTON S. CHURCHILL, 1899ILLUSTRATIONS BY HENRY AUSTINIT was a little after half-past ninewhen the man fell overboard.The mail steamer was hurryingthrough the Red Sea in the hope ofmaking up the time which the currentsof the Indian Ocean hadstolen. The night was clear, thoughthe moon was hidden behindclouds. The warm air was ladenwith moisture. The still surface ofthe waters was only broken by themovement of the great ship, fromwhose quarter the long, slantingundulations struck out, like thefeathers from an arrow shaft, andin whose wake the froth and airbubbles churned up by the propellertrailed in a narrowing line tothe darkness of the horizon.There was a concert on board.All the passengers were glad tobreak the monotony of the voyage,and gathered around the piano inthe companion-house. The deckswere deserted. The man had beenlistening to the music and joiningin the songs. But the room was hot,and he came out to smoke acigarette and enjoy a breath of thewind which the speedy passage ofthe liner created, it was the onlywind in the Red Sea that night.The accommodation-ladder hadnot been unshipped since leavingAden, and the man walked out onto the platform, as on to a balcony.He leaned his back against the railand blew a puff of smoke into theair reflectively. The piano struck upa lively tune, and a voice began to©Winston S. Churchill; reprinted bykind permission.FINEST HOUR 96/24sing the first verse of "The RowdyDowdy Boys." The measured pulsationsof the screw were a subduedbut additional accompaniment. Theman knew the song. It had been therage at all the music halls when hehad started for India seven years before.It remindedhim of thebiilliant andbusy streets hehad not seen for solong, but was soon to seeagain. He was just going tojoin in the chorus, when the railing,which had been insecurely fastened,gave way suddenly with a snap, andhe fell backwards into the warm water of thesea amid a great splash.

FOR a moment he was physicallytoo much astonished tothink. Then he realised that hemust shout. He began to do thiseven before he rose to the surface.He achieved a hoarse, inarticulate,half-choked scream. A startledbrain suggested the word "Help!"and he bawled this out lustily andwith frantic effort six or seven timeswithout stopping. Then he listened."Hi! hi! clear the wayFor the Rowdy Dowdy Boys."The chorus floated back to himacross the smooth water, for theship had already passed completelyby. And as he heard the music along stab of terror drove throughhis heart. The possibility that hewould not be picked up dawned forthe first time on his consciousness.The chorus started again —"Then — I —say — boys,Who's for a jolly spree?Rum — turn — tiddley — um.Who'll have a drink with me?""Help! help! help!" shrieked theman, in desperate fear."Fond of a glass now and thenFond of a row or noise:Hi! hi! clear the wayFor the Rowdy Dowdy Boys!"The last words drawled out faintand fainter. The vessel was steamingfast. The beginning of the secondverse was confused and brokenby the ever-growing distance. Thedark outline of the great hull wasgetting blurred. The stern lightdwindled.Then he set out to swim after itwith furious energy, pausing everydozen strokes to shout long wildshouts. The disturbed waters of thesea began to settle again to theirrest. The widening undulations becameripples. The aerated confusionof the screw fizzed itself upwardsand out. The noise of motion, thesounds of life and music died away.The liner was but a single fadinglight on the blackness of thewaters and a dark shadow againstthe paler sky... the sternlight be-At ** •-•length fullrealisation cameto the man, and he stopped swimming.He was alone — abandoned.With the understanding his brainreeled. He began again to swim,only now instead of shouting heprayed — mad, incoherent prayers,the words stumbling into oneanother.Suddenly a distant light seemedto flicker and brighten. A surge ofjoy and hope rushed through hismind. They were going to stop — toturn the ship and come back. Andwith the hope came gratitude. Hisprayer was answered. Broken wordsof thanksgiving rose to his lips. Hestopped and stared after the light —his soul in his eyes. As he watchedit, it grew gradually but steadilysmaller. Then the man knew that hisfate was certain. Despair succeededhope. Gratitude gave place tocurses. Beating the water with hisarms, he raved impotently. Fouloaths burst from him, as broken ashis prayers — and as unheeded.The fit of passion passed, hurriedby increasing fatigue. He becameFINEST HOUR 96/25silent — silent as was the sea, foreven the ripples were subsiding intothe glassy smoothness of the surface.He swam on mechanically along thetrack of the ship, sobbing quietly tohimself, in the misery of fear. Andthe stern light became a tiny speck,yellower but scarcely bigger thansome of the stars, which here andthere shone between the clouds.Nearly twenty minutes passed,and the man's fatigue began tochange to exhaustion. The overpoweringsense of the inevitable pressedupon him. With the weariness camea strange comfort. He need not swimall the long way to Suez. There wasanother course. He would die. Hewould resign his existence since hewas thus abandoned. He threw uphis hands impulsively and sank.Down, down he went through thewarm water. The physical deathtook hold of him and he began todrown. The pain of that savage griprecalled his anger. He fought with itfuriously. Striking out with armsand legs he sought to get back to theair. it was a hard struggle, but he escapedvictorious and gasping to thesurface. Despair awaited him. Feeblysplashing with his hands he moanedin bitter misery — "I can't — I must.O God! let me die."The moon, then in her third quarter,pushed out from behind theconcealing clouds and shed a pale,soft glitter upon the sea. Upright inthe water, fifty yards away, was ablack triangular object. It was a fin.It approached him slowly.His last appeal had been heard. $

Notes on theMemoirsofU. S. GrantandW. S. ChurchillSeparated by several wars and decades, shared experiences producedremarkable similarities in the writings of two men. Did Churchill,an aficionado of the American Civil War, read Grant's Personal Memoirs?AREADER of the Personal Memoirs of PresidentUlysses S. Grant periodically is haunted by asense of deja vu. Certain sentences and ideasare all too familiar. It soon becomes apparent that theechoes one hears are of the utterances of more recenttimes, those of Winston S. Churchill.Both men, holding prominent positions duringmajor wars, were tempted to give an overview of thewar, even while scruples forced them to confess that,as mere mortals, they would only be giving one facet ofthe tale. Hence Grant says, "I am not pretending to givefull details of all the battles fought but the portion that Isaw)," 1 and Churchill hangs the chronicle of great,events "upon the thread of the personal experience ofan individual ... I am telling my own tale." Again: "Ishall only summarize the course of the battle so far asmay be necessary to explain my own experiences ... Ipropose to describe exactly what happened to me: whatI saw and what I felt." 2As participants at high levels, they mainly did thefighting not from trenches or behind the barrels of gunsbut via letters and memoranda. These can be dramaticand revealing. Churchill's technique is to reprint lavishlythose letters and memoranda which give a senseof the stresses of the period being described. Grant doesso only occasionally (and, like Churchill, reprintsmainly his own, rarely anyone else's), but he gives aDr. Weidhorn is Guterman Professor of English Literatureat Yeshiva University, New York, and an academic advisor toThe Churchill Center.BY MANFRED WEIDHORNFINEST HOUR 96 / 26Churchillian justification: "I quote this letter because itgives the reader a full knowledge of the events of thatperiod." Or again: "I cannot tell the provision I hadalready made to cooperate with Sherman ... better thanby giving my reply to this letter." 3 Churchill's versionis that his memoranda "composed ... under the stressof events and with the knowledge available at themoment will... give a current account of those tremendousevents as they were viewed at the time" and"constitute a more authentic record and give ... a betterimpression of what happened and how it seemed atthe time than any account which I could write now." 4Both men's varied experience of war gave them a curiousGod's eye view of things. In A Roving Commission,Churchill in effect speaks for both men when he commentson the change of perspective wrought by thepassage of time. Battles and troop movements thatseemed impressive and challenging at the time of occurrenceturn, with the advent years later of a vastlylarger war, insignificant. For Grant, the Mexican-AmericanWar came to seem child's play after the experienceof the "most stupendous war ever known" 5 — the CivilWar — even as for Churchill, the Frontier Wars, especiallythe Boer War, underwent the same shrinkagenext to World War I. So we hear Grant say, "In view ofthe immense bodies of men moved on the same dayover narrow roads, through dense forests and acrosslarge streams, in our late war, it seems strange now thata body of less than three thousand men should havebeen broken into four columns, separated by a day's

march." 6 Compare this with Churchill:Yet there was to come a day when a Cavalry Captain —Haig by name — who drilled with us in the Long Valleythis spring was to feel himself stinted because in a mostimportant battle, he could marshal no more than fortyBritish Divisions together with the First American ArmyCorps — in all a bare six hundred thousand men. ... Butthe South African War was to attain dimensions whichfully satisfied the needs of our small army. And after thatthe deluge was still to come! ... Everything depends uponthe scale of events. We young men who lay down to sleepthat night within three miles of 60,000 well-armed Dervishes... may be pardoned if we thought we were at gripswith real war. 7In either case, a wry, ironic smile graces the lips of anarrator who looks back to the naivete of his earlierself.What wartime overseer eager for results has notfound himself needing to prod generals who seem to beoverly cautious — or, to be fair, who have a bettergrasp of forbidding frontline conditions? Both menrecord the fact that they had to push reluctant generalsinto combat. Grant: "Attack Hood at once and wait nolonger for a remnant of your cavalry. There is greatdanger of delay resulting in a campaign back to theOhio River." Two days later: "Why not attack at once?... Now is one of the finest opportunities ever presentedof destroying one of the three armies of the enemy ...Use the means at your command, and you can do thisand cause a rejoicing that will resound from one end ofthe land to the other." 8Churchill similarly had to push hard, especiallyWavell and Auchinleck in North Africa: "It seems mostdesirable to chop the German advance against Cyrenaica.Any rebuff to the Germans would have farreachingprestige effects. ... If we do not use the lull accordedus by the German entanglement in Russia, ...the opportunity may never recur. ... By waiting untilyou have an extra brigade you may well find you haveto face an extra division on." 9The charge of warmonger that haunted Churchillwas generated in part by his oft iterated position thatthe quest for peace requires arming for war. Grant espouseda similar position, in similar words: "To maintainpeace in the future it is necessary to be preparedfor war." 10 Compare Churchill before World War I: Apowerful British Navy was "the one great balancingforce which we can contribute to our own safety andthe peace of the world." And after World War II:"Peace is our aim, and strength is the only way of gettingit. We need not be deterred by the taunt that weare trying to have it both ways at once. Indeed it is onlyby having it both ways at once that we shall have achance of getting anything at all.""Sometimes wars, both men believed, are better thanthe alternative. Grant: "Wars are not always evilsunmixed with some good." Churchill: "War, the hardestof all teachers, is the only one to whom attention ispaid." 12Grant's book contains two passages on how theAmerican armies, consisting of citizens of a democracy,are fiercer than the old monarchical ones: Sherman had"sixty thousand as good soldiers as ever trod the earth;better than any European soldiers, because they notonly worked like a machine but the machine thought.European armies know very little what they are fightingfor, and care less." Again: European soldiers "arenot very intelligent and have very little interest in thecontest. ...Our armies were composed of men who wereable to read, men who knew what they were fightingfor." 13 So too Churchill, in warning about the widespreadfeeling at the dawn of the century that therewould be no more wars among Europeans, argued thatthe wars of the future would actually be worse becauseof the morale and motivation of the citizen soldiers:"Democracy is more vindictive than cabinets. The warsof the peoples will be more terrible than those ofkings." 14How then does one account for these fascinating parallels?Did Churchill read the Personal Memoirs whichex-President U.S. Grant published in 1885-86? As anaficionado of the American Civil War, was Churchilllikely to have overlooked one of the best and bestknownbooks written by a major participant in a majorrecent war, perhaps the first modern war? And was hethen influenced by the book?On the other hand, one must beware of over-interpreting.Different men in different times and placesmay independently arrive at similar thoughts in similarcircumstances.END NOTES1. U. S. Grant, Personal Memoirs (New York: Dover, 1995),p. 46.2. W. S. Churchill, The World Crisis, 6 vols. (New York:Scribner's, 1923-31), 3:xi; 1:49; The Second World War, 6 vols.(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1948-53), pp. l:iii; A RovingCommission: My Early Life (New York: Scribner's, 1930,1941),pp. 186,189.3. Grant, pp. 384,397.4. The Second World War, l:iii; 3:v.5. Grant, p. 61.6. Grant, p. 28.7. A Roving Commission, pp. 66, 75,180-81.8. Grant, pp. 388-89.9. The Second World War, 3:204,403,414.10. Grant, p. 460.11. Gilbert Martin, Churchill: A Life (New York: HenryHolt, 1991), pp. 256,923.12. Grant, p. 461; Manfred Weidhorn, A Harmony of Interests(Madison, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson UP, 1992.), p. 72. »FINEST HOUR 96/27

