E-WASTE ASSESSMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA - e-Waste. This guide

Materials Science & TechnologyLerchenfeldstrasse 5CH-9014 St. GallenPhone +41 (0)71 274 74 74Fax +41 (0)71 274 74 99www.empa.chAuthors:Rolf WidmerEmpa, Technology and Society Laboratory, rolf.widmer@empa.chRay LombardLombard & Associates, South Africa, ray@rlombard.co.zaA report of the Swiss global e-waste programme«Knowledge Partnerships in e-Waste Recycling»www.e-waste.ch

Table of Contents1. Executive summary......................................................................................................................................31.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................................31.2 E-waste Categories................................................................................................................................31.3 The South African Framework................................................................................................................31.4 Methods and Limitations........................................................................................................................31.5 Results of SA Investigation....................................................................................................................42. Introduction..................................................................................................................................................52.1 Problem Identification.............................................................................................................................52.2 Objectives of the Assessment................................................................................................................53. The RSA Framework Conditions..................................................................................................................63.1 Gauteng.................................................................................................................................................74. E-waste Categories......................................................................................................................................85. Methods........................................................................................................................................................85.1 Limitations to the study...........................................................................................................................96. Results of E-Waste Assessment ................................................................................................................106.1 Structural framework / System Parameters..........................................................................................106.1.1 Political Structure.........................................................................................................................136.1.2 Policy and Legislation.................................................................................................................166.1.2.1 Overarching Legislation.............................................................................................................166.1.2.2 Legislation regulating Waste Management................................................................................176.1.2 The Economy...............................................................................................................................186.1.3 Society and Culture......................................................................................................................196.1.5 Science and Technology..............................................................................................................196.1.5.1 Parastatal Institutions................................................................................................................196.1.5.2 Universities and Other Institutions.............................................................................................216.2 Stakeholders........................................................................................................................................226.2.1 Importers / manufacturers...........................................................................................................226.2.2 Traders /retailers.........................................................................................................................236.2.3 Consumers..................................................................................................................................236.2.4 Authorized E-waste Collection Points..........................................................................................236.2.5 Licensed Sorting and Dismantling Companies............................................................................236.2.6 Recyclers.....................................................................................................................................246.2.6.1 Formal Recyclers......................................................................................................................246.2.6.2 Informal Recyclers....................................................................................................................256.2.8 Final Disposers............................................................................................................................256.3 WEEE (Waste Electronic Electrical Equipment) System......................................................................266.3.1 E-waste generation......................................................................................................................266.4 Impacts................................................................................................................................................276.4.1 Labour..........................................................................................................................................276.4.2 Health...........................................................................................................................................276.4.3 Environment.................................................................................................................................286.4.4 Value added.................................................................................................................................287. Discussion / Conclusions............................................................................................................................287.1 Force Field Diagram Analysis..............................................................................................................287.2 WEEE System......................................................................................................................................307.2.1 E-waste regulation and awareness..............................................................................................307.2.2 E-waste generation and handling.................................................................................................307.2.3 E-waste Recycling........................................................................................................................317.2.4 Disposal.......................................................................................................................................318. Next Steps...................................................................................................................................................318.1 Strategies for minimizing E-Waste in South Africa...............................................................................328.1.1 E-waste Working Group...............................................................................................................338.1.2 Employment opportunities through waste recovery......................................................................338.1.3 Refurbishment and the use of OpenSource Software ................................................................338.2 Project Schematic................................................................................................................................348.2.1 Refurbished hardware installed in modified marine containers.....................................................348.2.2 Pilot Projects................................................................................................................................348.2.3 Use of OpenSource software and hardware specifications..........................................................348.2.3.1 Stand-alone desktops................................................................................................................358.2.3.2 Thin client machines in an LAN.................................................................................................35

