Research for Civil Security

Research for Civil SecurityProtection systems for security and emergency services

Published byThe Federal Ministry ofEducation and Research (BMBF)Security Research Division53170 BonnOrdersIn writing tothe publisherP.O. Box 30 02 35D-53182 BonnGermanyOr byPhone: +49 (0) 1805 – 262 302Fax: +49 (0) 1805 – 262 303(0.14 Euro/min. from the German fixed-line network)E-mail: books@bmbf.bund.deInternet: http://www.bmbf.deEdited byDr. Andreas Hoffknecht, Simone KiesVDI Technologiezentrum GmbH, DüsseldorfW. Bertelsmann Verlag, BielefeldDesigned byHauke Sturm DesignPrinted byBonifatius GmbH, PaderbornBonn, Berlin 2009Photo creditsBachmeier (p. 6), Getty Images (Cover, p. 2, 3, 8),Picture-Alliance (p. 4, 7)

Research for Civil SecurityProtection systems for security and emergency services

FOREWORDSForewordsThe success of our export-oriented industry wouldnot be feasible without the free movement of information,persons and goods. Secure energy andtransport networks, Internet and telecommunications,food and healthcare provision are vital nervesof our highly networked society. However, Germany’shigh population density and sophisticatedtechnological infrastructure mean that it is facingincreasing new threats. The security risks havechanged. Despite robust technologies, our supplynetworks are vulnerable to even just small disruptions:Global mobility allows danger to spread moreeasily and makes it more difficult to combat. Naturaldisasters and technological accidents, but alsoterrorism, crime and sabotage can cause seriousdamage in a closer knit world.The Federal Ministry of Education and Research(BMBF) will be investing approximately 123 millioneuros in security research in the period up to 2010under its Research for Civil Security Programme,which is part of the High-Tech Strategy for Germany.The aim is to develop innovations which willprovide more security without at the same timeencroaching on Germany’s culture of freedom. Itis the task of stakeholders in the research projectsto take up the best ideas from science and researchand integrate them in innovative security solutions.It is decisive to involve the entire innovation chainfrom research to industry and end users in publicauthorities and private industry.Innovation in this context does not only meannew technological processes, but also includesinnovative organizational concepts and strategies.Interdisciplinary projects involving the humanitiesand the social sciences, the transfer of knowledge tothe public, accompanying research on critical issuesand transparency are important preconditions forthe success of security research.The individual projects in the programme willbe presented within the framework of a series ofpublications. The present brochure provides anoverview of research work in the development ofprotective systems for security and emergencyservices. This includes equipment and supportingorganizational measures for use in the event of adisaster. The research results contained thereinform the basis for improving security standards inour country for the benefit of our people.Prof. Dr. Annette Schavan, MPFederal Minister of Education and Research

FOREWORDSThreats such as heat, poor visibility conditions orbarely accessible locations are all too familiar toprofessional security and rescue forces. Without thenecessary equipment, they cannot succeed in manyof the situations they face, such as the localizationand rescue of injured persons who are trapped orburied under rubble. Numerous factors of all kindsplay a decisive role, but are also difficult to assess simultaneouslyand can therefore be life-threatening.It is precisely for this reason that communicationand coordination during operations of this type demandthe support of reliable and user-friendly technologiesand instruments. So-called ‘smart clothes’,for example – intelligent functional and protectiveclothing for emergency forces, which featuresembedded sensor and communication technology.Such clothing must be further optimised in order forit to provide even more reliable support during use.The further development of special localization andnavigation systems or research into the operationalapplications of a drone system for reconnaissancecan also optimise operational processes.The Scientific Program Board welcomes, aboveall, the emphasis on user-friendliness and manmachineinterface. These key topics cover a broadspectrum – which is a good thing, because personnelinvolved on-site and in the control and commandcentre cannot manage operations successfullyin the event of a crisis without the interactionof all of the emergency forces. Aspects such as thedegree to which emergency teams and the generalpopulation accept innovations or the operabilityand utility of the technological solutions developedin these projects play a decisive role – and not onlyon a national level.This is because situations like the ones describedin the projects – situations where the innovationswill be put to use – are international in both scopeand interest.This is also reflected in the wide range of ideasand innovations presented here: The necessary enduser-orienteddevelopment of integrated protectionsystems and equipment can be combined with aclear view toward the development of new markets.This, in turn, will enable us to further strengthenand expand the position of Germany in the field ofcivil security research.Prof. Dr. Klaus Thoma,Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft / Head of Ernst-Mach-Institut, Chairman of the Scientific ProgrammeBoard Security Research

CONtENtS1ContentsInnovations for civil security: Protection systems for security and emergency services 2Significance of the research topic 2Protection systems for security and emergency services in the Research Programme for Civil Security 2Relevant research topics 3Collaborative projects and players at a glance 6„SmaRt ClOthES“LUMITEX 8SAFE 10SensProCloth 12NavIgatION aND lOCalIzatIONFeuerWhere 14I-LOV 16Landmarke 18RObOtICSAirShield 20Glossary 22