Weidhorn end notes, continued...13. Grant, pp. 376,454.14. W. S. Churchill, Mr. Brodrick's Army (London:Humphreys, 1903, rep. 1977), p. 23. Sometimes one even runsacross a similar ironic observation. Take the case of a generalleading a force into combat and having a view of theprospects that is at odds with the view held by the authoritieson his own side or on the other side. Grant: "I, as well as theauthorities in Washington, was still in a great state of anxietyfor Burnside's safety. Burnside himself, I believe, was the onlyone who did not share in this anxiety" (249). Churchill: "Ouranxieties about the Italian invasion of Egypt were, it now appears,far surpassed by those of Marshal Graziani, who commandedit" (SWW 2:469). One also runs across in Grant a possibleseedling of a famous phrase: "It indicated to them thatthey had passed through the 'beginning of the end' in the battlejust fought."(314). There is even a curious tripartite connectioninvolving Lee, Grant, and Churchill. In his History ofthe English Speaking Peoples, Churchill quoted the famous remarkby Lee: "It is well that war is horrible — we wouldgrow too fond of it." Yet Grant made a similar observation ona battle scene: "The sight was magnificent, but terrible"(181).Churchill and MusicNo musicianand nearlytone-deaf,the Great Mannevertheless hadhis preferences:the simple songswere best, andthe old songswere best of all.BY JILL KENDALLAS a musician, I believe thatthere is music in everygreat life, and I have foundthat Winston Churchill was definitelyno exception. There wasmusic with him from his youth,during the wars, and still with himat the time of his death.His musical connection actuallybegan before Winston was eventhought of. Jenny Jerome's fatherstarted the New York Opera, andJenny herself became a remarkableconcert pianist. As a young boy,Winston's beloved nurse, Mrs. Everest,would teach him little songswhich he learned very quickly.When he started at Harrow, hewas ready to try his hand at somethingnew. But, though his motherwas a talented musician, he didn'tinherit her gift, and his attempts tolearn the violin and the piano wereunsuccessful. He switched to—by Illinjuiorth.Illingworth in The Daily Mail, 28 January 1942; the PM was facing a Vote of Confidencesinging and in a letter to his mothersaid, "I rank as one of the mostprominent trebles and am in what iscalled the nucleus of the choir ... Ofcourse I am so young that my voicehas not yet broke and as trebles arerare I am one of the few." After ayear or two, Lord Randolph toldWinston that he thought singingwas a waste of time, so, Winston leftthe choir and started drawing.A school event that made a bigimpression on young Winston was alecture one Saturday about thephonograph, a predecessor to thetape recorder that made what werethen called "talking records." Winstonwrote, "it was very amusing,[the instructor] astonished all sobermindedpeople by singing into thephonograph:FINEST HOUR 96/28John Brown's Body lies-AMouldering in the graveAnd his soul goes marching onGlory, glory, Hallelujahand the phonograph spoke it backin a voice that was clearly audible inthe Speech Room." The aspect ofschool he remembered with themost pleasure were the Harrowsongs: "They have an incomparablebook of school songs," he wrote hisparents. "At intervals we used togather in the Speech Room or evenin our own Houses, and sing thesesplendid and famous choruses."When Churchill entered Sandhursthe had less time for music, butit happened to be the inspiration forhis first public speech. In 1894, awoman named Mrs. OrmistonChant started a movement trying to

shut down London's Empire MusicHall. She believed they "catered topeople who had a small proportionof brains." She was challenged by ayoung army cadet who would comeup from Sandhurst twice a month tovisit London music halls. Churchillsoon joined a movement called TheEntertainments Protection League,which, including himself, had twomembers. Mrs. Chant had causedauthorities to erect a screen of canvasbetween the promenade and thebars. Soon after, Churchill and hisfriends visited the Empire and startedpoking their walking sticksthrough the canvas. Suddenly, theentire crowd of two or three hundredpeople tore the barricadesdown and marched around LeicesterSquare waving pieces of thescreen. Winston then mounted thedebris and made his first speech:"You have seen us tear downthese barricades tonight. See thatyou pull down those who are responsiblefor them at the comingelection!"Of course, we all know thatChurchill was speaking entirely indefense of the wonderful music thatwas played at these halls! ...In Sarah Churchill's book, AThread in the Tapestry, she recalledher father teaching her his favoritemusic hall songs, and, when theywere alone, how she would coaxhim to singI wanted to get marriedLike a lot of foolish men.Found a girl, got engaged,Got married there and then.But after it was overI'd got taken down a peg,Her hair, her eyes, her teethWere falseAnd she'd a wooden leg.But I can't change it,I can't change it,It was a great surprise to meHaifa woman and half a treebut I'll chop her up for firewoodin the sweet by and by.There were many other verses, butthis was his favorite. Sarah also rememberedhim standing on thepavement waiting for his car to arrive,singing another music hall favoriteto the doorman:I've been to the North Pole,I've been to the South Pole,The East Pole, the West Pole,And every other kind of pole,The Barber's Pole,The greasy Pole,And now I'm fairly up the Pole,Since I got the sackFrom the Hotel Metropole.Fresh out of Sandhurst Churchillwent on to report about and fight inBritain's colonial wars. After his escapefrom a Boer prison in SouthAfrica, public interest in him wasoverwhelming. Eleven Conservativeconstituencies wanted him for theircandidate; he went straight toOldham, where he received a warmwelcome. A band played, "See theConquering Hero Comes" as he enteredthe town. He addressed a fullhouse at the Theater Royal, talkingof his escape and hiding in a coalmine, where an Oldham man, DanDewsnap, secreted him from hispursuers. Mr. Dewsnap's wife happenedto be in the gallery. Shestood, took a bow, Winston bowedback and was cheered to the rafters.A chorus of mill girls stood andsang:You've heard of Winston Churchill;This is all I need to say—He's the latest and the greatestCorrespondent of the day IIn 1910 when Churchill wasHome Secretary, he proposed thatlectures and concerts should begiven in every prison. Most of hiscritics said that he was makingprison life too comfortable.I didn't find many specific referencesto Churchill and music for thenext thirty years, but in 1940, whenhis Secretary of State for India, aGovernor of the Harrow School,told Churchill about the "anxiety ofthe school" to see the Prime Minister,"even if for only half an hour orso," he replied he would only go tolisten to the school songs, which hesaid "stood by him throughout hislife." He especially requested"When Raleigh Rose."Churchill's private secretary,John Colville, recalled an incidentsoon afterward, when the PM receiveda telegram from Roosevelt: "Itook it upstairs to the Prime Ministerwho was in his bath, with thedoor wide open, and singing "St.Joles" at the top of his voice. Afterreading the telegram (still in thebath) and giving instructions aboutit, he continued cheerfully with "St.Joles" and proceeded to tell mewhat an inspiration the Harrowsongs had been to him throughouthis life."When a date for the songs was finallydecided upon Harrow's Headmasterhad only one day's notice.He asked the Director of Music tocompose an additional verse to "StetFortuna Domus" in honor of thevisit. The songs took place in theSpeech Room. They began with"Stet Fortuna Domus" with the additionof the new verse.At his second visit to "Songs" in1941, Churchill thought the words,"No less we praise in darker days",should be changed to "No less wepraise in sterner days." The newphrase was immediately adopted,and Churchill sang lustily, rememberingmost of the words withoutreferring to the song book.Before the singing of "Forty YearsOn," which ultimately would containtwo verses especially added forhim, Churchill unexpectedly rose,and after prolonged applause,started to speak. He spoke abouthow as a boy he was thrilled by theHarrow songs. He felt they were oneof the school's greatest treasures,passing from one generation toanother, and talked of his brighthopes for the future. »FINEST HOUR 96/29

Harrow Songs:The Churchill VersesSTET FORTUNA DOMUSNor less we praise in sterner daysThe leader of our nation,And CHURCHILL'S nameshall win acclaimFrom each new generation.While in this fight to guard the RightOur country you defend, SirHere grim and gay we mean to stay,And stick it to the end, SirDONORUM DEIChurchill with flourishof sabre and brush and penRode gallantly forthon his way to be leader of men;The last of seven who lived on the HillWaiting the call to serve the nation,And nursed by the dreams tlmt stillTheir ancient end fulfill—Of God's good giftsthe faithful dispensation.Argentia, 10 August 1941: "I chose the hymns myself ... It was a great hour to live."THE SILVER ARROWThe flame that wokewhen Churchill spokeBlazes forth in the darkness still;We do not forget: they are needed yet—Loyal spirit and strength and skill.But today will be heardno wavering wordNo cloud of care be seen:Each heart rejoice, ring out each voiceIn gladness, "God save the Queen!"FORTY YEARS ONSixty years on, though in timegrowing older,Younger at heart you return to the Hill:You who in days of defeat ever bolderLed us to Victory, serve Britain still.Still there are basesto guard or beleaguer,Still must the battle for Freedom be won:Long may you fight, Sir,who fearless and eagerLook back to-day more than sixty years on.Blazoned in honour! For each generationYou kindled courage to stand and to stay;You lead our fathers to fight for the nation,Called "Follow up"and yourself showed the wayWe who were bornin the calm after thunderCherish our freedom to think and to do;If in our turn we forgetfully wonder,Yet we'll remember we owe it to you.He ended his speech by askingthe School to sing two more of hisfavorites, "Giants" and "Boy." Afterthe request for "Giants," LeoAmery, a Harrow old boy and amember of Churchill's Party, turnedto someone and said, "Loathsomesong. I was always put on to singit." Throughout most of the songs,and sometimes while singing,Churchill wept copiously. Hereturned for "Songs" almost everyyear until his health would nolonger allow it.In 1941, Roosevelt and Churchillmet at the Atlantic Conferenceaboard H.M.S. Prince of Wales. Later,Churchill wrote about a church serviceheld on her quarterdeck: "Ichose the hymns myself. 'For Thosein Peril on the Sea' and 'OnwardChristian Soldiers.' We ended with'O God, Our Help in Ages Past'which Macaulay reminds us theIronsides had chanted as they boreJohn Hampden's body to the grave.Every word seemed to stir the heart.It was a great hour to live. Nearlyhalf of those who sang were soon todie." The Prince of Wales was sunkby the Japanese shortly after Japanentered the war.During Churchill's visit toMoscow in 1944, he and Stalin spentan evening at the Bolshoi Theater.There was a composite program,including ballet and opera. The partChurchill liked the most was thesinging and dancing of the RedArmy Choir.As a powerful and persuasiveFINEST HOUR 96/30speaker, Churchill often used musicto make a point or give an example.One of my favorite examples of thisoccurred in a speech after songs atHarrow in 1945:"When I entered the room, onething struck me, and that wasWhere is the kettle-drum? whichhas a most keen fascination for me,and I have always felt it. I am not atall musically gifted; I cannot understandany music that hasn't got atune. But I have always been verymuch attracted by the kettle-drum.Again and again I thought if I couldonly get hold of those sticks! I musthave a go one of these fine evenings!However, there must have beensome protesting interest which inspiredthe authorities in those days,and I was never allowed to have myopportunity."So I gave up that ambition andtransferred my aspirations to anotherpart of the orchestra. I thought if Icannot have the kettle-drumI might try to be the conductor,there is a great deal in the gesturesat any rate: they are those whichoccur most readily to a politician. Atany rate it always seemed to me thatthat was the part in the orchestra Icould play best, always exceptingthe kettle-drum.