8.2.3 Interested Parties.........................................................................................................................358.2.3.1 Metropolitan Municipalities........................................................................................................358.2.3.2 Government..............................................................................................................................35LIST OF TABLESTable 1: System Framework/System ParametersTable 2: Political Structure and HierarchyTable 3: Force Field TableLIST OF FIGURESFigure 1: South Africa's Political StructureFigure 2: Current ICT System in South AfricaFigure 3: PC Entry Rate in IT Market and the Subsequent E-waste Generation ProjectionsFigure 4: Cradle to Cradle WEEE Management SystemFigure 5: Proposed Framework for Minimising E-waste in South AfricaLIST OF APPENDICESAppendix 1: MappingMap 1: Provincial Map of South AfricaMap 2: Map of Gauteng ProvinceMap 3: Map of the Cape Metropolitan AreaAppendix 2: Detailed SA Mission Process InformationA. First mission workshop details1. Cape Town workshop programme2. CSIR workshop synopsisB. Second mission workshop details1. Attendance list2. Force field diagramC. SA WEEE process descriptionAppendix 3: General Waste Legislation of South Africa

1.5 Results of SA InvestigationSouth Africa is a multicultural, middle income, developing country with abundant resources and welldeveloped financial, legal, communications, energy and transport sectors. It is divided into 9 provinces,6 Metropolitan Municipalities, 47 District Municipalities and 231 Local Municipalities. Government isinstituted at national, provincial and local spheres. These tiers of government operate through threedifferent authority branches namely; the Executive, the Legislative and the Judicial authorities.E-waste is a relatively new concept in South Africa at present, and there is no legislation regarding itshandling or recycling. Most of the e-waste material is stored and eventually disposed of in municipallandfill sites. It must be noted that less than one percent of waste deposited on South African landfillsites is salvaged by the informal sector operating on those sites where that activity is tolerated. It isgovernment's policy to discourage salvaging off landfill sites and instead to promote the provision ofclean work for the salvagers. Some commercial manufacturers and distributors pay for the disposal of e-waste in permitted hazardous waste disposal sites, obtaining a certificate of safe disposal from thecontractors that carry out that work. It is thought that this approach is due to concerns regarding dataintegrity and safety. Waste originating from these sources is thus generally buried inaccessibly inpermitted hazardous waste disposal facilities. In Gauteng there is one such site, Holfontein H:H Landfill,which is permitted in terms of the Environment Conservation Act and the Minimum Requirements forWaste Disposal by Landfill as maintained and, currently, managed by DWAF.The South African e-waste system comprises importers and manufacturers such as IBM, Dell,HP/Compaq, Toshiba, Sony etc. Device SA, a multinational company, and FreeCom Group (Pty) Ltd.are also involved in importing refurbished machines for resale or donation. Traders and retailersinterviewed included Axiz and Mustek. In South Africa, there are currently no organised take-backsystems and no licenses are required to sort or dismantle e-waste. This function is performed by scrapmetal merchants. Recycling companies include Universal recycling company and Desco ElectronicRecyclers. Rand refinery is the principal refinery located in Johannesburg. Investigations have shownthat very little informal e-waste recycling occurs, due to the strict precious metal regulations that are inplace.Based on a force field diagram analysis, the recommended system enshrines the 'Cradle to Cradle'WEEE (Waste Electronic Electrical Equipment) system, which encourages the maximisation of repair,re-use and recycling, effectively reducing the amount of e-waste going to landfill. The proposed SouthAfrican project scheme includes the establishment of an E-waste Interest Group, the creation ofemployment opportunities with recovery of old machines from storage through buy-back centres and theextension of equipment life cycles through the use of open source software.4/41

