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Figure 7.4.1.1. Concentration versus depth profile for diffusion of 1 M persulfate in Palouseloess at 149 days. ................................................................................................................ 245Figure 7.4.1.2. Concentration versus depth profile for diffusion of 1 M persulfate in Palouseloess at 70 days. .................................................................................................................. 246Figure 7.4.1.3. Concentration versus depth profile for diffusion of 0.1 M persulfate in Palouseloess at 131 days. ................................................................................................................ 247Figure 7.4.1.4. Concentration versus depth profile for diffusion of 0.1 M persulfate in Palouseloess at 85 days. .................................................................................................................. 248Figure 7.4.1.5. Concentration versus depth profile for diffusion of 1 M persulfate in kaolin at 81days. .................................................................................................................................... 249Figure 7.4.1.6. Concentration versus depth profile for diffusion of 0.1 M persulfate in kaolin at82 days. ............................................................................................................................... 250xvii
List of AcronymsBETBTEXCBCECCHPCTDCBDCADMPODNAPLDTPAECDEDTAESRFIDGCGC-MSHCAHCCPHPLCICPAESISCOKO 2LNAPLNAPLNBNOMNTAPCEPTFEBrunauer, Emmett, <strong>and</strong> TellerBenzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, <strong>and</strong> xylenesChlorobenzeneCation exchange capacityCatalyzed H 2 O 2 propagationsCarbon tetrachlorideDichlorobenzene1,1-Dichloroethane5,5-Dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxideDense nonaqueous phase liquidDiethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acidelectron capture detectorEthylenediaminetetraacetic acidElectron spin resonanceFlame ionization detectorGas chromatographGas chromatography/mass spectroscopyHexachloroethaneHexachlorocycopentadiencHigh performance liquid chromatographyInductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometryIn situ chemical oxidationPotassium superoxideLight nonaqueous phase liquidNonaqueous phase liquidNitrobenzeneNatural organic matterNitrilotriacetic acidPerchloroethylenePolytetrafluoroethylenexviii
Page 1 and 2: FINAL REPORTEnhanced Reactant-Conta
Page 3 and 4: 2. FRONT MATTERTable of Contents1.
Page 5 and 6: 7.1.1. Persulfate Activation by Maj
Page 7 and 8: List of TablesTable 5.1. Second ord
Page 9 and 10: Figure 7.1.2.7. Degradation of the
Page 11 and 12: Base:persulfate ratio of 2:1; c) Ba
Page 13 and 14: nitrobenzene; 15 mL total volume. E
Page 15 and 16: Figure 7.2.7.5. CB degradation in b
Page 17: Figure 7.3.1.31. Persulfate concent
Page 21 and 22: KeywordsIn situ chemical oxidation,
Page 23 and 24: 4. OBJECTIVEThe goal of research co
Page 25 and 26: strong (E 0 = 2.1 V), water-soluble
Page 27 and 28: Persulfate also has the unique prop
Page 29 and 30: enzenes react with sulfate radicals
Page 31 and 32: tomography (XRCT) is a non-destruct
Page 33 and 34: The diffusion of a remedial agent t
Page 35 and 36: SoilsA surface soil and two fractio
Page 37 and 38: 6.1.2. Persulfate Activation by Sub
Page 39 and 40: 6.1.3. Base-Activated Persulfate Tr
Page 41 and 42: 6.2. Persulfate Reactivity Under Di
Page 43 and 44: temperatures were 220˚C and 270˚C
Page 45 and 46: time point and were capped to minim
Page 47 and 48: form of hydroperoxide. Control reac
Page 49 and 50: 6.2.4. Persulfate Activation By Phe
Page 51 and 52: °C, detector temperature of 270 °
Page 53 and 54: Analytical ProceduresHexane extract
Page 55 and 56: Soil organic matter (SOM) was remov
Page 57 and 58: 6.2.8. Effect of Sorption on Contam
Page 59 and 60: 6.3. Effect of Persulfate on Subsur
Page 61 and 62: Table 6.3.2.2. Chemical properties
Page 63 and 64: Figure 6.3.2.1. Falling head permea
Page 65 and 66: StartPrepareilImage generationandre
Page 67 and 68: cure for 24 hr. The Palouse loess w
Page 69 and 70:
7. RESULTS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS7.1.
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Table 7.1.1.1. Persulfate decomposi
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aControlPositive controlFerrihydrit
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aControlPositive controlFerrihydrit
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a1Nitrobenzene, C/C 00.80.60.40.20C
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a1Hexachloroethane, C/C 00.80.60.40
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Table 7.1.1.4. Persulfate decomposi
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Table 7.1.1.5. Nitrobenzene decompo
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Table 7.1.1.6. HCA decomposition ra
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aControlPositive control0.03 g Goet
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7.1.2. Persulfate Activation by Sub
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a1b1Nitrobenzene remaining after 48
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a1Anisole (mM)0.80.60.40.2Unactivat
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aNitrobenzene (mM)10.80.60.40.20Una
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a1, 3, 5-Trinitrobenzene (mM)10.80.