"That could not be arranged either,while I was at Harrow, buteventually, and after a great deal ofperseverance, I rose to be the conductorof quite a considerable band.It was a very large band, and itplayed with very strange andformidable instruments, and theroar and thunder of its musicresounded throughout the world.We played all sorts of tunes, andwe finished up the concert, Sir, with'Rule Britannia' and 'God Save theKing.'"Another instance of Churchillusing music in his speeches waswhen he was Leader of the Oppositionafter World War II. The onlything more obnoxious to him thanthe Socialists' political planningwas their jargon. The poor werecalled "lower income disadvantaged"and the word for "house"became "local accommodationunit." He said in the House ofCommons: "Now we will have tochange that old favourite song'Home, Sweet, Home' to say 'LocalAccommodation Unit, Sweet LocalAccommodation Unit — there's noplace like Local AccommodationUnit.'"In 1953, when Churchill becamea Knight of the Garter, his nephewZel in 77K Daily Mirror, 11 October1944, as Churchill and Stalin had anunusually cordial meeting in Moscow.John Spencer-Churchill wrote acoronation march for the occasion.The song was written in the style ofthe Harrow songs, of whichChurchill was always so fond.Sometimes a holiday wouldbring music into Churchill's life.After Christmas dinner, it was timefor the traditional Christmas Sing-Along. Churchill supposedly "sangheartily, if not always in tune," andwhen a Viennese waltz was playedhe would "dance a remarkablyfrisky measure in the middle of theroom." In fact, one of the bestChristmas presents he ever receivedwas a record set of the completeworks of Gilbert and Sullivan fromhis daughter, Mary Soames.Many interesting stories aboutmusic in Churchill's life wereshared with me by his former bodguard,the late Eddie Murray. Forinstance, Churchill could not standanyone to be whistling near him.Also, sometimes after dinner, if hewas alone, he would get his valet toput on records of Gilbert and Sullivanoperettas, or songs from theFirst World War. Sometimes whenapproaching Hyde Park Gate, hewould begin to sing songs like"We're here, because we're here,because we're here," and "We'resoldiers of theQueen, my lads,"One eveningafter dinner, SirWinston was descendingthestaircase with hisson-in-lawChristopherSoames, singinga Gilbert andSullivan tune,when he stopped,and said, "That'snot right, I'llhave to startagain." He continuedto singuntil he reachedthe bottom of the stairs. He thenturned to Eddie and said, "Ithought that was very good, mydear Murray!"In 1964, on Churchill's ninetiethbirthday, he watched a special programon BBC television called"Ninety Years On," introduced byNoel Coward, which incorporatedmany of his favorite music hallsongs. It is erroneously reportedthat Churchill planned his own funeral;however, he did make a fewrequests. He wanted "as manybrass bands as possible."Music cannot be said to havebeen Churchill's chief love. But I believea person as artistic, articulate,and expressive as he was led a lifein which music had to play a part, ifonly a small one. I have enjoyed thesearch for information about musicin Churchill's life. Along the way, Ilearned much about him that hadno connection to music. $Miss Kendall recently graduatedfrom Portage (Michigan) Central HighSchool with high honors, was awardedthe John Philip Sousa National MusicAward, and is majoring in Music Historyat Butler University in Indianapolis.She is the granddaughter of Fred Farrow,a Trustee of The Churchill Center. Shewishes to thank those people whoshared their memories or steered her tobooks she needed to read: RichardLangworth, Parker Lee, Dr. JohnMather, Detective Sergeant Murray,Miss Grace Hamblin, Lady Soames, andher grandfather, Fred Farrow.FINEST HOUR 96/31

One hundred years ago:Autumn 1897 • Age 23Malakand Field Force....After rushing back to India,Churchill waited impatiently for wordfrom Sir Bindon Blood that the commanderof the Malakand Field Forcewould appoint him to his headquartersstaff. On 22 August he received wordthat there was no room for him, but thathe could join the expedition as a warcorrespondent: "Army Head Qrs makeall appointments except personal staffand are very jealous of their patronage. Ihave hardly managed to get any of mypals on my staff—though I have askedfor several. However if you were here Ithink I could and certainly would if Icould, do a little jobbery on youraccount."From India Churchill wrote a seriesof unsigned telegrams and letters for thePioneer Mail. To identify them, FrederickWoods compiled a schedule ofChurchill's movements during theMalakand campaign. He notes that "thestylistic evidence in their favour is alsotolerably strong." WSC did not, Woodshowever noted, write The Risings on theNorth-West Frontier. But Churchill didwrite The War in the Indian Highlands by aYoung Officer. Personally he wanted tosign them because it would advance hispolitical career. The first of fifteen articleswas published in the Daily Telegraphon 6 October, the last on 6 December.They formed the basis for his first book,The Story of the Malakand Field Force. Hewas paid five pounds per column.Privately he wrote his motherabout his ambitions and experiences. Hewarned her that he had to take risks sothat his behaviour would be noted andget him attached to Blood's staff. "Imean to play this game out and if I loseit is obvious that I never could havewon any other. The unpleasant contingencyis one which could have permanenteffects and would while leavingme life—deprive me of all that makeslife worth living."About conditions, he wrote: "Noice—no soda—intense heat—but still adelightful experience."ACTION THIS DAY BYJOHNG. PLUMFTONSeventy-five years ago:Autumn 1922 • Age 48No seat, no appendix...The Candidate, 1922The Coalition Government of LloydGeorge was coming apart. One criticsaid that it had "produced at the centrean atmosphere more like an orientalcourt at which favourites struggledunceasingly for position than anythingseen in Britain for a century or more."Another commented, "I never heardprinciples or the welfare of the countrymentioned."Tory leadership was severely dividedon whether to continue supportingthe Coalition. Austen Chamberlain andLord Birkenhead were solid supporters;Andrew Bonar Law and Stanley Baldwinwere not.Churchill's fellow Harrovian LeoAvery invited all Tory MPs to meet atthe Carlton Club. He was responding tobackbench concerns about their electionprospects. Everyone was specificallywatching the forthcoming by-election inNewport, where a Tory candidate wasrunning against the Coalition.The Tory victory in the by-electionswung the Carlton Club MPs againstthe Coalition. Lloyd George resignedand Bonar Law became Prime Ministerupon his election as Tory leader. Parliamentwas quickly dissolved and a generalelection was called, to be fought onparty lines.Churchill, who would have been inthe middle of all of this, missed much ofit. He was undergoing surgery forappendicitis. Maurice Hankey's diary,as recorded by Martin Gilbert, tells thiswonderful story: "On coming to fromhis anaesthetics Churchill immediatelycried, 'Who has got in for Newport?Give me a newspaper.' The doctor toldhim he could not have it and must keepquiet. Shortly after, the doctor returnedand found Winston unconscious againwith four or five newspapers lying onthe bed."As soon as he could, Churchillwrote his Dundee constituency sayinghe would stand as a Liberal and askedfor their support against the Labour andCommunist candidates, hoping that theConservatives would stay with him. Hewould eventually have to face not onlyConservatives but also an anti-CoalitionAsquith Liberal candidate.Appendicitis was a much moreserious illness than it is today andChurchill had to fight the election fromhis bed in a nursing home. To representhim in his constituency he sent his wife,who took her seven-week old daughterMary with her. The local press, nofriends of the Churchills, maliciouslyreferred to Mary as Clementine's"unbaptised infant."Clementine spoke at six meetingsand gallantly faced hostile crowds, evento the extent of having sneezing powderbreak up one meeting.Four days before the election,Churchill arrived at Dundee's RoyalHotel and prepared to address a friendlycrowd at Caird Hall. Two days laterhe faced a much less friendly group atDrill Hall, which he described as follows:"I was struck by the looks of passionatehatred on the faces of some ofthe younger men and women. Indeed,but for my helpless condition, I am surethey would have attacked me." Clementinehad earlier written her husbandthat he should not be seen with a bodyguard."If you bring Sgt Thompson tellhim to conceal himself, tactfully as itwould not do if the populace thoughtyou were afraid of them."FINEST HOUR 96/32

Churchill received less than fourteenpercent of the total vote. He wasout of Parliament for the first time intwenty-two years. He later told the Kingthat he had always held Dundee byspeeches and argument, which requiredthree weeks campaigning. He could notdo it in three days. (As he would latersay to Roosevelt about Yalta, "Even theAlmighty took seven.") Nationally,Bonar Law's Tories won a commandingmajority in the Commons.Churchill did not believe that hispolitical career was finished. When toldthat his activity of writing a book aboutthe previous war was like "digging up acemetery" he replied: "Yes, but with aresurrection." As the year ended,Churchill was, in his own words, "withoutan office, without a seat, without aparty and without an appendix."Fifty years ago:Autumn 1947 • Age 77"My dear Harry..."With Truman at Fulton, the year before."My dear Harry" was the salutationof Churchill's letter to U.S. PresidentHarry Truman, thanking him forthe Marshall Plan which was "savingthe world from Famine and War." In hisresponse, Truman made an interestingobservation about the Soviet Unionwhich "seem most ungrateful for thecontribution which your great countryand mine made to save them. I sometimesthink perhaps we made a mistake—andthen I remember Hitler. Hehad no heart at all. I believe that Joe Stalinhas one but the Polit Bureau [sic]won't let him use it." Churchill sharedTruman's concerns. In an addressbroadcast to America he said the Sovietswere directing an "unceasing stream ofabuse upon the Western World andthey have accompanied this virulentpropaganda by every action whichcould prevent the world settling downinto a durable peace." To meet theworld's challenges he called for a "fraternalassociation" between the BritishEmpire and Commonwealth, the EuropeanUnion and the United States, withBritain serving as "the vital linkbetween them all."Looking towards India he remindedpeople of his warnings in the early1930s: "We are of course only at thebeginning of these horrors andbutcheries, perpetrated upon one another,men, women and children, with theferocity of cannibals, by races giftedwith capacities for the highest cultureand who had for generations dwelt sideby side in general peace under thebroad, tolerant and impartial rule of theBritish Crown and Parliament." Inspeaking to the Conservative Party Conferencehe forecast that "the consequencesof Socialist spite, folly and blundering"would lead to a general electionfor which the Tories must prepare.At Chartwell he worked on his warmemoirs. His draft was challenged byHenry Luce, who had agreed to publishexcerpts in Life magazine. Luce felt thatthere were too many documents which"mar the architectural sense" and too little"analytical insight." Churchill agreedto make changes.In November the Churchills attendedthe wedding of Princess Elizabeth toLieutenant Philip Mountbatten, R.N. atWestminster Abbey. Clementine madesome interesting observations aboutother notables in attendance: "Smuts[Prime Minister of South Africa]...reallycares for Winston and is a source ofstrength and encouragement for him.Mackenzie King [Prime Minister ofCanada] is unchanging as a Chineseimage, and General Marshall the hopeof Mankind."One evening in late November,Churchill was enjoying a quiet dinnerwith his family when his daughterSarah pointed to an empty chair andasked: "If you had the power to putsomeone in that chair to join us now,whom would you choose?" Sarah laterremembered that she expected herfather to name one of his heroes—Caesar,Napoleon or Marlborough. He tookonly a moment to consider and thensaid simply, "Oh, my father of course."He had chosen his greatest hero of all.Churchill went on to describe theoutline of an article which was tobecome The Dream. "It was not clearwhether he was recalling a dream orelaborating on some fanciful idea thathad struck him earlier," his son Randolphwrote, "but this was the genesisof the story." (The Dream is availablefrom Churchill Stores).Twenty-five years ago:Autumn 1972Lady Churchill in Paris...Mary Soames wrote that a "faithfuland constant friend" of her mother's lastyears was Edward Heath, then PrimeMinister. The year before he had invitedher to see the changes he was making atChequers. She approved of them. A fallbroke Lady Spencer-Churchill's hip butshe recovered. Her daughter Sarahreported that "though frail, motherremains independent and as bright andwitty as ever." Her holidays had beenMediterranean cruises, but now sherested by visiting Mary and her familyin Paris.In Finest Hour, editor Dalton Newfieldput out a call for a new editor sothat he could concentrate on his otherrole as President of ICS. He was alsoincreasingly occupied by his abidinglove of books, and was founding theChurchilliana Company to deal in them.Several editors tried and failed to takeDai's place. His eventual successorwould be his predecessor, RichardLangworth.Chartwell, open only six years, hadquickly achieved popularity. It was thesecond most visited National Trustproperty in England. $FINEST HOUR 96/33

