A ripple in development - Norad

ic policies have dominated the last two decades (Centre for Policy Alternatives,2007, p. 37).In the Maldives , the shock of the tsunami affected government revenuesfrom the tourist trade. However, the tourism industry quickly recovered(Anon, 2006) and 2007 was a record year for tourism in theMaldives (Ministry of Tourism and Civil Aviation, 2008).1.8 Current and capital cost coherenceTo what extent has support to the reconstruction of infrastructure such as schools andhealth facilities been matched by appropriate attention to human resource and institutionalconstraints?The main problems in this area appear here also to be structural ratherthan tsunami-related ones. All of the three countries have substantialresources and normally meet the current costs of service provision. Additionalcapital investment has been in replacing lost assets, so there wasno concomitant increase in current costs. Aceh , for example, alwaysenjoyed higher school enrolment levels than the rest of Indonesia andeducation has been a larger part of the budget (Armas et al., 2008, pp.45–46).In fact the one exception to stable current costs rule is in Aceh , wherethere has been a spurt in the construction of schools and of health facilities.An added complication here is that facilities were often targetedby the parties to the conflict , and many were burned to the ground(World Vision, 2007, p. 12). This practice did not completely disappearwith the signing of the MoU – two schools were burned down in August2007 (WB-DSF, 2007a, p. 4).The Tsunami Indicator Recovery Package (TRIP) report for Acehand Nias records that 2,087 schools were destroyed by the tsunami inAceh, of which 752 have been rebuilt or repaired by May 2007. At thesame time 21,962 teachers had been trained (UNORC-AIS, 2007, p.12). However, these statistics raise questions about what happened tothe teachers who have been assigned to the damaged or destroyedschools. It also conflicts with the statement in the poverty assessmentthat there is no shortage of teachers in Aceh (Armas et al., 2008, p. 47).However, this conflict may arise because of the time between the TRIPreport and the poverty assessment.1.9 Pre Tsunami deficienciesHow has the reconstruction effort addressed pre-tsunami defi ciencies in basic services,including water and sanitation and solid waste management in particular?Levels of provision in public services varied quite significantly beforethe tsunami. The provision of basic services in Nias lagged behind Indonesiaand Sumatra as a whole (World Bank , 2007b, pp. Xv, 52). In2002, 40% of households had access to clean water in Nias, but this fell23