2. Introduction2.1 Problem IdentificationWhile rural and low-income urban areas of South Africa lack formal infrastructure, there has been asubstantial increase in the general population’s access to electronic goods in the last decade,particularly cellular phones, which are practical and cost-effective in the absence of telephone networksin informal settlements (UNDP’s 2003 indicators show a leap in telephone subscribers – land line andcellular – from 9.4/100 people in 1990 to 35.3/100 in 2001). The rate of generation of e-waste is thusrapidly increasing. Waste legislation is well established and municipal waste management systems arein place. A successful recycling industry exists, with recovery rates of 63% tin-plate steel cans, 52%paper, 26% plastics and 29% for glass are currently recovered (Ray Lombard, National RecyclingForum, 2002). However, there is no specific legislation pertaining to the management of e-waste.Although appreciable levels of e-waste recycling are occurring, the majority of obsolete or redundantelectronic goods are stored and will eventually be discarded into the general waste stream for disposal,without recovery of any materials, in permitted landfill sites.There is an extensive informal recycling system for the collection of paper, scrap metal, plastics andglass which generates income at buy-back centres or through direct trade with the recycling companies.However, there does not appear to be any significant informal recovery of material from the electronicwaste stream. Instead a substantial amount of computer hardware is recycled through contractsawarded to organisations or individuals who tender for these job lots competitively. Stringent controlson the processing and trade in precious metals, such as those found in computer circuit boards,together with the decrease in the quantities of these metals present in the more modern electroniccomponents, may make informal recycling less attractive in South Africa. Further, the importation ofsecond-hand or used goods is strictly controlled through an Import Permit System that requires that anapplication for a permit be made for each consignment of used goods that will be imported, despite thefact that the company concerned will have an Importers Licence and will therefore be registered with theDepartment of Trade and Industries as an importer.2.2 Objectives of the AssessmentAs part of the project “Knowledge Partnerships with Developing and Transition Countries in e-WasteRecycling”, this investigation assesses the management, handling and practices of e-waste recycling inSouth Africa using the computer hardware industry as the indicator, with Gauteng as the study area.The Main Goals of the assessment phase were to:▪ Inform and increase awareness of e-waste recycling opportunities in Gauteng;▪ Publish findings, insights and inspiration that develop on www.ewaste.ch;▪ Assess and document the present e-waste recycling system especially the technological,economical and social aspects in the informal and the formal sector;▪ Collate and assess data on e-waste and its impacts on health, safety and the environment;▪ Assess any synergies that might be possible with similar recycling projects, e.g. batteries, scrap5/41

Metropolitan areas (Appendix 1, Map 2) were particularly important in the context of e-waste recycling.Some of the major recycling companies were also active in the Cape Metropolitan Council Area(Appendix 1, Map 3). Consequently, that area was also visited during the first mission and contact wasmaintained with key role players in that area throughout the study.3.1 GautengGauteng is the most densely populated province in South Africa. It houses more than seven million ofthe country's population of 42 million. The level of urbanisation is 97%. Gauteng has the most importanteducational and health centres in the country. Pretoria boasts the largest residential university in SouthAfrica, the University of Pretoria, and what is believed to be the largest correspondence university in theworld, the University of South Africa (Unisa). Only some 9.5% of adults in the province have received noschooling. Numerous scientific institutes that are located in and around Pretoria, including the Councilfor Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute and the South AfricanBureau of Standards (SABS). Johannesburg has two residential universities, the University of theWitwatersrand and the Rand Afrikaans University. There are several teacher training colleges, technicalcolleges and technikons in the province. More than 60% of South Africa's research and developmenttakes place in Gauteng. In comparison with other provinces, Gauteng has the lowest poverty rate of19%, which is derived by identifying the percentage of people earning less than R840 per month (WorldBank, 1995).Gauteng is an integrated industrial complex with major areas of economic activity in five subregionalareas: the Vaal Triangle, the East, West and Central Rand, and Pretoria. The Vaal Triangle has a strongmanufacturing sector; the West Rand concentrates on primary mining, and the Central Witwatersrand isdominated by the manufacturing and finance sectors, with mining capital playing a major role. Allsectors rely heavily on the Vaal Dam which is located on the Vaal River, from whence water is pipedacross the province. Due to the shortage of water in the region, it is transferred through a massive andcomplex system from other catchment areas, e.g. the Katse Dam in the Lesotho highlands (Lesotho is aneighbouring independent country). Gauteng has a greater proportion of its labour force in professional,technical, managerial and executive positions than any other province. Johannesburg houses theJohannesburg Stock Exchange, the largest in Africa. The province's economic magnetism draws a largeinflow of migrant labour from the poorer regions in the country. It is the province with the highest percapita income.Johannesburg is South Africa’s largest city and is spread out such that its boundaries coalesce withthose of its neighbours. It is the most powerful commercial centre on the African continent and itsmunicipal area sprawls over 1 645 kilometres. Johannesburg is one of the world's few large metropolitanareas to be based on neither an ocean port nor a major river. Johannesburg itself generates 16% ofSouth Africa's GDP and employs 12% of the national workforce. The poverty profile for the GreaterJohannesburg is 'relative' since it is derived through comparisons with other provinces in South Africaand other international regions. A common trend in poverty analysis is that the majority of the poor livein rural/non-urban areas. In Gauteng, 58% of the people living below the poverty line are from the ruralareas and 28% from urban areas.7/41