BOOKS, ARTS& CURIOSITIESSales Department for the Production ChiefRICHARD M. LANGWORTHIn the interest of full disclosure, thisreviewer played a minor role inimplementing publication of thisbook, for which he receives overgenerousthanks from Martin Gilbert in theAcknowledgements.I was pleased and touched to seethis chronicle of collaboration andfriendship appear, but I never expectedit would amount to much more than auseful research tool. I was wrong. I seewhy Wendy Reves and Martin Gilbertwere so keen to get it published.The Churchill-Reves Correspondenceis simply marvelous. For anyone interestedin Churchill, it shows how anunknown Hungarian came to be his literary"diffuser" (or as Reves put it, "theSales Department" for Churchill the"Production Chief"); how skillfully heused Churchill's screed like apalimpsest, spreading it to the far reachesof Europe, the Empire and NorthAmerica; how gradually Reves's outletsclosed as Hitler's power waxed andneutral countries began to dread Germananger; how Reves twice escapedthe Nazis; how he earned Churchill millionsabroad for the war memoirs andHistory of the English Speaking Peoples;how Emery and Wendy became WSC'shosts when kindly breezes brought theaging statesman to the Riviera.Reves started on a shoestring, sellingWinston Churchill's pieces (most ofthem readable today in Step by Step) forlittle more than a pound or two each tonewspapers in poorer nations, graduallybuilding an impressive business by1939, producing £30,000 a year or so intoday's money. Churchill, remember,was then politically very incorrect.Reves got him on the front pages of thirtynewspapers, 750 different outlets peryear, with fifteen to twenty millionWinston Churchill and Emery Reves:CorrespondenceWINSTON CHURCHILL1937-1964, edited byJJMLRY REVESSir Martin Gilbert.Austin: UniversityL, of Texas Press, 398pages, illustrated,$39.95. New BookService price $32(shipping $5 firstbook, $1 each additional)do the Editor.readers in twenty-five languages. (Isoon learned that Sapnis, the ChurchillSociety's 1995 translation of The Dreamfor President Ulmanis (FH 87, p27) wasnot the first Latvian translation—EmeryReves was publishing Churchill articlesin Latvian as early as 1937.)Imre Revesz (his father had adaptedthe surname from Rosenbaum) wasborn in Hungary in 1904, studied inBerlin and earned a degree in economicsfrom Zurich University. In Berlin in thelate Twenties he organized CooperationPublishing, a unique organization. Itsgoal was to make the thought of leadingEuropean statesmen available to peoplein other countries: Britons in Germany,Frenchmen in Italy, and so on. ShunningNazis, fascists and Communists,Reves promoted democrats. Drummedout of Germany with the clothes on hisback in 1933, Reves reestablished Cooperationin Paris, representing Britain'sleading political writers, Churchill,Eden, Attlee and Herbert Samuel.When France fell in 1940 he fled toLondon, losing his fortune and his business,but not his determination. Anglicizinghis name, he soon set up shop inNew York where, after the war, he wasagain instrumental in placingChurchill's writings. Without EmeryFINEST HOUR 96/34Reves, the canon would today be muchless widely known than it is.A tenacious salesman and negotiator,Reves was gentle and generoustoward the British statesman he respectedmore than anyone in the world. Inthe Thirties he waived commissions tohelp Churchill place articles with foreignpublishers WSC had contactedbefore Reves's own involvement. Hewas never put off by the gentleman/player relationship that marked theirearly encounters, when Churchill kepthim at arm's length despite his evidenttalents. During the war the Prime Ministerrefused to grant Reves several favors—probably it would have set bad precedent—anddid not answer Reves's lettersoffering to help distribute Britain'smessage of defiance to neutral countries.Though he passed Reves's proposals toDuff Cooper at the Propaganda Ministry,WSC carefully noted that he was"not wedded" to them. In their lettershe is "Mr. Churchill" and the Hungarianis "Reves"—Sir Winston didn't callhim "Emery" until he began to holidayat Reves's villa in 1956. Yet in a 1946meeting, when Reves told him how hismother had been cruelly murdered bythe Nazis, Churchill wept in bitter grief.Their business relationship was ofa style many around Churchillexperienced. WSC expected hisfamiliars to be on call constantly, convenientor not. They repaid him withdevotion. The most dramatic account inthis book, in fact, starts with a perplexedReves trying desperately to meetChurchill's order, on one day's notice,that he drop everything and sail withLord Camrose to America to negotiatebook and serial rights to The SecondWorld War.Emery Reves is in Paris when thecommand arrives, out of the blue: sailwith Camrose from Southampton at1PM tomorrow, and stop at Chartwellfor a briefing. Le Bourget is fogged in—no commercial flights. "Can't you get aprivate plane?" Churchill says impatiently.Emery finds a rickety two-seaterwhere he sits in dread for twenty minutes,until the pilot is denied a take-off"because my motor gives off sparks."Tenaciously, he finally gets to Croydon

the next morning, too late to stop atChartwell, but Churchill sends a car thatspeeds him to Southampton. He thinkshe'll miss the boat—but like PhileasFogg he gains an unexpected hour,because Britain has just set its clocksback! The old Churchill luck.Reves is the last passenger on thesold-out maiden voyage of the QueenElizabeth, in a cabin Churchill has procuredby importuning Cunard's chairman.He looks up Lord Camrose—whohas no idea what Emery is there for!Reves cables Churchill to pleaseexplain. Churchill replies: "I am sureyou will do an excellent job, but youmust be very confidential and you mustrealize that you do not actually representme." In other words: #X*X@%!!Such confusing orders would flummoxlesser men. But by the end of thevoyage, Emery has made friends withCamrose and they split the workload:his Lordship will deal with newspapers,Emery ("unofficially") with magazines.Reves also acts as confidant, helping tosteer negotiations away from the baddeals and toward the best one: HenryLuce of Life, whom Camrose doesn'twant to see because Luce hasn't repliedto his letter.Learning that Luce is in New York,Emery rings his friend, the redoubtableClaire, Luce's wife."Harry" is in bed, exhausted after atwo-night flight from China. TellingClaire his mission is urgent, Emeryrushes to a cab, presents himself at theWaldorf Towers and asks her to WakeHarry. An angry Luce appears in dressinggown: "You are the fifth or sixth orseventh agent who comes to me sayinghe represents Churchill—now who ishis representative?"Emery is under orders to be veryconfidential. "All I can tell you," hesays, is that in forty-eight hours [theserialization of Churchill's war memoirs]will be decided. You can talk to metoday or tomorrow, but after tomorrowyou won't get it." Luce gets it—fromLord Camrose, whom the faithful Revesmakes sign the contract as Churchill'sofficial representative.Later Lord Camrose says, "Theymade a very good offer....$l,400,000 forthe American serial and book rights."Reves replies, "Lord Camrose—No!The American serial rights—yes—but notthe book rights. You must stop it." Reveshas friends at Houghton Mifflin—andthey are good for a quarter million forthe book rights in addition to Luce's$1.4 million.Breathlessly we follow this tale ofderring-do, finally learning that neitherCamrose nor Reves charge Churchill forhis services, not even his expenses. "Hedid it to get the British rights for theDaily Telegraph and I did it to get the foreignrights for me," Emery recounts,"but we both acted on principle." Revesprospered on the usufruct he genuinelyearned, but I suspect he would havedone it all for next to nothing for hishero, the Chief of Production.One can learn a lot from this book,guided by the perceptive and sensitiveMartin Gilbert, who always providesjust the right supporting documents:Sarah Churchill's note, for example,when her father is beset by critics of hiswar memoirs, words many of us shouldheed, this writer included: "DarlingPapa...Don't listen to too many critics—Each critic criticises from a personalangle. The work is yours—from deepwithin you—and its success depends onit flowing from you in an uninterruptedstream." And from Emery himself,reacting eloquently to the sudden end ofhis brief intimacy with Churchill, comesa piece of sound advice to anyone who,lied about, is tempted to deal in lies:"During my long life I developedthe capacity to end a big cry in laughterand today I can only smile at the pasttwo years. How childish and unnecessaryall those intrigues were, how easy itwould have been to maintain our beautifulrelationship and to add to it anythingthat might have attractedyou....Should we not be able to defeatthe intrigues that so unnecessarily separatedus, then I am anxious to preservethe memories of our association duringthe years 1955-58. After all, what doesone keep in life as time passes? A certainnumber of memories....I do notknow what memories you have of thoseyears, but mine are unforgettable."It is a tribute to this book, and thosewho saw it into print, that a memory oftwo unforgettable spirits is so eloquentlypresented.FINEST HOUR 96/35An Antidoteto FairytalesBY THE EDITORChurchill and Secret Service, by DavidStafford. Woodstock,New York:The OverlookPress. Hardbound,400 pages, 23illus., regular price$35. New BookService price $30.Available fromthe Finest HourNew Book Service,do the Editor; add for shipping (seebox on page 36).There are enough WinstonChurchill spy books already inprint—both fictional and allegedlyfactual—that readers may wonderwhy they need another one. The answeris quickly demonstrated by DavidStafford's expert account of Churchill'sinvolvement with secret intelligence,from the days of the 1914 Home Ruledebate to his last years of power, whenhe sought unsuccessfully a modus vivendiwith the Soviets. Stafford providesthree things hitherto lacking: a completeaccount spanning Churchill's full career;a parade of facts, which are a good antidoteto fairytales; and, most important,up-to-date research based on recentlyreleased secret papers that earlier chroniclerscould not access.Stafford is too good an historian tooffer either an uncritical paean or a vitriolicpolemic, nor does he hitch hiswagon to some preconceived, off-thewallthesis, like certain of his academiccontemporaries. "Undeniably there wasa darker side to Churchill's attraction forthe clandestine powers of the state," hewrites. "His exaggerated obsession withGerman spies before the First WorldWar, fed by a xenophobic MI5, led himto adopt measures that needlessly damagedthe innocent...His overreaction toBolshevik intercepts after the RussianRevolution even saw him resort to MI5in what amounted to a personal vendetcontinuedoverleaf >»

