Final Report - Strategic Environmental Research and Development ...

List of FiguresFigure 6.3.2.1. Falling head permeameter. .................................................................................. 41Figure 6.3.2.2. Flexible wall permeameter .................................................................................. 42Figure 6.3.2.3. XRCT test procedures. ........................................................................................ 43Figure 7.1.1.1. Persulfate decomposition in the presence of minerals. a) Low pH; b) high pH. . 48Figure 7.1.1.2. Degradation of the oxidant probe nitrobenzene in persulfate systems containingminerals. a) Low pH; b) high pH. ......................................................................................... 51Figure 7.1.1.3. Degradation of the reductant probe HCA in persulfate systems containingminerals. a) Low pH; b) high pH. ......................................................................................... 53Figure 7.1.1.4. Degradation of the oxidant probe nitrobenzene in persulfate systems containingclay minerals. a) Low pH; b) high pH. ................................................................................. 55Figure 7.1.1.5. Degradation of the reductant probe HCA in persulfate systems containing clayminerals. a) Low pH; b) high pH. ......................................................................................... 57Figure 7.1.1.6. Persulfate decomposition in the presence of a soil and soil fractions. a) Low pH;b) high pH. ............................................................................................................................ 58Figure 7.1.1.7. Degradation of the oxidant probe nitrobenzene in persulfate systems containing asoil and soil fractions. a) Low pH; b) high pH. .................................................................... 60Figure 7.1.1.8. Degradation of the reductant probe HCA in persulfate systems containing a soiland soil fractions. a) Low pH; b) high pH. ........................................................................... 62Figure 7.1.1.9. Degradation of the oxidant probe nitrobenzene in persulfate systems containinglow concentrations of the manganese oxide birnessite. a) Low pH; b) high pH. ................. 64Figure 7.1.1.10. Degradation of the oxidant probe nitrobenzene in persulfate systems containinglow concentrations of the iron oxide goethite. a) Low pH; b) high pH. ............................... 65Figure 7.1.2.1. Degradation of 0.5 M sodium persulfate by 13 various trace minerals with thetemperature maintained at 25°C ± 1°C. ................................................................................ 67Figure 7.1.2.2. Probe compound remaining after treatment in 0.5 M sodium persulfate–tracemineral systems at a temperature of 25°C ± 1°C. a) the sulfate + hydroxyl radical probeanisole; b) the hydroxyl radical probe nitrobenzene; c) the hydroperoxide probe 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene; d) the superoxide probe carbon tetrachloride. ............................................ 69Figure 7.1.2.3. Degradation of the cumulative sulfate + hydroxyl radical probe anisole by tracemineral–persulfate systems at 25°C ± 1°C. a) Calcite; b) Ilmenite; c) Pyrite. ..................... 71Figure 7.1.2.4. Degradation of the hydroxyl radical probe nitrobenzene by trace mineral–persulfate systems at 25°C ± 1°C. a) Calcite; b) Ilmenite; c) Pyrite. .................................... 73Figure 7.1.2.5. Degradation of the hydroperoxide probe 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene by trace mineral–persulfate systems at 25°C ± 1°C. a) Calcite; b) Ilmenite; c) Pyrite. .................................... 75Figure 7.1.2.6. Degradation of reductant probe carbon tetrachloride by trace mineral–persulfatesystems at 25°C ± 1°C. a) Calcite; b) Ilmenite; c) Pyrite. .................................................... 76vii