Recently, the changing of municipal boundaries has made it difficult to interpret historical census data,but city authorities have estimated the population at 3.8 million based on a survey made in 1998, with anestimated population growth rate of 3,4%. This will take the population to 5.7 million by the year 2010.Other large metropolitan areas have developed around Durban, Cape Town and Pretoria.4. E-waste CategoriesThere is no generally accepted definition of e-waste, hence a definition for the South African context willbe derived from already existing definitions listed in various statutes and guidelines from areas wherethe concept of e-waste recycling is already at a more advanced stage, such as the Swiss Ordinance,SWICO, SENS, the EU Directive and the WEEE Tracer definition.Electronic waste or e-waste, in this context, will refer to any old, end-of-life electronic appliances, whichhave been disposed of by their original users such as:▪▪▪▪▪▪▪Information technology (IT) equipment, e.g. PCs, servers, peripheral equipment (monitors,keyboards, printers, scanners);Office machines, e.g. fax and copy machines, typewriters, paper shredders, overhead projectors;Equipment used in the graphics industry, e.g. printing systems, lighting, development machines;Telecommunications equipment, e.g. cellular phones, telephone equipment, telephone exchangesystems;Consumer electronics, e.g. recording equipment, television sets, video projectors, cameras, radios,satellite receivers, loudspeakers;Accessories, consumables and packaging, e.g. CDs, disks, toner cartridges, headphones, cables,packaging andHousehold equipment.5. MethodsThe South African investigation was undertaken in the following stages:• A desktop study was undertaken to establish the current waste management framework in SouthAfrica with particular reference to e-waste, and also to establish major role players in the e-wastesystem.▪ Interviews were undertaken with all relevant role players in an attempt to establish the specific ratesof e-waste generation, the extent of recycling, and the disposal methods currently practiced.▪ Site visits to e-waste recycling facilities were undertaken to establish the methods and mechanismsused in the process.▪ Workshops were held in Cape Town and Gauteng to share information with all relevant role playerswhile building awareness through coverage in ReSource (the journal for the South African wastemanagement and recycling industries).Workshop proceedings, presentations, attendance registers and records of interviews undertaken forthese workshops are included as Appendix 2.8/41

5.1 Limitations to the studyThe concept of e-waste is relatively new in South Africa, hence the following limitations to thisassessment:▪ There is a general lack of data pertaining to e-waste▪ Inconsistency in database coding for existing information made it difficult to reconcile the data overtime to establish trends.9/41

6. Results of E-Waste Assessment6.1 Structural framework / System ParametersTable 1: System ParametersSYSTEMPOLITICS &LEGISLATIONSUB-CATEGORIESINDICATOR UNIT VALUE / QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTIONPolitical system Political system [-] ― South Africa, is a sovereign, secular, democratic Republic with aParliamentary system of Government. The South Africa polity is governed interms of the Constitution, which came into force on 3 February 1996.Sustainability inpoliticsCivil and politicalliberties―The President is the head of government working through a MinisterialCabinet. The Cabinet and President are collectively responsible to theParliament.― The Parliament is elected by the citizens of South Africa. It is the legislativeauthority of South Africa and has the power to make laws for the country inaccordance with the Constitution. It consists of the National Assembly and theNational Council of Provinces (NCOP).Sustainable thinking in politics [-] ─ Various movements and groups in South Africa have mobilised around diversecauses, including democratic and human rights issues, equity and equality,environmental justice and sustainability and development. These movementshave become more powerful and prominent since the new democraticdispensation in 1994.─ A strong supporter of the UNEP, South Africa is a signatory of the BaselConvention, Kyoto Protocol and several other global treaties for protecting theenvironment.Civil and political liberties [-] Index 1 - 7 5.5 (for 2001)1 – 2.5 = free, 3 – 5.5 = partly free, 5.5 – 7 = not free)Reference: www.freedomhouse.org, via www.nationmaster.com, average of twoindicators - civil liberties and political liberties;Legal framework Legal framework [-] ─ The South African legal framework is based on English common law─The Department of Environment Agriculture and Tourism (DEAT) is thenational government department responsible for the planning, promotion andcoordination of all environmental programmes and related policy formulation.The powers are disseminated to the provincial level through their respectiveenvironmental departments.10