The Finest Hour New Book Service isoperated at cost for the benefit of readers.We buy books in bulk and pass thesavings along. Order from the Editoror Churchillbooks, PO Box 385, HopkintonNH 03229 USA. Shipping: add$5 for first book, $1 each additional.Secret Service, continued...ta against George Lansbury and to adangerously close alliance with elementsin the secret services and elsewherethat wildly talked the languageof treason....His widely shared obsessionwith an internal Fifth Column, thistime fuelled by unexpected German victoriesin Europe, and lingering fears andmemories of Irish subversion at home,again saw him opt for a drastic curtailmentof civil liberties unwarranted bythe evidence." While recognizingChurchill's hope to "set Europe ablaze"with resistance movements through theSpecial Operations Executive, Staffordadmits that SOE earned the enmity ofintelligence chief Stewart Menzies,whom Churchill failed to consult whenhe made Hugh Dalton SOE's head.Yet Churchill had too much respectfor the British constitution to pursuethese paths to ugly conclusions, and wemust remember, Professor Stafford says,that WSC's use of available secret service,seized upon like a life preserverwith Britain's back to the wall, did hastenthe end of the war. Churchill also"helped to create with Roosevelt thetransatlantic intelligence alliance thatformed a vital backbone of defence duringthe Cold War."Graduate Churchillians will welcomeStafford's crisp dismissals of thecanards that continue to circulatearound Churchill today. One of themost durable is the legend that the PM"let Coventry burn" so as not to giveaway Britain's Ultra intelligencedecrypts. In fact, Ultra had wronglyconcluded that the Coventry raid wouldbe over the capital; Churchill actuallyinterrupted a drive to safety in the countryto await the London bombers thatnever came.Particularly satisfying is the refutationof considerable nonsense publishedrecently about the Rudolf Hess missionin May 1941—fuelled, Stafford believes,"by a delay in releasing the relevantBritish files and Hess's 1987 suicide inBerlin's Spandau Prison....The notionthat it was not Hess at all who flew toBritain but a double belongs in therealm of fantasy."Only slightly less fanciful is thetheory that his flight was plotted withthe active connivance of the Secret IntelligenceService and Stewart Menzieshimself." Churchill refused either to seeHess or to bury news of his arrival—"astrategy that, had Hess been part of anAbwehr plot, would have badly backfiredwhen leaked to the world."Little escapes the author's perceptiveresearch, including Sidney Reilly,the alleged British agent made famoussome years ago by a swashbuckling filmcalled "Reilly, Ace of Spies." Reilly, likeSavinkov, was tempted back into Russiaby the Bolsheviks, who summarily shothim in 1925. He knew and apparentlyworshipped Churchill, whom he called"the irrepressible Marlborough," andthey exchanged some secret letters. ButChurchill's interest was clinical, notdirect, and he quickly washed his handsof Reilly. Stafford suggests Churchilldistanced himself so as to keep clear ofcontroversy surrounding the notoriousZinoviev Letter, which may have influencedthe 1924 election. Published bythe Daily Mail, undoubtedly with Reilly'sconnivance, it called for a Marxistuprising in Britain led by the Communistsand their Labour Party sympathizers.Churchill and the Tories made politicalhay out of the letter, which helpedLabour lose and returned Churchill topower, but the idea that Churchill hadbeen part of this plot is a fabrication.We are also given the facts aboutDesmond Morton's bitter estrangementfrom Churchill during the war. Mortonhad been one of WSC's chief informantsabout German rearmament in the Thirties,but once Churchill was in power,he inevitably began to deal with officialintelligence agencies. Morton wasincreasingly left out when clandestinematters were discussed. Churchill continuedto express affection toward Morton,Stafford writes, but by 1946, whenWSC sent flowers to his hospitalizedfriend, the estrangement was complete:Morton thanked him by observing acidly,"Your intelligence service is clearlyFINEST HOUR 96/36working as efficiently as of old." Morton'sirritation over being dropped surfacedagain in the Sixties, when he wasthe chief primary source, and a somewhatmisleading one, for R. W. Thompson'squartet of light revisionist booksstarting with The Yankee Marlborough.David Stafford concludes: "Nothingwas perfect in this construction andChurchill revealed his personalityflaws....Yet the breadth of his vision, thestrength of his purpose, and the depthof his experience in the world of intelligencewas extraordinary and decisive.Throughout his long political career hehad exhibited consistent support forBritain's secret service. As Prime Ministerin war and peace, he finally reapedthe reward."Clementine:Another ViewSTANLEY H. WINFIELDClementine Churchill: The Private Lifeof a Public Figure, by Joan Hardwick.London: John Murray Publishers Ltd.,228pp, Mm., £22.This profile of the life of ClementineChurchill emphasizes theyears of her marriage to Sir Winston.Much is made of the difficult relationshipshe had with her son, Randolph,and her dislike of so many ofWinston's friends and colleagues, withwhom he spent, in Clementine's view,far too much time. Clementine is portrayedas a victim not only ofChurchill's legendary self-centredness,but also of her uncaring parents, Col.Henry and Lady Blanche Hozier, bothof whom are said to have led scandalouslives, having little time for theirchildren.Ms. Hardwick's admiration forClementine's inner strength is apparentin those pages dealing with women'ssuffrage, which she championed,despite what Hardwick describes asChurchill's scorn for the movement. Theagonies she felt during Churchill's deepdepression following the disastrousDardanelles campaign are dealt with

sensitively.The description of Clementine excitedlyacquiring paints and oils for herhusband the moment he evinced an interestin painting is one of many suchlovely moments throughout the book,where the author strikes a balancebetween sentimentality and the practicalityof Clementine's character, notallowing herself "to be sucked into thevortex of Winston's depression." Itmight be argued powerfully, however,that his periods of depression are overstated.&Illustrated Documentaries1. A Churchill Family Album, Soames2. Churchill Photographic Portrait, Gilbert3. Churchill: His Life in Photographs,Randolph Churchill & Gernsheim4. WSC, A Cartoon Biography, Urquhart5. Life & Times ofW.C, ThomsonWOODSCORNERA BIBLIOPHILE'S COLUMN NAMED FOR THE LATE BIBLIOGRAPHER, FRED WOODSMEMBER REVIEWS WANTEDThomas H. Fairchild writes: "As I addto my Churchill library, I wonderwhat others think of the many new andused Churchill books available. Would"member book reviews" be a valuable(and manageable) addition to FinestHour and our website? The reviewerswould not have to be "-professional" to behelpful. On the contrary, I'd like to hearwhat other seasoned students think aboutthe books in their collections.We think this would be very useful.An ICS publication,Churchill Bibliographic Data (availablefor $10 from Churchill Stores, PO Box96, Contoocook NH 03229), contains apiece by the editor on the "thirtybest" books about Churchill: five eachof full biographies, biographies forspecific periods, specialized studies,books by associates, documentariesand critical works. I will scan this andput it up in the website books section.Beyond that, however, there is alot of untrod ground. Over 600 booksabout Churchill have been published,and while many of them were purehagiography or potboilers, there arenumerous gems worth your attention—some of which still hold up in thelight of what we know now, decadesafter they were published. MaryBromage's Churchill and Ireland (Univ.of Notre Dame: 1964) is still, forexample, the best study of that relationshipoutside the official biography.Seldon's Churchill's IndianSummer (Hodder & Stoughton: 1984)was, until Pelling's new book on thesubject, the only specialized study ofthe second Premiership. Hyam's Elginand Churchill at the Colonial Office(Macmillan: 1968) is by far the mostdetailed on that relationship, althoughalas rare. Sydenham ofCombe, ed., The World Crisis: A Criticism(Hutchinson: 1928) capturesmost of the critiques, valid and otherwise,of The World Crisis Volume III.Gretton's Former Naval Person (Cassell1968) and Roskill's Churchill and theAdmirals (Collins 1977) are good juxtapositionswhen considering thepros and cons of WSC's stewardshipof the Admiralty in two world wars.If readers care to send 500-wordreviews of older titles, we will be gladto publish them in Finest Hour.THE THIRTY BEST (REVISED)From Churchill Bibliographic Data,with modifications for books publishedsince, my current picks. -RMLFull Biographies1. Winston S. Churchill, Gilbert/Churchill2. The Last Lion (2 vols.), Manchester3. Churchill: Unruly Giant, Rose4. Churchill: A Life, Gilbert5. Winston Churchill, PellingBiographies of Specific Periods1. Churchill 1874-1922, Birkenhead2. Young Man in a Hurry, Morgan3. The Age of Churchill, deMendelssohn4. Winston Churchill, "Ephesian"5. Winston Spencer Churchill,Maccallum-Scott (published 1905).Specialized Studies1. Sword and Pen, Weidhorn2. Churchill in America, Pilpel3. Churchill by his Contemporaries, Eade4. Churchill: His Life as a Painter, Soames5. Churchill as Historian, AshleyFINEST HOUR 96/37Critical Works1. A Study in Failure, Rhodes James2. The Yankee Marlborough, Thompson3. Churchill's Grand Alliance, Charmley4. Churchill: Struggle for Survival, Moran5. The Tragedy ofW. Churchill, GermainsSome new books might supersedesome of the above, two reviewed herein:Churchill and Secret Service and theChurchill-Reves Correspondence; and oneto be reviewed next issue, Churchill asPeacemaker (see page 6). Comments?INDEPENDENT MEMBERHere's a (short) example of the kind ofmember review we'd like to receive...Lve just finished reading Independent\Aember by A.P. Herbert. By vocationa novelist and humorist, Mr.Herbert served in the Parliaments of'35 and '45 as a member for OxfordUniversity. This book describes hiscareer as an MP before, during andafter the war. In addition to interestingstories about the war as viewedfrom the Thames, where the riverlovingHerbert served aboard hisown craft, he describes his mission toNewfoundland—the forgotten Dominion?—andhas many fine anecdotesabout Churchill, with whom he had alongstanding relationship.When Herbert volunteered forthe Navy in 1914, he found himself inthe new units being formed byChurchill. He served in Antwerp andin the Dardanelles, later defendingWSC on the Dardanelles record atpublic meetings. His recollections ofChurchill, while not reaching thedetail found in Harold Nicolson'smemoirs, are generally more fun toread, and no less warm. This bookwas most enjoyable reading and I recommendit to anyone who is interestedin Churchill, Parliament or theRiver Thames.—Alexander Justice M>

