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Table 2: Performance of tomato varieties under polyhouse and open field conditions in NEH region(Barapani)VarietiesPolyhouse Open field Varieties PolyhouseOpen fieldyield (q/ha)yield (q/ha) yield (q/ha)yield (q/ha)BT-117-5-3-1 342.00 115.00 Selection-2 233.00 73.83KT-10 283.60 117.40 Selection-1 2000.98 84.03BT-10 294.00 111.65 KT-15 211.60 51.65Arka Alok 260.00 57.90 H-24 243.17 58.75BT-12 302.40 101.00 Arka Abha 193.50 70.334. Vegetable seed productionSeed production in vegetables is the limiting factor for cultivation of vegetables in NEHregion of India as well as in India. The vegetables require specific temperature and other climaticconditions for flowering and fruit setting. Seed production of brinjal, capsicum, cauliflower andbroccoli is very difficult in open conditions in this area due to high rainfall at maturity stage. Toreduce such micro climatic condition, a protected environment is essential. Therefore, the seedproduction of highly remunerative crops namely tomato, capsicum and cucumber is performed underprotected environments. The maintenance and purity of different varieties/lines can be achieved bygrowing them under greenhouse without giving isolation distance particularly in cross-pollinatedvegetables namely onion, cauliflower and cabbage. Hence, vegetable production for domesticconsumption and export in low and medium cost greenhouse is a technical reality in India. Suchproduction system has not only extended the growing season of vegetables and their availability butalso encouraged conservation of different rare vegetables.5. Hybrid seed productionIn 21 st century, protected vegetable production is likely to be commercial practice not onlybecause of its potential but out of sheer necessity. In vegetable production hybrids seeds, transgenic,stress resistant varieties, micropropagated transplants, synthetic seeds are likely to replaceconventional varieties. Protected environments will be helpful in production of hybrid seeds ofcucumber and summer squash by using gynoecious lines. Gibberlic acid is used to maintain such linesfollowed by selfing. The desired pollen can be used for production of hybrid seed of cucumber.Similarly in summer squash use of Ethophan in inducing female flower at every node would help inthe hybrid seed production by using desired pollen parent.6. Maintenance and multiplication of self incompatible line for hybrid seed productionIn case of cauliflower, there is problem of maintaining and multiplication of potential selfincompatiblelines for the production of F 1 hybrid seed. Temporary elimination of the selfincompatibilitywith the use of CO 2 gas has solved this problem. For this purpose, the selfincompatibleline is planted in a greenhouse and bees are allowed to pollinate the crop when it isbloom. Then keeping the greenhouse closed tightly, within 2-6 hours of pollination, it is treated with2-5% CO 2 gas which allows successful fertilization by temporarily eliminating the selfincompatibility.7. Polyhouse for plant propagationAsparagus, sweet potato, pointed gourd and ivy gourd are sensitive to low temperature. Thepropagating materials of these vegetables can be well- maintained under polyhouse in winter seasonbefore planting their cuttings in early spring-summer season for higher profit.StatusCommercial greenhouses with climate-controlled devices are very few in the country. Solargreenhouses comprising of glass and polyethylene houses are becoming increasingly popular both in12E N V IS C entre, G B P IH E D
temperate and tropical regions. In early sixties, Field Research Laboratory (FRL) of DRDO at Lehattempted solar greenhouse vegetable production research and made an outstanding contribution tothe extent that almost every rural family in Leh valley possesses a polyhouse these days. Indian PetroChemical Corporation Ltd (IPCL) boosted the greenhouse research and application for raisingvegetables by providing Ultra Violet (UV) stabilized cladding film and aluminium polyhousestructures. Several private seed production agencies have promoted greenhouse production ofvegetables. In comparison to other countries, India has very little area under greenhouses as is evidentfrom Table 3.Table 3: Approximate area (ha) under greenhousesCountry Area Country AreaJapan 54000 Turkey 10000China 48000 Holland 9600Spain 25000 USA 4000South Korea 21000 Israel 1500Italy 18500 India 525The major share has been in the Leh & Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir wherecommercial cultivation of vegetables is being promoted.In NEH region, polyhouse cultivation is still a new emerging technology for raising nurseryof vegetable crops. Assistance provided under the plasticulture scheme since the VIII & IX plan hashelped in generating awareness about the importance of greenhouses in enhancing productivity andproduction, particularly of horticultural crops. out of 525 ha area under greenhouses in India, 83 hahas been covered in the NE states (Table 4), the maximum area being in Sikkim.Table 4: Cumulative coverage of area (ha) under greenhouseVIII Plan 1997-98 1998-99 1999-00All India 211.12 359.35 414.05 525.05NEH Region 29.05 42.89 59.55 83.4Types of greenhouse/polyhouseLow-cost greenhouse/polyhouse:The low cost polyhouse is a zero-energy chamber made of polythene sheet of 700 gaugesupported on bamboos with sutli (ropes) and nails. It will be used for protecting the crop from highrainfall. Its size depends upon the purpose and availability of space. The structure depends on the sunfor energy. The temperature within polyhouse increases by 6-10 0 C more than outside. In UVstabilized plastic film covered pipe framed polyhouse, the day temperature is higher and nighttemperature is lower than the outside. The solar radiation entering the polyhouse is 30-40% lowerthan that reaching the soil surface outside.Medium-cost greenhouse/polyhouseWith a slightly higher cost, a Quonset-shaped polyhouse (greenhouse) can be framed with GIpipe (class B) of 15 mm bore. This polyhouse will have a single layer covering of UV-stabilizedpolythene of 800 gauge. The exhaust fans are used for ventilation. These are thermostaticallycontrolled. Cooling pad is used for humidifying the air entering the polyhouse. The polyhouse frameand glazing material have a life span of about 20 years and 2 years, respectively.High cost greenhouse/polyhouseIt is constructed on the structure (frame) made of iron/aluminum structure, designed domedshaped or cone shaped (as per choice). Temperature, humidity and the light are automaticallycontrolled as per requirement of the users. Floor and a part of walls are made of concrete. It is highlyE N V IS B ulletin : H im alayan E cology 12(2), 2004 13
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