2 INNOvatIONS FOR CIvIl SECuRItyInnovations for civil security: Protection systems for security and emergency servicesIn an emergency they are the first to arrive at theplace of operation and are often exposed to unknownhazards: rescue and relief personnel haveto deal with threats such as intense heat and smokegeneration, a pollution-laden atmosphere, contaminatedground conditions, poor visibility or placesof operation that are difficult to access. At the sametime they have to act quickly and precisely in orderto gain control over hazardous situations. Reliable,safe and user-friendly protection technologies aswell as communication and coordination toolsplay a decisive role during such operations – undercertain circumstances a life saving one – and arethus an indispensable part of the body of a modernrescue organization.In order to meet these requirements in an optimalway, one important objective in civil security researchis to promote the development of integratedtechnological approaches. This involves matchingdifferent systems to one another and embeddingthem in an overall solution: systems ranging fromtelecommunications systems to vital sign sensors,which, for example, can be integrated directly intothe protective equipment of emergency forces.and material solutions are tailored to the specificrequirements of rescue forces and ultimately integratedinto improved protection systems.The present brochure presents projects 1 , forwhich the funding totals about 23 million euros inall, together with the players involved. The FederalMinistry of Education and Research (BMBF) providesthis funding in order to promote the developmentof integrated protective systems and equipment aswell as the preparation of supporting organizationalmeasures for use in the event of a disaster.Protection systems for security and emergencyservices in the Research Programmefor Civil SecurityThe Security Research Programme that the federalgovernment adopted on 24 January 2007 as an elementof the high-tech strategy for Germany focuseson improving the protection of citizens. The aim isto counteract threats to society posed by terrorism,organized crime, natural disasters or major technicalaccidents. The programme is characterized bySignificance of the research topicIn recent years technological progress has produceda steady stream of increasingly robust and lightweightmaterials and textiles while contributing tothe miniaturisation of wireless information systemsand sensors. These new technological developmentscan help provide optimal protection forrescue forces during their deployment – and makeit possible to manage operations with greater safetyand efficiency.The protective equipment of any modern rescueforce starts with heat and chemical-resistantclothing. Breathable clothing plays a decisive rolein extending the length of time that rescue forcescan be deployed. State-of-the-art communicationand navigation aids also represent indispensabletools that permit rescue forces to get their bearingsduring an operation, for example in smoke-filledbuildings. And the systems must operate reliablyunder extreme conditions, too. For this reason,new and refined safety engineering developmentsare needed, in which the latest communications1 The AIRSHIELD, I-LOV, Landmarke, LUMITEX, SAFE andSensProCloth projects are assigned to the funding priority“Integrated Protection Systems” of the “Research for Civil Security”programme; the “FeuerWhere” project is funded within theframework of the ICT 2020 research programme.

INNOvatIONS FOR CIvIl SECuRIty3practical work extending the entire length of theinnovation chain, from research and industry to endusers. Partners involved as end users in the researcharea “Integrated Protection Systems” include infrastructureoperators from private industry as well asstate authorities and organizations with securityrelatedtasks – such as fire brigades, police and theFederal Agency for Technical Relief, for example.This serves to ensure that the newly developed technologiesfulfil the intended purpose in practice andare easy and safe to use at the same time.However security cannot be achieved by thedevelopment and use of technologies alone. Especiallywithin the context of developing and optimisingrobust protective systems and equipment,user-friendliness and the acceptance of securitymeasures are of crucial importance for emergencyforces in extreme situations. For this reason, as partof their scope, the projects evaluate the ergonomicproperties of the protective systems developed andoptimize human-machine interfaces through examinationof psychological effects under operationconditions. The solutions to be developed are alsoevaluated in terms of ethical, legal and data protectionaspects. Requirements for the education andtraining of rescue and security personnel are alsoanalysed and the results are used to develop decision-makingaids for authorities and emergencypersonnel.The abovementioned challenges for science,business and end users are not principally nationalin character, but rather have to be viewed in aEuropean and international context. Therefore thenational research funding also aims, of course, tostrengthen the collaboration of German partnersat the European level as well as in internationalstructures. Within the framework of the EuropeanSecurity Research Programme, the European Unionis making further development at the Europeanlevel a subject of discussion with a focus on the “Firstresponder of the future”. In addition, the involvementof partners from abroad in existing or proposedinternational research alliances is designedto ensure that security solutions also keep the needsof the global markets in mind.Such technologies hold considerable potential:according to a study commissioned by the FederalMinistry of Economics and Technology, the marketvolume of products and services related to securitytechnology in Germany was around 20 billioneuros in 2008 alone. Annual growth rates are high– according to the OECD, they run at about sevenpercent per year. Along with integrating internationalknow-how, the funding of innovations in theintegrated protection systems research field thusprovides German companies with an opportunity toincrease their competitiveness and to participate ina growing market.Relevant research topicsVolunteer fire brigades and the Agency for TechnicalRelief (THW) are staffed by over a million helpersin Germany alone. In addition some 30,000 peopleare employed full-time in the fire brigades of the citiesand municipalities, and a similar number servesin private fire brigades in companies and industrialworks. They all need state-of-the-art equipment. Thefollowing summarises some of the key elements ofthe research:localisation systems for rescue forcesParticularly in major operations involving severalhundred fire-fighters, coordination is extremely important.In complex or unknown buildings where