DOUGLAS HALL'S CHURCHILLIANAChurchill Commemoratives Calendar Part 6:1965Churchill's death was marked bythe production of three quitesuperb ceramic pieces. Usuallywrongly described nowadays as urns orchalices, they were offered by manufacturersas covered vases. The finest isarguably the Spode covered vase inmaroon, royal blue and white with elaborateraised gilding. Churchill's portraitis surrounded by the Garter and lionsrampant with his birth and death datesand "In grateful remembrance" inraised gold beneath, his dates as PrimeMinister and details of other officesinscribed around the foot. The Spodevase was issued in a limited edition of125 at £125. A UK dealer offered one in1989 at £1000, two more appeared inAmerican catalogues in 1991-92 at $2750and $2500.Thomas Goode marketed theAbbey dale covered vase, 11 inches tall,in cobalt blue, white, gold and raisedgold with lion head handles. Churchill'sportrait is surrounded by dates, familycrests and details of his offices andawards. Goode's offered this vase in alimited edition of 250 at £75. Two exampleswere sold in the UK in 1992-93 at£475 and £600 but US catalogues duringthe same period listed $3000 and $2250.Coalport's memorial covered vase,the tallest of the three at 12 inches, wasin a limited edition of 200 designed byFrancis Sinclair. Predominantly whitebut with rich gilding, it had theChurchill Coat of Arms flanked by twosmall silhouette portraits on one sideand a view of Blenheim on the other.Issued at £100, one was offered in theUK in 1992 at £550, a year earlier in theUS at $1800.Other ceramic issues included arange from Wedgwood: a black basaltbust, a portrait medallion in black andwhite or blue and white, and a smallround sweet dish in the same colourways.Also from Wedgwood came thenot-too-successful Chartwell tankard inblue, green and black.Spode complemented their superbcovered vase with a very different, butequally desirable and rather moreaffordable, white bisque porcelain bustof Churchill. Just 61/2 inches tall andsigned by Oscar Nemon, it sold at 8guineas (£8.40) and was recently seenon the UK secondary market at £225!Spode also reissued a small number oftheir 1941 standing figure, 9 inches tall,with colourway variations. The originalfigures are rare (UK £500) and I havenever seen the reissue on the secondarymarket.Harleigh utilised the portrait transferof Churchill, which had been commonplaceon decorative tableware duringthe Fifties and early Sixties, in thecentre of a 9-inch diameter white bonechina plate, to which they added anintricate design of gold within a wideblack rim as a modest but entirelyappropriate tribute.Some of the best Churchill glasswareappeared as memorial pieces. Thefinest was the engraved crystal gobletLEFT: TheSpode coveredvase, 125issued, one ofthe most desirablelargememorialpieces. RIGHT:The Abbeydalecoveredvase, erroneouslydescribedas a"chalice," hadan edition ofonly 250. At itsright is the firsttoby, 1927.LEFT: Royal Brierley's engraved crystal goblet, #140 of500, has added date 24 January 1965; thus copies withoutthat date are much scarcer. BELOW: Loewental'sVictory medal with death date added; Spode's superbNemon bisque bust, backstamped "First Edition"; a 4"Wedgwood jasper dish, which sold at £1.05!from Royal Brierley. Six inches tall, in alimited edition of 500, it had in factappeared in 1964 to celebrateChurchill's honorary citizenship of theUSA, but only a few examples had beensold when he died. The engraver, JonJones, added a further line recording thedeath date and the goblet became amemorial piece. Sold originally at 30guineas (£31.50), it was recently seen inthe UK at £95-130 and in a US catalogueat $650. A boxed pair of wine glasseswith Churchill's portrait etched in whiteand engraved with his name and dateswere available at a more affordable 18s6d (93p)!The Sail Training Associationlaunched their 150-foot, 281-ton threemastedschooner Sir Winston Churchilland models of the ship, either in brassor as a glass ship-in-a-bottle, were availableas more unusual memorial pieces.Another unusual tribute came fromFINEST HOUR 96/38

Brough, Nicholson & Hall ofStaffordshire in the form of a 4 1/2 x3 1/2-inch black and white portrait ofChurchill woven in silk. The portraitswere sold mounted in a white cardlisting the key dates and events inChurchill's life.The most widely available 1965commemorative was the ChurchillCrown. Over 19 million were struckby the Royal Mint—the first and onlyBritish coin with the head of a subjecton the same coin as that of themonarch. 39mm in diameter, weighing28 grams, in cupro-nickel, thecoin displayed a head of Churchill byNemon, based on Nemon's bust atWindsor Castle, on the reverse. Thecoin was issued following a RoyalProclamation dated 3 August 1965.Lady Churchill started the coiningpress in September; she was presentedwith the first coin struck, and distributionto the public began on 11October.Various special presentationpacks were available from differentbanks, and there are many examplesof local silversmiths plating the coinsand mounting them into hallmarkedsilver souvenirs of all kinds.The government of Yemenissued a slightly smaller Riyal coin insilver, designed by Robert Cochet andstruck by the French Mint in Paris. Itis far less available than the Britishcrown: fewer than 6500 were minted.The medallists were active.Engstrom's Medallic Portraits of SirWinston Churchill mentions 98 memorialmedals from Canada, GreatBritain, Italy, the USA, Denmark,Switzerland, South Africa, Australiaand (yes, even) Germany. Among thebest was a 102 x 90mm bronze plaquedesigned by Dora de Pedery-Hunt inCanada, showing the famous seatedrear view of the elderly Churchillcontemplating the lake at Chartwell.Only eight were cast; one can be seenat Longleat in the Churchill collectionof the Marquess of Bath.The 1965 British commemorativestamps were designed by DavidGentleman in 4d and Is 3d denominations,but were not universallyadmired. They looked so much betteras replicas on 41x25mm solid goldLEFT: An oddity from Wedgwood was the "Chartwell" tankard in blue and green with a eulogy anddescription of Chartwell as an exceptionally long backstamp. RIGHT: A 9-inch diameter bone china plate.The portrait transfer had been extensively used by many potteries through the Fifties. Harleigh added anintricate lace-like decoration in gilt within a black border to produce a simple but effective memorial tribute.idssHdUiicdasnLEFT: Memorial issue teaspoons; those at left and centre are silver plated; the example on the right isBirmingham hallmarked sterling silver with an enamelled portrait and an inscribed bowl. RIGHT: Brough,Nicholson & Hall of Staffordshire (at that time the centre of the British silkmaking industry) produced this 41/2 x 3 1/2-inch silk portrait mounted on an "In Memoriam" card listing Churchill's achievements.ingots struck by Johnson Mathey.5000 numbered sets were made at £44the set. Weighing 40 grams, the pairhave a 1994 bullion value of £352!Paul Vincze, who died in 1994,the refugee Hungarian who became aBritish subject in 1948, was generallyrecognised as one of the best medalmakersof the 20th century. Hedesigned a Churchill memorial medalfor the National CommemorativeSociety of Philadelphia. Three werecast in platinum; one was presentedto Lady Churchill, one to the SmithsonianInstitution in Washington, andone retained by the Society; another5249 were issued in silver to Societymembers.A personal favorite among themedals is the reissue of Loewental's1945 Victory medal with the additionalinscription "OB 24 Jan 1965." Thiswas struck by John Pinches in asmaller size of 50mm, 700 in gold, 736in silver and 1421 in bronze. The silvermedals sold originally at £10 andthe bronze at £2—both have appreciatedconsiderably over the years.From Birmingham came a hallmarkedsterling silver teaspoon witha full colour enamel of Churchill onthe handle and the bowl inscribedwith his name and chief honours.Silver-plated teaspoons in variousdesigns were also available. A 4 1 /2-inch long silver-plated bookmark in aprofile of Churchill smoking a cigarand grasping his lapels is marked"Pattern 468300 Design 92817,"maker unknown. Decca issued amemorial LP record, "The Voice ofWinston Churchill," with extractsfrom their 1964 12-LP boxed set; EMI,in collaboration with the BBC, issuedthe LP, "The State Funeral of SirWinston Churchill." $FINEST HOUR 96/39

'.."• '"'«••,. v " • • • -"-T*/^*-.. : ^^iSjj^&w£}The Battle of Britain took placein the skies over southeastEngland between July andOctober 1940. The Roll of Honour inthe Battle of Britain Memorial Chapelin Westminster Abbey lists the namesof 1503 Royal Air Force and Fleet AirArm personnel killed in the battle.German records are far from completebut authoritative estimates putthe number of Luftwaffe airmenkilled in excess of 2600. The RAF lost1017 aircraft. Luftwaffe losses havebeen given as 1882 aircraft.After the end of World War II,the 15th of September 1945 was designatedas the first "Battle of BritainDay." Three hundred RAF fighter aircrafttook part in a fly-past over centralLondon and ninety RAF stationswere opened to the public (the firsttime there had been any public accesssince the 1939 Empire Air Day).Thereafter, both the fly-past—alwaysled by the immortal Spitfire andMr. Hall is FH's Features EditorHurricane—and the open days becamean annual event although thenumber of participating aircraft andairfields was gradually reduced. In1959 the Spitfire taking part in the flypastdeveloped an engine fault andhad to make a forced landing on acricket ground in Bromley. There wasan outcry with a vociferous publicsafety lobby demanding that allflights by "ancient" single-enginedaircraft over densely populated areasshould be banned, countered by anequally vehement group arguing thatthey should be continued. Nevertheless,after the September 1961 "Battleof Britain Day" fly-past, the regularceremonial flight over central Londonwas discontinued and the RAF withdrewits then only remaining airworthySpitfire (PM 631) and Hurricane(LF 363) to form an Historic AircraftFlight based at Horsham St. Faith inNorfolk. The two aircraft continuedto make a limited number of appearancesat RAF open days around thecountry but by 1963 the number ofFINEST HOUR 96/40these had dropped to just fifteen.Aware that it was custodian ofpriceless, and hugely popular, piecesof national heritage—and also awarethat a single example of each aircrafttype provided no cover at all againstany kind of mishap—the RAF setabout increasing its stock of airworthyexamples. The cost of restoringhistoric aircraft featured high on thepolitical agenda during a periodwhen defence expenditure was constantlyunder scrutiny and the RAFwere able to make only slow and limitedprogress towards their objective.By 1965, however, the HistoricAircraft Flight had been boosted tofour Spitfires—but still only the singleHurricane—and was able toincrease its participation in air displaysthroughout the summermonths. A huge bonus arrived in 1968when Harry Saltzmam and Ben Fiszdecided to make their epic featurefilm, "Battle of Britain." The filmcompany paid handsomely to hire theRAF's five airworthy aircraft and also

to restore several gate-guardian andmuseum examples to flying condition.As a result the Flight secured anadditional Spitfire and the muchneededsecond Hurricane. At aroundthe same time, a much-modifiedLancaster (PA 474), which had beenused by the Cranfield College ofAeronautics, was withdrawn fromservice and earmarked for static exhibitionat the Royal Air Force Museumat Hendon after restoration to aWorld War II configuration. PA 474had in fact missed the war, havingbeen built in mid-1945 and allocatedfor the Far East "Tiger Force,"not participatingin hostilities before VJ-Day.The RAF argued that a more historicairframe—of which there wereseveral doing gate guardian duty—would be more appropriate for theRAF Museum and that PA 474 shouldbe maintained in flying conditionwithin the Historic Aircraft Flight.This was a hugely popular moveamongst not only ex-members ofBomber Command but with theBritish public as a whole. Whilst lossesof life and aircraft during the fourmonths of the Battle of Britain hadbeen sobering enough, they hadformed only the "end of the beginning"in the context of 56,000 Britishand Commonwealth aircrew fatalitiesand around 600,000 German lives lostduring the bomber offensive of thefollowing four and one-half years.The Historic Aircraft Flight wasrenamed the Battle of BritainMemorial Flight in 1973, and movedOPPOSITE: A Hurricane (top), the Lancaster and a Spitfire approaching Jersey Airport for theFlight's annual display over the Channel Islands. BELOW: P 7350, oldest airworthy Spitfire,entered service in August 1940 and fought with 266 and 603 Squadrons; she still carries patchesover bullet holes sustained in combat. She was in the museum at RAF Colerne before beingmade airworthy for the film "Battle of Britain," after which she was presented to the BBMF.BOTTOM: Lancaster PA 474 flying over Lincoln Cathedral. The plane was adopted by Lincolnand has since worn the city's crest on the port side of the forward fuselage. During 1995-96,PA 474 was fitted with a brand new main spar which will extend her flying life well into thenext millennium. Photographs in this article are by courtesy of Lincolnshire's LancasterAssociation (Ltd.). A donation has been accepted by the Committee in lieu of copyright fees..Skinto a purpose-built hangar at its currentbase, RAF Coningsby inLincolnshire, in 1976. Thus it celebratesthis year twenty-one years ofsettled existence. Its public esteem isnow surely such that it must beuntouchable by any politician seekingto further reduce defence expenditurefor at least "a thousand years."The present aircraft strength isthe Lancaster, four Spitfires, twoHurricanes and a Dakota — the latterhaving been acquired in 1993 to representthe important role of that typeduring the latter half of World War II.The BBMF's Dakota (ZA 947) is amost appropriate example, havingpreviously served with the UnitedStates Air Force, the Royal CanadianAir Force and the Royal AircraftEstablishment before coming toConingsby.Aircrew doing a tour of dutywith the Battle of Britain MemorialFlight are all volunteers — and thereis a long waiting list of aspirants!Pilots, now used only to flying modernaircraft with a tricycle undercarriage,have to do a course of trainingto fly the historic "tail-draggers." Avenerable Chipmunk trainer is keptby the Flight to provide "oppositeaction" take-off and landing experiencefor the fighter pilots and theDakota serves in a similar role for theLancaster pilots. It simply would notdo for a "pilot-error" accident tooccur to any of these priceless aircraft.A twenty-strong support andmaintenance groundcrew, also volunteers,keeps the aircraft in immaculateorder. BBMF aircraft participated inover 500 events during 1995, includingthe Lancaster dropping a millionpoppies over The Mall on VJ-Day.The Flight's hangar at Coningsbyis open to the public on everyweekday; more aircraft can usually beseen during the winter months. TheVisitor Centre, operated jointly by theRAF and Lincolnshire CountyCouncil, has a small but interestingexhibition and well-stocked souvenirshop dominated by a large portrait ofSir Winston Churchill, above the quotation,"Never in the field of humanconflict was so much owed by somany to so few."gjFINEST HOUR 96/41

