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141210pH86Unactivated persulfateIron (III)-EDTA-activated persulfateBase-activated persufate4200 10 20 30 40Time (days)Figure 7.3.1.33. pH over time in goethite systems containing persulfate alone (unactivated), iron(III)-EDTA-activated persulfate, or base-activated persulfate (with a 2:1 ratio of base topersulfate).228
141210pH86Unactivated persulfateIron (III)-EDTA-activated persulfateBase-activated persufate4200 10 20 30 40Time (days)Figure 7.3.1.34. pH over time in hematite systems containing persulfate alone (unactivated),iron (III)-EDTA-activated persulfate, or base-activated persulfate (with a 2:1 ratio of base topersulfate).229
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FINAL REPORTEnhanced Reactant-Conta
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2. FRONT MATTERTable of Contents1.
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7.1.1. Persulfate Activation by Maj
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List of TablesTable 5.1. Second ord
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Figure 7.1.2.7. Degradation of the
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Base:persulfate ratio of 2:1; c) Ba
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nitrobenzene; 15 mL total volume. E
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Figure 7.2.7.5. CB degradation in b
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Figure 7.3.1.31. Persulfate concent
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List of AcronymsBETBTEXCBCECCHPCTDC
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KeywordsIn situ chemical oxidation,
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4. OBJECTIVEThe goal of research co
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strong (E 0 = 2.1 V), water-soluble
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Persulfate also has the unique prop
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enzenes react with sulfate radicals
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tomography (XRCT) is a non-destruct
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The diffusion of a remedial agent t
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SoilsA surface soil and two fractio
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6.1.2. Persulfate Activation by Sub
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6.1.3. Base-Activated Persulfate Tr
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6.2. Persulfate Reactivity Under Di
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temperatures were 220˚C and 270˚C
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time point and were capped to minim
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form of hydroperoxide. Control reac
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6.2.4. Persulfate Activation By Phe
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°C, detector temperature of 270 °
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Analytical ProceduresHexane extract
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Soil organic matter (SOM) was remov
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6.2.8. Effect of Sorption on Contam
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6.3. Effect of Persulfate on Subsur
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Table 6.3.2.2. Chemical properties
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Figure 6.3.2.1. Falling head permea
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StartPrepareilImage generationandre
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cure for 24 hr. The Palouse loess w
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7. RESULTS AND ACCOMPLISHMENTS7.1.
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Table 7.1.1.1. Persulfate decomposi
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aControlPositive controlFerrihydrit
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aControlPositive controlFerrihydrit
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a1Nitrobenzene, C/C 00.80.60.40.20C
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a1Hexachloroethane, C/C 00.80.60.40
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Table 7.1.1.4. Persulfate decomposi
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Table 7.1.1.5. Nitrobenzene decompo
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Table 7.1.1.6. HCA decomposition ra
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aControlPositive control0.03 g Goet
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7.1.2. Persulfate Activation by Sub
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a1b1Nitrobenzene remaining after 48
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a1Anisole (mM)0.80.60.40.2Unactivat
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aNitrobenzene (mM)10.80.60.40.20Una
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a1, 3, 5-Trinitrobenzene (mM)10.80.
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All of the mineral persulfate syste
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7.1.3. Base-Activated Persulfate Tr
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1412KB1KB2108pH64200 1 2 3 4 5 6Tim
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a0.5Persulfate Concentration (M)0.4
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aPersulfate Concentration (M)0.50.4
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pH Drift in Soil SlurriespH was mon
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a1412108pH6420pH 12pH 10pH 80 3 6 9
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a141210pH8642pH 12pH 10pH 800 1 2 3
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aNitrobenzene Concentration (C/C o)
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Superoxide Radical and Reductant Ge
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aHexachloroethane Concentration (C/
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7.1.4. Summary of Factors Controlli
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Figure 7.2.1.1. Persulfate decompos
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adical and hydroxyl radical. A simi
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Detection of Reactive Oxygen Specie
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7.2.2. Effect of Basicity on Persul
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The mechanism of base-activated per
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Effect of Persulfate Concentration
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Relative rates of reactive oxygen s
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Relative rates of reductant generat
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ConclusionThe reactive species gene
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abFigure 7.2.3.1. a) First order de
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Figure 7.2.3.3. Effect of ionic str
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persulfate. Persulfate decomposes r
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Figure 7.2.3.6. Stoichiometry for t
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Figure 7.2.3.8. Effect of copper (I
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2 S 2 O 82-→ O 2 (7.2.3.9)To inve
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7.2.4. Persulfate Activation By Phe
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hexachloroethane, with pentachlorop
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1Anisole (C/C 0)0.80.60.4ControlPos
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a.Nitrobenzene (C/C o)10.80.60.4Con
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Mechanism of Persulfate ActivationT
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Degradation of pentachlorophenoxide
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Hydroxyl radical generation in the
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CompoundSuccinicAcidMolecularFormul
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The generation of hydroxyl radicals
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Table 7.2.5.2. Isomers of the alcoh
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a. b.Control, w/o alcoholn-Pentanol
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The results of Figures 7.2.5.5 and
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Control, w/o aldehydeFormaldehydeAc
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a. b.11Nitrobenzene (C/C 0)0.80.60.