4 INNOvatIONS FOR CIvIl SECuRItysmoke renders orientation difficult, for example, itis essential to know the position of all emergencypersonnel operating on site throughout the courseof the event. This obstacle is virtually impossibleto overcome without technical aids. One possibleapproach is to integrate mobile tracking systemsinto clothing. In this way, the control and commandcentre is automatically and continuously informedof the location of all participants. This makes itpossible to coordinate emergency forces efficiently,as the positional data can also be linked, for example,to other information on the type of equipmentcarried and its technical condition. The resultingflexibility ensures rapid and smooth coordinationof all rescue forces involved, even when operationconditions change suddenly.flexible, so emergency forces can nonetheless movefreely while wearing it. At the same time it shouldbe breathable to prevent excessive temperaturebuild-up inside the suit. This long list of materialrequirements necessitates the development of newhigh performance textiles especially tailored tothe conditions of the operations: textiles that mustprove their functionality and robustness in extensivepractical trials.Integrated sensorsOperations subject fire-fighters to high levels ofphysical stress. For this reason, it would be useful todetermine vital signs such as pulse, respiration rateand blood pressure continuously, so exhaustion or athreat to the health of the emergency forces can berecognized early. Sensors that could detect poisonousgases such as carbon monoxide and warn ofthis hazard in time would be just as important. Inorder to avoid increasing the weight of the equipmentunnecessarily and restricting the freedom ofmovement of the fire-fighter, however, such sensorscan also be integrated into the clothing. Real-timetransmission and evaluation of the vital signs andsensory data to the control and command centrerequires a suitably adapted, high-performancecommunication infrastructure tailored to the needsof the emergency forces and to the demands of theoperations.Semi-permeable protective clothingModern protective clothing is indispensable for allrescue forces: during an operation it must protectthem from extreme hazards – in the case of fire,primarily from heat – as well as other hazardoussituations such as poisonous gases or aerosols.The clothing must also be highly fire-resistant,heat-resistant, tear-resistant and impermeable tohazardous substances. Along with optimal protection,however, the clothing also has to be light and

INNOvatIONS FOR CIvIl SECuRIty5tracking systems for identifying the locationof people trapped or buried under rubbleOne of the most difficult tasks that rescue and reliefpersonnel face is the rescue of people trapped orburied under rubble in the wake of explosions,avalanches or natural catastrophes such as earthquakes.Particularly where the scene of an accidentis spread over a large area and the number of victimsis large, the position of those trapped or buriedmust be determined as rapidly and accurately aspossible, so they can be rescued quickly. Todayspecially trained search dogs are the most commonlyused means of locating trapped or buriedvictims. Especially in the case of larger disasters,however, this approach is too time-intensive. At thesame time it is also hazardous for man and animal,due to rubble falling from damaged buildings, forexample. For this reason, the development of innovativedetection systems to locate trapped or buriedpersons is greatly needed here, but there is also atremendous need for technical aids such as autonomousrobotic systems to support and simplify thesearch and rescue of injured persons.Sources:Research for Civil Security - Programme of the Federal Government;Federal Ministry for Education and Research; Public Relations Division,2007 (http://www.bmbf.de/en/11773.php)Announcement of the Federal Ministry for Education and Research onguidelines governing the funding of the range of topics “Integratedprotection systems for rescue and security personnel” within theframework of the Security Research Programme of the Federal Government(http://www.bmbf.bund.de/foerderungen/10273.php)Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology: Study on market volumesin Germany for products and services related to security technology(http://www.bmwi.de/English/Navigation/root.html)OECD (http://www.oecd.org)Technisches Hilfswerk [Federal Agency for Technical Relief](http://www.thw.de)Deutscher Feuerwehrverband [German Fire-fighters Association](http://www.dfv.org)

6 COllabORatIvE PROjECtS aND PlayERS at a glaNCE

COllabORatIvE PROjECtS aND PlayERS at a glaNCE7Collaborative projects and players at a glance The importance of using optimal equipmentto face unknown hazards is growing and canultimately save lives. This holds especiallytrue for fire brigades and rescue forces, whichare confronted by increasingly complexhazardous conditions during the course ofoperations. Therefore, the central focus ofthe collaborative projects presented here is todevelop innovative safety solutions designedto significantly improve the performance andprotection of emergency teams. This requiresreliable, safe and compatible technologies andinstruments for communication and coordinationin an emergency, along with equipmentand supplies to protect against chemicalweapons or pollutants during an operation.In this context, the development of highperformanceand robust protection systems- such as these - places particular emphasis onuser-friendliness and man-machine interfaceissues. After all, the functional interaction ofall of the emergency forces involved – usingthe technologies and new instruments developedin the collaborative projects, for example– can play a key role in helping fire brigadesand rescue teams carry out operations underoptimal conditions in the future.On the following pages all players involvedpresent short profiles describing their motivation,research priorities, goals and the potentialfor applications of the innovations developedunder the collaborative projects.