Churchill in Stamps:Prime Minister AgainBY RICHARD M. LANGWORTHPages 247-252: A NEW ELIZABETHAN AGECatalogue numbers are Scott (#) and Stanley Gibbons (sg). Aslash mark (/) indicates a set with a common design from whichany value is usable. Cams and Minkus catalogue numbers aresometimes used, and identified by name.We are nearing the end of our philatelic biography—but rest assured,there is still much to come in the way of appendices andaddenda pages. Churchill commemorative stamps relating to the 247postwar years are scarce, requiring the broad use of Churchill-related(CR) stamps to fill out a chronological biography.247. To illustrate the postwar period I tried to select Churchillcommemoratives showing an older Churchill, but only partly succeeded.Montserrat #312"(sg 345) shows a WW2 Churchill. ButThe Gambia #308 (sg 322) is ideal for this page, its c. 1950s illustrationaccompanied by the caption, "'Winston the Prime MinisterAged 79." Likewise, Cook Islands #418 (sg 507) uses a Karshportrait from 1954 against a Parliamentary backdrop. Germany#574/7 (sg 928/31) and Australia #278 (sg 281) represent peaceand international understanding.248. Numerous Coronation Anniversaries have produced manystamps with this subject, but Tristan da Cunha #197 (sg 194)shows Churchill and Elizabeth II. Also appropriate is an Elizabethstamp from Fujiera's 1970 British History series, and BritishGuiana #297/8 (sg 394/5), which juxtaposes WSC and the Queen,flanking St. George's Cathedral in now-Guyana, the tallestwooden building in the world.249. More Churchill-Queen associations are represented by Belize#363 (sg 396), showing the coronation procession; Maldives1977 Coronation Silver Jubilee commemoratives, and Seychelles#321 (sg 331) showing an approximate contemporary WSC.PiilME XIKIS !•£•'. AGAIK, l^'II"'finally at 76, Cnurchiil rtct'ivufj \hf ;Jei'Lni-.ive '.ccol.'s :ehis career: He wau rocalltri tc h'.'j, nation 1 *, nigh^bt ciTics.;•cimc of pcacu. Ytu his terr. in office niic: Ic be .inticlir-fic"'There wasno Buttle o:'Britain'about tobegin, ' onlythe dull andnagging coldwar, whichChurchillset himselftc mitigate."'It seemed,during thistime, as hiswit crackle'iacross theHouse ofCommons, thatCnurchillwould defytime. But noteven he coulddo that.' 1During muchof this timein office,Jhurchill'cIT;-1 j or goalwzs internationalunderhanding.*•• riVi.ien George ~/Z JluC, in 1.^2, Churchill *ms noartbroken, an>] i'ora Urr.e ^saocJatrs tnoughl, him di.'TiJer.t -ibo^t Elizabeth II, '-.-.

VALEDICTIONVALEDICTIONGOD SAVE THE QUEEN"In our island...we have found out a very good plan. Here it is:The Queen can do no wrong. Bad advisors can be changed as oftenas the people like to use their rights for that purpose, A greatbattle is won; crowds cheer the Queen. What goes wrong is cartedaway with the politicians responsible."CHURCHILL AND EISENHOWER......were veteran warriors, old colleagues and friends. WSC feltthat he personally could make Ike understand his country's viewswhen others failed, but WSC--who might have made the difference--had retired by the time the Suez Crisis occurred in 1956.—at Westminster Hall, May 1953TheCoronationcoachOldcomrades"I, whose youthwas passed in theaugust, unchallengedandtranquil gloriesof the Victorianera may wellfeel a thrill ininvoicing oncemore, the prayerand anthem:"God Savethe Queen."—June 1953251.With hisgrandson,Arthur NicholasWinstonSoames, atthe christeningof JeremySoames, August1952. Atextreme leftis F.M.ViscountMontgomeryof Alamein,Jeremy 1 sgodfather.BERMUDATALKSWhen his old friend Eisenhower became President in 1953, Churchillsought a new East-West dialogue and called for a summit meetingof the Big Pour powers. Stalin's death, French election.., find astroke by Churchill prevented this. Instead WSC, Eisenhower, andnew French Premier Joseph Laniel, met at Bermuda in December.TOWARD .LI.-CPLChurchill had proposed a Jnion br.twnori ^ritc19^-0, and spoke vaguely and wisti'ully :>.' u.cStates of Europe' : after the war. Abov -11 ithat We;, t Germany be defended, t:iut .•. - _ 1 _- .rThis was thefirst Alliedheads of statemeeting sincethe war. Butsince the USSRhad called fora four-powermeeting onBerlin and otherproblems, theBermuda talkswere of littleconsequence.Eisenhowerinsisted thatthe Russiansdemonstratetheir goodintentions by11 deeds, notwords/252.For that reasoncertainly it wasappropriate forthe Feder. .1Republic to honorChurchill on astamp, along withChancellor KonradAdenauer, deGasperi o f Italy,and the reat \French foreignminister nobertSchuman.But it was ironicthat Germanyshould be thefirst nation onthe continent ofEurope tocommemorate WSC.After luncheonwith UnitedStates Secretaryof State JohnFoster Dulles,Downing Street,

FROM SIRMARTINGILBERTI have recentlyread a noteappearing onthe Winston Listserv (Internet) about anarticle regarding the pressure put byChurchill on the American government tosuppress certain documents. W. J. Shepherdstates: "The disturbing thing in thisarticle is that virtually none of theChurchill memos cited appear to comefrom Gilbert but rather from the BeaverbrookPapers, which begs the question asto whether Gilbert suppressed this in hisofficial biography."Since the very first day on which Ibegan work on the Churchill biography in1961, alongside his son Randolph, I havenever suppressed (nor did Randolph eversuppress) a single document or fact.Indeed the whole enterprise, from the outset,was based on discovering documentsand bringing them to the light of day.In my Volume VHI of the biography Icited the documents from the Beaverbrookpapers because that is where I foundthem. If I had found more on this subjectin the Churchill papers, or elsewhere, Iwould have published it. One particularinterest is that this episode links up withone about which I published material inVolume V and its Companion Volumes,Churchill's request that all potentially anti-American statements in The World Crisisshould be deleted in the serialisation byThe Times of London.As W. J. Shepherd states, "Churchillthe politician always superseded Churchillthe historian"—except of course whenChurchill was writing history!SIR MARTIN GILBERT, LONDONDESPATCH BOXRE "FRASIER"I assume from your remarks ("AmidThese Storms," FH 95) that you have notactually seen the programme "Frasier"(not spelled "Fraser"). "Frasier" and"Home Improvement" have little in commonother than that their characters speakEnglish—although the elitist Frasier himselfuses French and Latin phrases so frequentlythat even this can be argued. Infact, "Frasier" is witty, smart, and unfailinglyfunny, and you done him wrong—even if he does make occasional mistakes.But no matter, I shall continue to look forwardto FH every quarter. Keep up thegood work.CHRIS DUNFORD THEMONSTERSTATUEPermit merespectfully todisagree withJohn Gallagher'sassessment ofthe statue of SirWinston in ParliamentSquareas "a monstrosity...[which] doesnot conjure up the dynamics and vivaciousnessof the great man, but insteadshows [a] stooped, infirm old man leaningon his cane." (FH 95, Despatch Box, p. 25).On the three occasions when I havelooked up, admiringly, at this great workof art, it has spoken to me of "Churchill...indomitable, even in old age!"JONAH TRIEBWASSER, RED HOOK, N.Y.Editor's response: John Gallagher actuallysaid much more—he really despises thething!—but we ran out of space. It is interest-ing that the sculptor himself had his doubtsabout the work. Roberts-Jones (obituary,Finest Hour 94 page 8) had nightmares of themonolith coming to life and walking alongwith its thundering footsteps echoing throughoutParliament Square. But the statue doeshave some wonderful angles, especially frombehind with St. Stephen's Tower in the background—avery fine photo from this angle iscoming up on a FH cover. Judge for yourself.WWW.WINSTONCHURCHILL.ORGAs of last year I have been on theInternet. Our members would be surprisedto see all there is in cyberspaceabout Sir Winston. The Churchill CenterHome Page (www.winstonchurcliill.org)is frequently updated with new informationand facts. Another fine service is"Listserv Winston," through which Ireceive messages from the Finest Hour editors,professors, students, critics andchampions (see also page 20 -Ed.) One ofthe subscribers sends a message to anaddress (Winston@vm.marist.edu) and itis automatically sent to all members of theservice. I have received up to twenty messagesa day. It is free, and supplies mewith all kinds of interesting Churchilliana.Many times heated discussions erupt,ranging from Churchill's opinions on theHolocaust to his fantastic skills. Thanks!BEV THOMASNEXT UP: FDR IN 1944During the writing of my book onHarry Hopkins I was concerned that Iwould be able to do him justice. Your generousreview in FH 93 makes it all worthwhile.It also has given me encouragementto proceed with my next book, which willfocus on Franklin Roosevelt in 1944. Therewill be at least a chapter on the FDR-Churchill relationship at a time whenRoosevelt was not at his best because ofweariness and serious health problems. Iam most grateful for your kind words.MATT WILLS, COLORADO SPRINGS, COLO.THANKS, CRAIGPlease let me take this opportunity toexpress my admiration for the work youare doing to keep the legacy of Churchillalive. I was at the Washington Conferencein 1993. At one discussion, a member ofthe audience made a comment that couldhave been construed as limiting theChurchill legacy to certain groups of people.You immediately stood up and politelyreminded everyone that Churchill'swork serves everyone. How very true!CRAIG DE BERNARDS, GLENSIDE, PENNA.RIGHT: Anent MattWills's letter (righthandcolumn), Douglas Halloffers us this charminglittle black and whitemug backstamped"Ascot White Made inEngland," dating probablyfrom 1941: "The mugshows little sign of use...I suspect it has spentmost of its 50+ yearslocked away. Very rare."FINEST HOUR 96/44