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All of the mineral persulfate syste
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7.1.3. Base-Activated Persulfate Tr
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1412KB1KB2108pH64200 1 2 3 4 5 6Tim
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a0.5Persulfate Concentration (M)0.4
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aPersulfate Concentration (M)0.50.4
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pH Drift in Soil SlurriespH was mon
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a1412108pH6420pH 12pH 10pH 80 3 6 9
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a141210pH8642pH 12pH 10pH 800 1 2 3
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aNitrobenzene Concentration (C/C o)
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Superoxide Radical and Reductant Ge
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aHexachloroethane Concentration (C/
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7.1.4. Summary of Factors Controlli
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Figure 7.2.1.1. Persulfate decompos
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Figure 7.2.1.2. Degradation of the
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adical and hydroxyl radical. A simi
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Detection of Reactive Oxygen Specie
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Figure 7.2.1.7. Degradation of the
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7.2.2. Effect of Basicity on Persul
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The mechanism of base-activated per
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Effect of Persulfate Concentration
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Relative rates of reactive oxygen s
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Relative rates of reductant generat
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ConclusionThe reactive species gene
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abFigure 7.2.3.1. a) First order de
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Figure 7.2.3.3. Effect of ionic str
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persulfate. Persulfate decomposes r
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Figure 7.2.3.6. Stoichiometry for t
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Figure 7.2.3.8. Effect of copper (I
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2 S 2 O 82-→ O 2 (7.2.3.9)To inve
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7.2.4. Persulfate Activation By Phe
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hexachloroethane, with pentachlorop
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1Anisole (C/C 0)0.80.60.4ControlPos
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a.Nitrobenzene (C/C o)10.80.60.4Con
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Mechanism of Persulfate ActivationT
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Degradation of pentachlorophenoxide
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Hydroxyl radical generation in the
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CompoundSuccinicAcidMolecularFormul
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The generation of hydroxyl radicals
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Table 7.2.5.2. Isomers of the alcoh
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a. b.Control, w/o alcoholn-Pentanol
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The results of Figures 7.2.5.5 and
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Control, w/o aldehydeFormaldehydeAc
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a. b.11Nitrobenzene (C/C 0)0.80.60.
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Control (Deionized water)Positive C
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Page 189 and 190:
1Nitrobenzene (C/C o)0.80.60.40.2Co
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1Nitrobenzene (C/C o)0.80.60.40.2Co
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Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
1Hexachloroethane (C/C o)0.80.60.40
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1Hexachloroethane (C/C o)0.80.60.40
Page 201 and 202:
ConclusionThe results of this resea
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1PCE (C/C 0)0.80.60.40.2Control1:12
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Aromatic ContaminantsThe degradatio
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ConclusionThe results of this resea
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Activated Persulfate Treatment of S
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Figure 7.2.8.4. CHP treatment of HC
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Figure 7.2.8.6. Base-activated pers
Page 215 and 216:
7.2.9. Summary of Persulfate Activa
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hematite, and goethite. However, pH
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Figure 7.3.1.2. XRD spectra for goe
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Figure 7.3.1.4. XRD spectra for goe
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Figure 7.3.1.6. XRD spectra for hem
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Figure 7.3.1.8. XRD spectra for hem
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Figure 7.3.1.10. XRD spectra for fe
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Figure 7.3.1.12. XRD spectra for fe
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Figure 7.3.1.14. XRD spectra for bi
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Figure 7.3.1.16. XRD spectra for bi
Page 235 and 236:
Figure 7.3.1.18. XRD spectra for ka
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Figure 7.3.1.20. XRD spectra for ka
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Figure 7.3.1.22. XRD spectra for mo
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Figure 7.3.1.24. XRD spectra for mo
Page 243 and 244:
1Persulfate (C/C 0)0.80.60.40.2Unac
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Page 247 and 248:
Page 249 and 250:
141210pH86Unactivated persulfateIro
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Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
7.3.2. Effect of Persulfate Formula
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Persulfate AlonePersulfate + Iron (
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Persulfate AlonePersulfate + Iron (
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with deionized water was 0.16. Thes
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hydraulic conductivity. These chang
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7.4. Transport of Persulfate into L
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0.1 M Persulfate Diffusion in Palou
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Persulfate concentration (M)0 0.2 0
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However, the concentration of base-
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Numerous phenoxides, including chlo
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9. LITERATURE CITEDAfanas’ev, A.M
Page 279 and 280:
Crooks, V.E., Quigley, R.M. 1984. S
Page 281 and 282:
Huang, K.C., Zhao, Z., Hoag, G.E.,
Page 283 and 284:
Lunenok-Burmakina, V.A., Aleeva, G.
Page 285 and 286:
Peyton, G.P. 1993. The free-radical
Page 287 and 288:
Todres, Z.V. 2003. Organic ion radi
Page 289 and 290:
10. APPENDICESList of Technical Pub
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