8 „SmaRt ClOthES“LUMITEXDevelopment of textiles with electroluminescent properties for safety clothing and technicalapplicationsSupport for night-time operations: specially equipped high-visibility clothing and technical equipment (source: Getty)motivationIn traffic system applications, conventional safetyand high-visibility clothing relies on fluorescenceand only works in the presence of light. In completedarkness, high-visibility clothing does not performits function and additional information such as symbols,text or warning messages cannot be transmitted.Electroluminescing layers that emit light whensubjected to an electrical voltage make it possible toproduce innovative and intelligent high-visibilityclothing that also functions reliably in completedarkness.Innovations and applicationsNew textile-based optical component developmentscomprise the basic innovations of the project.The application potential ranges from safety clothingfor road workers and police to active protectivesuits for fire brigades. Textiles for a large variety ofother applications are also feasible, however, e.g.Project description and goalsThis project aims to develop and realize possibilitiesfor the flexible manufacture of intelligently switchablelight effects on textiles. To this end, low-ohm,electrically conductive pastes will be developed andmade available for printing interdigital structuresas electrodes designed to generate luminescence effects.The project will also provide especially brightluminescing pastes for the industrial printing oflight-emitting textiles. In addition to this, luminescingfilaments will be developed, which will beused to produce textiles with suitable luminescentsurface characteristics.Examples of electroluminescence (source: ITCF)

„SmaRt ClOthES“9Project titelDevelopment of textiles with electroluminescentproperties for safety clothing and technical applications(LUMITEX)Duration1 January 2008 – 31 December 2010Project partners• Institut für Textilchemie- und Chemiefasern (ITCF) derDeutschen Institute für Textil- und FaserforschungDenkendorf (DITF), Denkendorf• Lefatex Chemie GmbH, Brüggen-Bracht• Reimotec Maschinen und Anlagenbau GmbH,Ober-Abtsteinach• ITVP Produktservice GmbH, Denkendorf• Mattes & Ammann KG, Meßstetten-TieringenTextiles with glooming characteristics (source: ITCF)• Color-Textil Veredlung GmbH, Frankenberginterior lighting that does not cause blinding effectsin automobiles (the roof lining, for example), escaperoute marking and emergency lighting in textilefloor coverings, and switchable warning messages.Collaboration coordinatorDr. Reinhold SchneiderInstitut für Textilchemie- und Chemiefasern (ITCF) derDeutschen Institute für Textil- und FaserforschungDenkendorf (DITF)Körschtalstraße 2673770 DenkendorfGermanyPhone +49 (0)711-9340-103Fax +49 (0)711-9340-185reinhold.schneider@itcf-denkendorf.de

10 „SmaRt ClOthES“SAFEEnhanced-performance, permeable protective clothing using new absorbents and vitalsign sensorsmotivationIn their work, rescue forces involved in fire protectionand disaster management are exposed tounknown hazards due, for example, to heat, pollution-ladenatmospheres or mechanical effects. Fortheir own safety and to maximize their operationalcapacity, emergency teams must have optimalequipment designed to provide active and passiveprotection against the abovementioned hazards.Project description and goalsThe aim of this project is to develop new protectiveclothing that combines the essential elements ofoptimal protective equipment for rescue teams:Based on an optimised adsorbent material capableof bonding a broad range of applicable pollutants, acomfortable protective suit will be designed with integratedsensors that will record the vital signs andposition of rescue personnel and measure environmentalparameters (e.g. temperature). IntegrationKey factor in an operation: specially equipped protective clothing (source: State Fire Brigade School Hamburg)of rescue forces in a communication network willenable the transmission of this sensory data to thecommand and control centre. This networking willpermit rapid response to possibly life-threateningsituations.

„SmaRt ClOthES“11Innovations and applicationsThe new protective suits with an integrated absorbentlayer must be comfortable, breathable andwashable, so the suits will provide significantlygreater protection, utility and service life. Theparameters recorded during operations will permitthe targeted control, localization and monitoring ofrescue forces, thereby enabling rapid action in criticalsituations and significantly reducing the hazardsto which emergency teams are exposed.Project titleSemi-permeable suits for rescue forces (SAFE)Duration1 May 2008 – 30 April 2011Project partners• ATS Elektronik GmbH, Wunstorf• Federal Office of Civil Protection and Disaster Assistance (BBK), Bonn• Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health(BAuA), Dortmund• Freudenberg Forschungsdienste KG, Weinheim• Helmut Schmidt University / University of the FederalArmed Forces Hamburg• Kärcher Futuretech GmbH, Winnenden• State Fire Brigade School Hamburg• Military Science Institute for Defence Technologies– NBC Protection (WIS), MunsterCollaboration coordinatorDr. Julia KubaschFreudenberg Forschungsdienste KGHöhnerweg 2-469469 WeinheimGermanyPhone +49 (0)620180-6806Fax +49 (0)620188-6806Julia.Kubasch@Freudenberg.de