RECIPES FROM NO. 10Edited and Annotated for the Modern Kitchen by Barbara R LangworthChurchill's attachment to the creatureswho inhabited Chartwelland its farms was well known. Themost famous example involves agoose which he refused to carve at afamily dinner. Handing over thecarving knife to his wife, Sir Winstonexclaimed, "You carve him, Clemmie,he was a friend of mine."Feathered animals were especiallyappreciated, particularly Chartwell'sfamous black swans. WalterGraebner, Churchill's Life editor,reports the great man's distress onlearning that one of them had fallenvictim to a marauding fox. When hisson-in-law, Christopher Soames,reported that the mother swan haddied in defence of her cygnets, andhad given the fox a fight he wouldlong remember, Churchill declared,"I knew she would." The cygnetswere removed that very day to thesafety of Regent's Park Zoo, and SirWinston commanded the constructionof "a system of defence in depth"to protect the pond from attack.The master of Chartwellundoubtedly fancied his smaller birdstoo, but he was perhaps less unwillingto partake of the sumptuousmeals involving them which hisfamous cook, Georgina Landemare,occasionally offered, such as...Coq au VinFor six people...1 plump chicken cut into 6 pieces1/2 lb. of bacon cut into thick cubes12 small onions (peeled)12 small mushroomsButter for browningSeasoning (salt & pepper)2 tablespoons brandy10 ounces BurgundyBouquet garni3 tablespoons flour mixed with2 tablespoons soft butterSlices of lemon and fleurons ofpastry for garnishingIn a large skillet,brown thebacon andonions in thebutter. When agolden colour,add the chicken,bouquetgarni, mushroomsand seasoning.Coverthe pan andcook quickly tillall is brown.Remove lid,take off the fatand pour overthe brandy.Flame thebrandy, add theBurgundy,cover and simmerfor 3/4hour or untilchicken is tender.Discardbouquet garni.Remove chicken to a serving platter,keep warm.Add butter and flour mixture tothe skillet, stir until dissolved andsauce thickens. Pour sauce over chicken;garnish with lemon and pastry.Bouquet garni - Flavoring spices offresh or dried herbs. Make your ownby tying one tablespoon of driedherbs in a double piece of cheeseFINEST HOUR 96/45RECIPESFROM NO.10GEORGINA 1. A N OEMAREWith an Introduction by Lady Churchillcloth (this can also be found readymade),or tie fresh herbs together. Iused the white part of a leek, tarragon,basil, thyme, parsley, and bayleaf tied between two pieces of celery.Fleurons of pastry - Thaw one sheetof puff pastry according to packagedirections. Cut shapes with a cookie(biscuit) cutter and bake at 350° for 15minutes or until golden. $A staff benefit of this newFinest Hour departmentis serving as OfficialTaster of the delights ofChartwell's and Number10's kitchen. In this casethe Taster recommendsMrs. Landemare's Coqau Vin, washed downwith a good sauvignonblanc, enjoyed in the companyof Andrea and DonFeder.—RML

CHURCHILLTRIVIABY CURT ZOLLER817. About which American Secretaryof State did Churchill comment: "He isthe only bull I know who carries hisown china closet with him"? (C)818. Who wrote of Churchill " he isbrave, which is everything! Napoleonicin audacity, Cromwellian in thoroughness."?(L)819. In 1882 Prime Minister Gladstoneexpressed a strong opinion about theChurchills. What was it? (M)820. Churchill knew a cat named after afamous British hero. What was itsname? (P)821. What was one of Churchill's primaryreasons for joining the LiberalParty in 1904? (S)822. How did Churchill improve thefirepower of the five dreadnoughts forthe 1912 Naval program? (W)823. Who replaced Lloyd George's secondcoalition Government as PrimeMinister? (C)824. According to Maurice Ashley,what was Churchill's opinion ofAmerican vs. British editions of hisbooks? (L)825. Who played Winston Churchill inthe film "The Wilderness Years"? (M)826. Who was the sculptor of the statuewhich stands at the British Embassy,Washington, D.C.? (P)827. Churchill commented "...There isonly one thing worse than fighting withAllies !" What is it? (S)828. From 1901 to 1903 Churchill spokeout strongly against proposed Armyreforms by Secretary of State for War St.John Brodrick. What was Churchill'sreasoning? (W)829. Who painted the Churchill picturewhich was hanging in Prime MinisterThatcher's office while she was PrimeMinister? (C)830. How long were the Churchillsmarried? (C)831. When and where did Sir WinstonChurchill's parents first meet? (M)832. What was the name of Churchill'slast bodyguard? (P)833. What were Churchill's commentsabout Neville Chamberlain? (S)834. Who was the British scientistwhom Churchill called "the man whobroke the bloody Beam"? (W)835. What is the location of the bronzestatue of Churchill sculpted by IvorRoberts-Jones ? (C)836. Of whom did Churchill comment:"There for the grace of God goes God"?(C)837. Who inspired Churchill to writethe Life of Marlborough? (M)838. Who said of Churchill: "WhenWinston is right he is unique. When heis wrong—Oh My God!"? (P)839. What are the two main issuesChurchill devoted his energies to in thefinal months as Prime Minister? (S)840. When Gen. Eisenhower was underconsiderable pressure from Churchillto occupy Berlin before the Russians, hewrote to Gen. Marshall: " I am thefirst to admit that a war is waged inpursuance of ". Can you completethe quotation? (W)Answers to last issue's questions:(793) Churchill's comment "about compressingthe largest amount of wordsinto the smallest amount of thought"referred to Prime Minister RamsayMacDonald. (794) The Daily Graphicpaid him five guineas for eachletter written during the Cuban insurrection.(795) Charles Bedaux, anaturalized American citizen, was contactedby the Germans to contact theDuke of Windsor, but he declinedbecause he was no longer friendly withthe Windsors.(796) "Barbara Frietchie" by JohnGreenleaf Whittier was the poemChurchill recited on the way to Shangri-La. (797) In his speech on 6 December1950, when dedicating the Asquithmonument, Churchill said, " .... But Imust say that the statesmen whom Isaw in those days seemed to towerabove the general level in a mostimpressive way. The tests were keener,the standards were higher, and thosewho surmounted them were men it wasa treat and honour to meet."(798) Rear-Admiral John de Robeckwas promoted to head the NavalFINEST HOUR 96/46force at the Dardanelles when Vice-Admiral Carden collapsed under thestrain. (799) Malcolm Muggeridge ofthe Daily Telegraph said that "Churchillis too rhetorical to be either a reallygreat writer or orator." (800) PresidentRoosevelt's letter introduced WendellL. Willkie and included the HenryWadsworth Longfellow poem:"...Sail on, O Ship of State,Sail on, O Union, strong and great!(801) The painting, "The Olive Tree"was sold for £500. (802) Congressmade Churchill an Honorary AmericanCitizen in 1963. (803) Speaking at theLord Mayor's Luncheon, MansionHouse, London, on 10 November 1942,Churchill said: " I have not becomethe King's First Minister in orderto preside over the liquidation of theBritish Empire."(804) The Spanish Cross of the Order ofMilitary Merit was granted to Churchillon 6 December 1895 by Gen. Valdez,Chief of the Spanish Army in Cuba.(805) Manfred Weidhorn commentedon Churchill's Malakand Field Force inhis book Sword and Pen.(806) Churchill was working on TheRiver War when he met the American,Miss Christine Lewis. (807) Beziquewas Churchill's favorite card game.(808) A. J. Campbell Colquhoun ownedChartwell when Churchill bought it.(809) Churchill made the comment inhis speech against the White Paperwhich stipulated an end to Jewishimmigration to Palestine in five yearsby a majority decision of the population.(810) Edward R. Morrow coinedthe phrase, "to send the English languageinto battle."(811) Churchill commented onAmerican insistence on the invasion ofSouthern France in Triumph andTragedy, 1953. (812) He urged hisfriends not to read Savrola, his onlynovel. (813) When Churchill saw hisfirst American football game in early1930 he said: "Actually it is somewhatlike rugby. But why do you have allthese committee meetings ?"(814) John Winston Spencer Churchill,7th Duke of Marlborough, was WinstonChurchill's paternal grandfather. (815)"The high-roads of the future will beclear" is part of the ending of the"Sinews of Peace"speech, Fulton,Missouri, 5 March 1946. (816) A.V.Alexander became First Lord of theAdmiralty in the Churchill War Cabineton 11 May 1940. $S

AMPERSAND° np"°o incuts in 1 ime.Dorothy Jones (Edenfield, Lancashire)sends us this photograph froma friend's house clearance: "He doesn'tremember where it originated otherthan the Evening Standard." But a dateon the back reads 23 June 1936, whichled us to the Complete Speeches. On thatdate, Churchill was speaking in Londonto the Central and Associated Chambersof Agriculture. It is satisfying to find thewords that go with the photograph...//Thave done my best to warn theJ-Government of the dangers whichfrom every side are gathering andgrowing about our native land. Notonly is the growth of food in close proximityto the populations the highesteconomy that can be achieved, but it isalso a very great security. The morefood we can grow the more solid will bethe foundations on which our very largepopulation reposes, and the less strainthere is on the Navy in time of war. Ibelieve the Navy at present is, and willbe for the next year, fully adequate toany strain that might be cast on it. Ifmeasures are taken now and pressedforward, there is no reason why thestrength of the Navy should not be adequatelymaintained. But then there isthe complication of the attack by air onour ports of entry as well as on theapproaches from the sea. That wouldcertainly impose a new strain on theNavy and might require the use of thewesterly ports of the country to a verymuch larger extent than has occurredbefore. If that should occur no one candoubt that the possession of large andfertile home-grown resources of foodwould be of inestimable assistance."....I am surprised as well as painedto see the lack of comprehension thatexists throughout the country of thedangerous position in which we are.The Secretary of State for War is quiteright when he says that the condition ofEurope is far worse than it was in 1914.But our own position is not nearly sogood as it was then. Our defences havebeen neglected to an extent surprisingand astonishing, and even the novelmenace of the air did not exist to anyextent in 1914. Yet, when a Minister likethat, in one of the highest positions,with all the secret information of theGovernment at his disposal, makes astatement so alarming, one is astonishedthat the country does not rouse itself onthe matter, that it does not ask whetherit is true, or that it does not insist onminor topics being laid aside and thewhole efforts and energies of the countryconcentrated on placing the countryin a position of security....Mr. Baldwinsaid in the House of Commons lastweek that he believed if this countrywere threatened by any Power or combinationof Powers, the people wouldspring to arms like one man. But whatwould happen if there were no arms forthem? If measures are not taken in timethere may not be even food to nourishtheir bodies."—Winston S. Churchill: His CompleteSpeeches, Robert Rhodes James, ed.,(New York: Bowker 1974), Vol. VI, pp5773-74. $f orurcJaiJITlie 1951 Campaign PinThe Washington Society for Churchillhas issued this finely enameled replica of thepin Churchill's supporters wore in the electionwhich made him Prime Minister again after sixyears out of office. The craftsmanship is a significantimprovement on the original, crisp,clear and bright. US $10 or the equivalent postpaid. Order from WSC, c/oDr. John Mather, 12144 Long Ridge Lane, Bowie MD 20715 USA.FINEST HOUR 96/47

IMMORTAL WORDS" I look forward confidently to tbe exploits of our figbter pilots — tbese splendidmen, tbis brilliant youtb — wbo will bave tbe glory of saving tbeir native land, tbeirisland borne, and all tbey love, from tbe most deadly of all attacks....tbe Battle ofFrance is over. I expect tbat tbe Battle of Britain is about to begin. Upon tbis battledepends tbe survival of Cbristian civilisation. Upon it depends our own Britisb life,and tbe long continuity of our institutions and our Empire....Let us tbereforebrace ourselves to our duties, and so bear ourselves tbat, if tbe Britisb Empire andits Commonwealtb last for a tbousand years, men will still say,'Tbis was tbeir finest bour.' "—Winston S. Churchill, House of Commons, 18 June 1940FROM THE ROYAL AIR FORCE BATTLE OF BRITAIN MEMORIAL FLIGHTHurricane PZ 865, "Last or tne Many," was tne final or 14,533 Hurricanes built by Hawkers.Completed in 1944, she was retained by tbe manufacturers and used for communications andtesting before being presented to tbe BBMF in 1972.Pbotograpb by courtesy of Lincolnshire's Lancaster Association (Ltd.) andDouglas Hall, whose article appears (appropriately) on pages 40-41.