kniga 7 - Probability and Statistics 1 - Sheynin, Oscar

150. On revealing unknown periods of periodic phenomena. TrudyTashkent Geofizich.Observatoria, No. 5 – 6, 1951, pp. 3 – 8. (R)151. On statistical methods of checking manufacturing and the quality of the production. ! ! (ProceedingsSecond All-Union Conference on Mathematical Statistics). Tashkent, 1948, pp. 24 – 25. (R)152. On straddling by observing short falls and shots over the target. Trudy Akad.Artilleriisk. Nauk, 1951. (R)153. On statistical checking the production. Ibidem. (R)154. Comparing hypergeometric, Bernoulli and Poisson probabilities. Doklady AN UzbekSSR, No. 10, 1952, pp. 3 – 7. (R)155. On duality theorems for the hypergeometric distribution. Ibidem. (R).156. Same title. Trudy IMM AN Uzbek SSR, No. 11, 1953, pp. 22 – 28. (R)158. Quartile criteria of belonging. Ibidem, pp. 3 – 11. (R)159. On estimating whether a random sample belongs to a continuous distribution. Ibidem,pp. 12 – 15. (R)9.V.I. Bortkevich (L. von Bortkiewicz).Accidents. ! "#(Brockhaus & Efron Enc. Dict.), halfvol. 40, 1897, pp. 925 – 930In the most general sense, an accident is understood as any unforeseen event causing harmto life or property. Such an understanding of accidents seems to be too general for therelevant events to be usefully considered under a single head. Special attention, owing totheir importance for both the public health and national economy, is due to accidents whosevictims are people engaged as manual laborers in industrial enterprises (accidents du travail,Betriebsunfälle). By demanding legislative intervention, this group of accidents has latelybecome an independent object of study. There even exists a special International Congresson Accidents. It took place three times (Paris, 1889; Bern, 1891; Milan, 1894), and,beginning with this year, it is called Congrès International des Accidents du Travail et desAssurances Sociales.Whether the study of accidents is an aim in itself, or caused by practical considerations(for instance, in connection with the appropriate insurance), the method of examination isalways mostly statistical. This is quite natural since there hardly exists any other domain offacts where the action of the so-called random causes is felt just as clearly. A propercollection and organization of statistics of accidents of the indicated type (of the so-calledoccupational accidents) and its correct application is impossible without specifyingbeforehand the concept of occupational accident.It may be defined as a bodily injury unwillingly and suddenly caused to a person workingin a certain industrial{in a productive}enterprise by some external process (for example, byfalling down from a high place) or conditions (e.g., by hightened air temperature) duringwork. The suddenness and external influence mainly serve as indications for separatingaccidents and diseases from each other. Events pathologically quite identical one withanother become, or not become accidents depending on the type and the method of the actionof their causes. Lumbago, for example, Márestaing says, should be considered an accidentwhen proven that it was caused suddenly by a single abrupt effort during work. The sameauthor indicates a number of other examples (rupture of a varicose vessel or a muscle, casesof frost-bitten limbs etc) whose attribution to an accident often becomes questionable. This isespecially so when various causes were acting at the same time, some of them purelyexternal, the other ones intrinsic, as a certain predisposition.