12 „SmaRt ClOthES“SensProClothIntegrated sensory protective clothing system for fire brigades and disaster managementmotivationDuring disasters and large-scale emergencies, thosewho provide assistance, such as fire-fighters anddisaster relief workers of the THW (German FederalAgency Technische Hilfswerk), perform physicallydemanding tasks and are exposed to other hazards,which are often initially unidentified or difficultto assess. Under the high stress of an operation,personal protective equipment can isolate the bodyfrom the environment, sometimes causing insufficientperception of normal corporeal sensations, environmentalstimuli and hazard warnings. Duringlarge-scale emergencies, orientation is frequentlydifficult and locating forces in distress is often virtuallyimpossible. Used for localisation and to measureenvironmental and corporeal variables, sensorytechnology embedded in the clothing is designedto reduce risk and improve emergency responsecapabilities.Project description and goalsThe aim of the project is therefore to develop anintegrated sensory clothing system for use in theworkplace and as personal protective equipment.The systems to be integrated will comprise a recordingand communications system with localisationto support operations and initiate aid and rescuemeasures for fire brigades and disaster management.In addition, these clothing systems will beequipped with specially adapted sensory technology,electronics and energy supply systems. Thiswill enable them to automatically record and reportenvironmental conditions, such as temperature,position or pollutant exposure. The physiologicalcondition of the wearer will also be monitored inthis way, including information on pulse (ECG),respiration rate and the generation of heat.Special sensors for clothing to report environmental and physiological conditions (source: ITV Denkendorf)

„SmaRt ClOthES“13Innovations and applicationsThe biggest challenges involve the conceptualdesign of articles of clothing and the functionalintegration of technical modules, signal and datatransmission lines and reliable energy supplysystem. The different functions form a networkedstructure and must first be combined into a workingwhole before they can provide significantly greatersafety and protection for emergency personnel.The clothing developed, however, must berobust, easy to use and insensitive to cleaning. Theindividual elements such as sensors, electronic bussystems and modules or radio transmission unitsmust be adapted to the textile application andjoined together in a functional system. To this end,developments and functional trials will be carriedout for individual functional elements and circuitsin textile structures and articles of clothing. Subsequently,a demonstration unit will be developedand tested.Project titelIntegrated sensory protective clothing system for firebrigades and disaster management (SensProCloth)Duration1 July 2008 – 30 June 2011Project partners• Institut für Textil- und Verfahrenstechnik (ITV) derDeutschen Institute für Textil- und FaserforschungDenkendorf (DITF), Denkendorf• Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits (IIS),Erlangen• Hubert Schmitz GmbH & Co. KG, S-GARD® Berufs- undSchutzkleidung, Heinsberg• JOSEF KANZ GmbH & Co. KG, Neufra• getemed Medizin- und Informationstechnik AG, Teltow• W. Zimmermann GmbH & Co. KG, Weiler-Simmerberg• BIJO-DATA Informationssysteme GmbH, Holzkirchen /Ufr.• Stuttgart Professional Fire Brigade• Fire Brigade of the City of NurembergCollaboration coordinatorHansjürgen HorterInstitut für Textil- und Verfahrenstechnik (ITV) der DeutschenInstitute für Textil- und Faserforschung Denkendorf(DITF)Automation, Electronics, Smart Textiles and AcousticsResearch DepartmentKörschtalstraße 2673770 DenkendorfGermanyPhone +49 (0)711-9340 279Fax +49 (0)711-9340 579horter@itv-denkendorf.de

14 NavIgatION aND lOCalIzatIONFeuerWhereNew sensor network helps fire brigades during fire-fighting operationsIn-door localisation: In case of an accident every second counts to send help to the right place (source: Feuerwehr Berlin)motivationDuring operations involving thick smoke, emergencyforces are virtually blind when they have toexplore buildings. Despite fire and smoke, they haveto develop a clear overview of the situation: Whereare the victims? Where are the other fire-fighters?Rescuing human life is a stressful undertaking andrescuers put their own lives at risk during fire fightingoperations often enough. That is why it is importantfor each fire-fighter involved to have a clearunderstanding of the overall situation and to adaptto constantly changing conditions. To that end, theFeuerWhere project is developing a wireless sensornetwork as a tracking system for emergency forces.Project description and goalsFor orientation purposes, usually only a roughlayout is available. The command and control postobtains its information from layout sketches andvia radiotelephony. The exact location and conditionof emergency forces can be determined onlyroughly based on the often fragmentary information.Fire-fighting thus represents an extraordinarilystressful situation for everyone in the operation.Although they have professional protective clothingand equipment, emergency forces are seriouslyendangered by conditions in the burning building.Here data on the location of emergency forces,their physical condition and current conditions intheir immediate vicinity could help the commandand control post fight the fire more efficiently whilesignificantly improving the safety of the emergencyforces at the same time.The system to be developed must allow for rapidimplementation as well as gradual expansion. Itmust also ensure a stable exchange of data – aboutthe location of participants and their immediatevicinity, for example – under operation conditions.In parallel to this, an additional sensor networklocated near the body will record the necessary dataon the physical condition of the emergency forces.All information must be available in bundled formin order to provide the fastest possible support tothe command and control post when making decisionsof vital importance.