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Control (Deionized water)Positive C
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1Nitrobenzene (C/C o)0.80.60.40.2Co
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1Nitrobenzene (C/C o)0.80.60.40.2Co
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1Hexachloroethane (C/C o)0.80.60.40
Page 199 and 200: 1Hexachloroethane (C/C o)0.80.60.40
Page 201 and 202: ConclusionThe results of this resea
Page 203 and 204: 1PCE (C/C 0)0.80.60.40.2Control1:12
Page 205 and 206: Aromatic ContaminantsThe degradatio
Page 207 and 208: ConclusionThe results of this resea
Page 209 and 210: Activated Persulfate Treatment of S
Page 211 and 212: Figure 7.2.8.4. CHP treatment of HC
Page 213 and 214: Figure 7.2.8.6. Base-activated pers
Page 215 and 216: 7.2.9. Summary of Persulfate Activa
Page 217 and 218: hematite, and goethite. However, pH
Page 219 and 220: Figure 7.3.1.2. XRD spectra for goe
Page 221 and 222: Figure 7.3.1.4. XRD spectra for goe
Page 223 and 224: Figure 7.3.1.6. XRD spectra for hem
Page 225 and 226: Figure 7.3.1.8. XRD spectra for hem
Page 227 and 228: Figure 7.3.1.10. XRD spectra for fe
Page 229 and 230: Figure 7.3.1.12. XRD spectra for fe
Page 231 and 232: Figure 7.3.1.14. XRD spectra for bi
Page 233 and 234: Figure 7.3.1.16. XRD spectra for bi
Page 235 and 236: Figure 7.3.1.18. XRD spectra for ka
Page 237 and 238: Figure 7.3.1.20. XRD spectra for ka
Page 239 and 240: Figure 7.3.1.22. XRD spectra for mo
Page 241 and 242: Figure 7.3.1.24. XRD spectra for mo
Page 243 and 244: 1Persulfate (C/C 0)0.80.60.40.2Unac
Page 249: 141210pH86Unactivated persulfateIro
Page 253 and 254: 141210pH86Unactivated persulfateIro
Page 255 and 256: 1412pH1086Unactivated persulfateIro
Page 257 and 258: 7.3.2. Effect of Persulfate Formula
Page 259 and 260: Persulfate AlonePersulfate + Iron (
Page 261 and 262: Persulfate AlonePersulfate + Iron (
Page 263 and 264: with deionized water was 0.16. Thes
Page 265 and 266: hydraulic conductivity. These chang
Page 267 and 268: 7.4. Transport of Persulfate into L
Page 269 and 270: 0.1 M Persulfate Diffusion in Palou
Page 271 and 272: Persulfate concentration (M)0 0.2 0
Page 273 and 274: However, the concentration of base-
Page 275 and 276: Numerous phenoxides, including chlo
Page 277 and 278: 9. LITERATURE CITEDAfanas’ev, A.M
Page 279 and 280: Crooks, V.E., Quigley, R.M. 1984. S
Page 281 and 282: Huang, K.C., Zhao, Z., Hoag, G.E.,
Page 283 and 284: Lunenok-Burmakina, V.A., Aleeva, G.
Page 285 and 286: Peyton, G.P. 1993. The free-radical
Page 287 and 288: Todres, Z.V. 2003. Organic ion radi
Page 289 and 290: 10. APPENDICESList of Technical Pub
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