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Cross-border banking in Europe: Policy challenges in turbulent timesdefaults or reschedules its debt, this will likewise affect the payoff of these syntheticEurobonds, but in proportion to the overall share in its portfolio. As Greek’s share wouldbe small (it makes up about 2% of Eurozone GDP), its default would not have posed asignificant risk to the Eurobond. Brunnermeier et al (2011) suggest a similar structure,though with two tranches of senior and junior debt, with only senior debt being used forbanks’ refinancing operations with the ECB. Obviously, such a synthetic Eurobond, or“ESBie”, would only help separate the two crises, but would not solve either of them.In the case of banking distress, a proper resolution framework is needed, as discussedabove. In the case of a sovereign debt crisis, a formal insolvency procedure should beput in place, while at the same time a better firewall is needed to prevent a liquiditycrisis in sovereign bonds turning into a self-fulfilling solvency crisis.ConclusionsDon’t let a good crisis go to waste! This has been a popular cri de guerre following the2007–08 crisis. Europe, and especially the Eurozone, did too little after the 2007–08crisis to address the institutional gaps in the framework that is needed for (i) a stableEuropean banking market, and (ii) the interlinkages between monetary and financialstability. It has left policymakers with too few policy tools and coordination mechanismsduring the current crisis.Beyond the lack of proper policy tools and mechanisms, the Eurozone faces a deepercrisis – that of a democratic deficit for the necessary reforms to make this monetaryunion sustainable in the long run. Political resistance in both core and peripherycountries against austerity and bailouts illustrates this democratic deficit. In the longterm, the Eurozone can only survive with the necessary high-level political reforms.It is in the context of such a political transformation of the Eurozone that many of thereforms outlined in this column will be significantly easier to implement.91
Rethinking Global Economic Governance in Light of the CrisisReferencesAllen, F, T Beck, E Carletti, P Lane, D Schoenmaker and W Wagner (2011), Crossborderbanking in Europe: implications for financial stability and macroeconomicpolicies, CEPR, London.Beck, T, H Uhlig and W Wagner (2011), “Insulating the financial sector from theEuropean debt crisis: Eurobonds without public guarantees”, VoxEU.org, 17 SeptemberBeck, T, R Todorov, and W Wagner (2011), “Supervising Cross-Border Banks: Theory,Evidence and Policy”, Tilburg University Mimeo.Brunnermeier, M, L Garicano, P R. Lane, M Pagano, R Reis, T Santos, D Thesmar,S Van Nieuwerburgh, and D Vayanos (2011), “ESBies: a realistic reform of Europe’sfinancial architecture”, VoxEU, 25 October.Claessens, S, and N van Horen (2012), “Foreign Banks: Trends, Impact and FinancialStability”, IMF Working Paper WP/12/10.De Haas, R, Y Konniyenko, E Loukoianova, E and A Pivovarsky (2012) “Foreign banksand the Vienna Iniative turning sinners into saints”, EBRD Working Paper 143.De Larosière (2009), Report of the High-Level Group on Financial Supervision in theEU, Brussels: European Commission.Kalemli-Ozcan, S, E Papaioannou and J Peydró (2010), “What Lies Beneath theEuro’s Effect on Financial Integration? Currency Risk, Legal Harmonization or Trade”,Journal of International Economics 81, 75–88.Kirkegaard, J F and C Reinhart (2012), “Financial Repressions: Then and Now”,VoxEU.org, 26 March.Repullo, R and J Suarez (2012), “The Procyclical Effects of Bank Capital Regulation”,CEMFI mimeo.92
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