NavIgatION aND lOCalIzatION15Innovations and applicationsThe rescue forces moving through the buildingswear sensor nodes, which enable their localisationand transmit relevant vital signs and environmentalparameters. The sensor nodes are self-organisingand forward data in a so-called multi-hop network.The emergency forces are located by means of the“chirp spread spectrum” radio process. This processcycles through a large electromagnetic frequencyrange in a short period of time, which significantlyreduces problems with interference and reflection.Combining these innovative processes now makes itpossible to locate emergency forces in buildings forthe first time without the use of previously installedemitters and receivers.Further information:www.feuerwhere.deProject titleTracking Fire-fighters - System to support emergencyforces in the event of a fire (FeuerWhere)Note: This project is funded within the framework of theICT 2020 research programme.Duration1 January 2008 – 30 June 2010Project partners• Berlin Fire Brigade• Freie Universität Berlin• IHP – Innovations for High Performance Microelectronics,Frankfurt (Oder)• MSA AUER GmbH, Berlin• Nanotron Technologies GmbH, Berlin• Associated partners:– MPA Technologies Ltd., IsraelProject coordinatorMichael BaarFreie Universität BerlinInstitut für InformatikTakustraße 914195 BerlinGermanyPhone +49 (0) 30 838-75131Fax +49 (0) 30 838-75194michael.baar@fu-berlin.deRescue forces enter buildings under harsh conditions (source: FeuerwehrBerlin)

16 NavIgatION aND lOCalIzatIONI-LOVIntelligent safeguarding localization system for the rescuing of people trapped or buriedunder rubblemotivationImages of events causing damage in which peoplehave been trapped or buried under rubble serve asconstant reminders of the vulnerability of the placeswhere we live and work. To conduct rapid rescue operations,emergency forces all over the world needtimely information on the exact position of peopletrapped or buried under rubble, information on therisk of collapse of debris and standardized interventionprocedures as well as information on the stateof the victims’ health.Project description and goalsThe project focuses on key aspects and challengesin terms of social conditions, emergencymedicine, intervention psychology, law and technologyrequired for the targeted and timely rescueof people who have been trapped or buried underrubble. It aims to ensure the safety of rescue forcesand victims at all times during natural or man-madecatastrophes. Above all, the emphasis is on innovativelocalization processes designed to improve theability to locate buried and injured people.Therefore, a portable information system is to bedeveloped, which will constitute the core communicationsinterface. This system will be used at theaccident site together with especially developedmodular and radio-based equipment systems,which will support rescue forces during rescue operations.These support functions will assist, amongother things, in component securing / debris monitoringfor the protection of rescue personnel andvictims as well as in the localization of the peopletrapped or buried by rubble.Innovations and applicationsAt the conclusion of all research work, demonstratorswill be developed that will be tested continuouslyin field trials under realistic interventionconditions during the course of the project. Thesefield trials are intended to collect findings on suitabilityfor use, localization precision and operationaltactics, in order to optimize the suitability ofthe system for use in disaster areas. The technologiesto be developed will help collect information atan accident site, optimize the communication andinformation flows, increase the efficiency of searchand rescue measures and raise the overall safetylevel while at the same time lowering the cost ofinterventions.Innovative search and detection processes will significantly enhance the ability of emergency forces to locate people and will facilitate the rescue ofinjured persons (source: German Federal Agency for Technical Relief (THW)

NavIgatION aND lOCalIzatION17• Cologne University of Technology, Institute for Plantand Process Engineering and Institute for EmergencyMedicine, Cologne• Erlangen-Nürnberg University, Chair for TechnicalElectronics, Erlangen• Hövener & Trapp Evision GmbH, Dortmund• JT-elektronik GmbH, Lindau am Bodensee• Ruhr University Bochum, Chair for Machine Elementsand Construction Studies, Bochum• Symeo GmbH, Neubiberg• Karlsruhe University, Institute for Technology andManagement in Construction Operations, Karlsruhe• Paderborn University, Computer Application and SpecialityArea Integration in Construction and Planning(C.I.K.), Paderborn• Associated partners:– Albert Ziegler GmbH & Co KG, Giengen– German Federal Criminal Police Office, WiesbadenAfter an earthquake: The search for people buried under the rubble(source: Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk)Further information:www.i-lov.orgCollaboration coordinatorProf. Dr. Leonard ReindlAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgInstitut für MikrosystemtechnikGeorges-Koehler-Allee 10379110 Freiburgreindl@imtek.uni-freiburg.deProject titleIntelligent safeguarding localization system for therescue of people trapped or buried under rubble (I-LOV)Duration1 June 2008 – 31 May 2011Project partners• Freiburg University– Institute for Public Law (IOR)– Institute for Microsystem Technology (IMTEK), Chairfor Electrical Measurement and Test Methods• BOS GmbH & Co KG, Berlin• Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk, Bonn• carat robotic innovation GmbH, Dortmund• Dortmunder Initiative zur rechnerintegrierten Fertigung (RIF) e. V., DortmundContactMarc LoschonskyAlbert-Ludwigs-Universität FreiburgInstitut für MikrosystemtechnikLehrstuhl für Elektrische Mess- und PrüfverfahrenGeorges-Koehler-Allee 10379110 FreiburgGermanyPhone +49 (0)761-203-7232Fax +49 (0)761-203-7222marc.loschonsky@imtek.uni-freiburg.de

18 NavIgatION aND lOCalIzatIONLandmarkeNavigation infrastructure for fire-fightersmotivationDuring operations, fire-fighters have to be able toprovide a reliable assessment of the situation on-sitequickly, and in so doing explore the operation sitereliably, also in unsafe environments and underpoor visibility conditions. Despite proven aids,navigation under such conditions is difficult. Timeand again, emergency teams are directly exposed toactual hazards as a result.Project description and goalsNavigation is an occupational competence, inwhich experience, sensory impressions and trainedmethods play an important role. The objective ofthe research project is to develop an orientationand navigation infrastructure based on ubiquitouscomputing technology. This infrastructure will effectivelybuild on the capabilities of the emergencyforces. The project applies a new research methodology,in which the developers also take part in firebrigade training exercises, in order to focus on theusers and their expertise.Innovations and applicationsIn the application scenario, emergency forces markimportant reference points with so-called interactivelandmarks. These landmarks are small, distributableunits that contain sensory and transmissiontechnology. Their interactive clothing brings thedistributed sensor units to the attention of the firefighters,permitting them to interact with the landmarks.The fire-fighters can refer to this referencesystem by radio or in status meetings and developa common understanding of the situation on-site.The new system helps improve the reconnaissanceeffectiveness of emergency forces and increasestheir safety.Emergency personnel during a reconnaissance operation (source: Fraunhofer FIT)Further information:www.landmarke-projekt.de

NavIgatION aND lOCalIzatION19Project titleNavigation infrastructure for fire-fighters (Landmarke)Duration1 July 2008 – 30 June 2011Project partners• Siegen University, Institute for Business Computingand New Media, Siegen• Karlsruhe University, Institute of Telematics, TelecooperationOffice TECO, Karlsruhe• Bremen Institute for Operations Technology and AppliedWork Science (BIBA), Bremen• Cologne Professional Fire Brigade• Institute of the Fire Brigade of the German State ofNorth Rhine-Westphalia, Münster• Interactive Wear AG, Starnberg• Waldemar Winckel GmbH & Co. KG, Bad Berleburg• Associated partner:– Dräger Safety AG & Co. KGaA, LübeckProject managementProf. Dr. Volker WulfSiegen University57068 SiegenGermanyPhone +49 (0)271-740-4036Fax +49 (0)271-740-3384volker.wulf@uni-siegen.deCollaboration coordinatorTobias DyrksFraunhofer FITPhone +49 (0)2241-14-2638Fax + 49 (0) 2241-144-2638info@landmarke-projekt.de

20 RObOtICSAirShieldairborne Remote Sensing for hazard Inspection by Network Enabled lightweight DronesmotivationWhen investigating, delimiting and combatinglarge-scale hazards, the targeted, rapid and flexibleinspection of a potentially contaminated environmentrepresents a fundamental challenge. Theproject observes hazards that involve the uncontrolledescape of gaseous pollutants of all kinds as,for example, released during major fires.Project description and goalsThe AirShield system is designed to deliver data andforecasts on the actual hazard to the emergencystaff as efficiently as possible. It links a networkedfleet of robotic aircraft equipped with lightweightgas sensory technology to a geo-information systemvia a high-reliability wireless communicationnetwork. The system edits the sensory data acquiredaccording to operation plans and supplies forecastson the hazardous situation, from which efficientprotective measures can then be derived.Innovations and applicationsToday, rescue measures include emergency staffequipped with the corresponding protective clothingbeing brought into the danger zone or specialistsoperating special equipment. The AirShieldsystem will enable a reliable, largely self-organizedsituation analysis while at the same time providingguidelines for the protection of people and the environment.The system is designed to be employed byrescue organizations (fire brigades, disaster management)as well as private companies (e.g. worksfire brigades).Further information:www.airshield.dePotential AirShield operation scenario: Information about hazards is gathered by aerial robots in order to enable ground personnel to define the correspondingprotective measures to be taken (source: notfallinfo-bochum.de)

RObOtICS21Project titleAirborne Remote Sensing for Hazard Inspection byNetwork Enabled Lightweight Drones (AirShield)Duration1 July 2008 – 30 June 2011Project partners• Dortmund Technical University, Chair for CommunicationNetworks, Dortmund• Microdrones GmbH, Kreuztal• Dortmund Fire Brigade / Institute for Firefighting andRescue Technology (IFR), Dortmund• Siegen University, Institute for Real-Time TrainingSystems (EZLS), Siegen• GIS Consult GmbH, Company for Applied Geo-InformationSystems, Haltern am See• Paderborn University, Computer Application andIntegration in Construction and Planning (C.I.K.working group), Paderborn• Gesellschaft für Gerätebau mbH (GfG), Dortmund• Berlin Technical University, Chair for InnovationEconomics (LIO), BerlinA drone supporting a fire brigade operation (source: TU Dortmund)Collaboration coordinatorProf. Dr.-Ing. Christian WietfeldTechnische Universität DortmundLehrstuhl für KommunikationsnetzeOtto-Hahn Str. 644227 DortmundGermanyPhone +49 (0) 231 755-2300Fax +49 (0)231 755-6136Christian.Wietfeld@tu-dortmund.de

22 glOSSaRyGlossaryAdsorbentsAnthropogenicBus systemsChirp Spread Spectrum(Electro) luminescenceFilamentsGeo-information systemsAdsorbents are usually porous substances which are insoluble in water. Theirlarge surface area enables them to bond with water and other moleculesthrough physical forces. In other words, it makes them able to form a layer.This means that various substances are stored on the surface of solid bodies(Adsorbents). The best-known adsorbent is activated charcoal (activatedcharcoal filter).Changes caused by humans are referred to as ‘anthropogenic’ – as in the caseof the environment (greenhouse effect), for example – as opposed to naturalchanges.In computer architecture, a bus is a subsystem that transfers data betweencomputer components inside a computer or between computers. Each busdefines its set of connectors to physically plug devices, cards or cables together.The term is now used for any physical arrangement that provides thesame logical functionality as a parallel electrical bus, but early computerbuses were literally parallel electrical buses with multiple connections. Moderncomputer buses can use both parallel and bit-serial connections, and canbe wired in either a multidrop (electrical parallel) or daisy chain topology, orconnected by switched hubs, as in the case of USB.Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) is a modulation process using the so-calledchirp pulse. The latter is part of MDMA modulation (Multi DimensionalMultiple Access), which combines the benefits of classical modulation processesof amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM) and phasemodulation, is suitable for WLANs with medium and high transmission ratesand features extremely low energy consumption. It is intended for industrialapplications in the field of sensor/actuator networks, building automation,RFID and wireless multimedia technology.The collective term for the emission of light from a substance or body, wherethe light emitted is not generated by means of high temperature, is ‘luminescence’.Luminescence can be induced, for example, by means of irradiationwith visible or ultraviolet light (photoluminescence), x-rays or gamma rays(x-ray luminescence). Electroluminescence is induced by applying an electricalvoltage. When the luminescence occurs essentially only during excitation,it is known as fluorescence – otherwise it is called phosphorescence.Originally referring to strings or threads in the context of textiles, the term‘filament’ is also used in both biology and astronomy. As applied to the exampleabove, it relates to individual filaments used to produce the relevantsurface structures.The term ‘geo-information system’, or GIS, refers to a computer-aided informationsystem comprising hardware, software, data and applications. Suchdigital systems make it possible to collect and edit spatial data, store andreorganize them, model and analyze them, and display them alphanumericallyand graphically. In this respect, GIS refers not only to a technology butalso to products and processes for providing such data.

glOSSaRy23Interdigital structuresLandmarkLow-impedance /high-impedanceSelf-reporting sensorsUbiquitous computingThe term ‘interdigital structure’ refers to a type of construction in which theindividual elements are entwined like interlaced fingers without actuallytouching each other. Interdigital structures are used as delay lines (interdigitallines), for example, or as electrodes of interdigital converters (interdigitaltransducers). In sensory technology, a converter of this type uses acomponent with an interdigital structure to convert measured values. Inso doing, the incoming signals are converted into a measurable electricalsignal.The term ‘landmark’ originally derives from aeronautics and shipping. Itrefers to a conspicuous, often visible topographical object (such as a church,a tower, a mountain, etc) that is either specifically placed for this purpose(navigation marks) or already existent. Such landmarks have played, andcontinue to play, an important role in spatial orientation and navigation.The term ‘low-impedance’ refers to lines of low electrical resistance; theopposite, ‘high-impedance’, refers to a high electrical resistance.Autonomous, wireless, usually passive sensors, which are triggered automaticallywhen an event occurs, whereby the signals detected are automaticallypassed on to a central computer/processing unit.The term ‘ubiquitous computing’ (also known as ‘pervasive computing’ or‘ambient intelligence’) refers to the vision of the omnipresence (ubiquity)of tiny, wirelessly networked computers, which are invisibly integratedin, or attached to, any number of everyday objects. According to this idea,‘intelligent’ objects or devices are completely electronically networked andcapable in some cases of automatically reacting to individual needs andmovements. One example of this is the vision of a house in which roomtemperature adjusts to the needs of the individuals present.

This publication is distributed free of charge by the Federal Ministry of Educationand Research as part of its public relations work. It is not intended for commercialsale. It may not be used by political parties, candidates or electoral assistants duringan election campaign. This applies to parliamentary, state assembly and local governmentelections as well as to elections to the European Parliament.Improper use includes in particular the distribution of this publication at electionevents and at the information stands of political parties, as well as the insertion,printing or affixing of party political information. The distribution of this publicationto third parties as a form of campaign publicity is also prohibited.Regardless of how recipients came into possession of this publication and how manycopies of it they may have, it may not be used in a manner that could be construed asshowing partisanship on the part of the Federal Government in favour of individualpolitical groups, even if not within the context of an upcoming election.