SYSTEMSUB-INDICATOR UNIT VALUE / QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTIONCATEGORIESECONOMY Economic System GDP per capitaGNI per capita[USD/pers.] GDP p C $10000.30GNI p C $2852.55(2001, Nationmaster.com)Informal economy 28.4Foreign debts related to GDP [%] 5.8ConsumptionpatternsInfrastructure($24.7 billion/4427.7 billion; 2002 est., Nationamaster.com)Economic growth (GDP) [%] 3Population below poverty lineAnnual energy consumptionper capitaInternet usersMobile phone usersResearch and developmentspending% of totalpopulation(2002 est., Nationmaster.com)50(2000 est., Nationmaster.com)Kg oil equiv. 2513.85% of totalpopulation% of totalpopulation% of totalspendingbudgetLabour corruption Unemployment rate % of totallabour forceCorruption perception index(CPI)CPI score (0 -10)(2000, Nationmaster.com)7.17(3.068 million/42.77 million; 2002 est., Nationmaster.com)18.03(Statistics SA, Census 2001)0.6(Nationmaster.com)37(2001, Nationmaster.com)4.4(2003, Transparency International; 10 = highly clean, 0 = highly corrupt;http:www.transparency.oorg/pressrelease_archive/2003/2003.10.07.cpi.en.html)11

SYSTEMSOCIETY ANDCULTURESUB-CATEGORIESSocio-culturalsystemsINDICATOR UNIT VALUE / QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTIONSocio-cultural system [-] The South African population is richly diverse. It consists of the following groups:the Nguni, consisting of Zulu, Xhosa, Ndebele and Swazi; the Sotho-Tswana, whoinclude the Southern, Northern and Western Sotho (Tswana); the Tsonga; theVenda; Afrikaners; the English; Coloured people (mixed descent); Indians(including Hindu, Muslim, Tamil, Urdu, Telegu and Gujarati) and those who haveimmigrated to South Africa from the rest of Africa, Europe and Asia and maintaina strong cultural identity, such as Greeks and Portuguese. A small population ofKhoi and San remain in South Africa.South Africa is often called the cradle of humankind, for this is wherearchaeologists discovered 2,5-million-year-old fossils of our earliest ancestors, aswell as 100 000-year-old remains of modern man.(http://www.gov.za/yearbook/2004/landpeople.htm)Gini Index of Gini Index % 59.3 (1993-94, www.nationmaster.com; weighted average 40.12)income inequalityPopulation growth Population growth rate % 0.01 (2003 est., www.nationmaster.com)Expenditure on Public expenditure on health % 3.7 (2000 est., UNDP,Healthas % of GDPExpenditure oneductionPublic expenditure oneducation as % of GDP% 5.5 (1998-2000 est., UNDP,http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2003/indicator/indi_80_3_1.html)EnvironmentalawarenessEnvironmental awareness [-] South Africa faces many of the problems experienced by developing countries, inwhich rapid industrialisation, population growth and urbanisation pose a threat tothe quality of the environment. As in India, there are huge income disparitiesbetween the affluent and those living in poverty. Poverty narrows theenvironmentally appropriate lifestyle choices available to people. It is also linkedto lower levels of education and thus to people lacking awareness of theenvironmental impacts of their actions.12

6.1.1 Political StructureSouth Africa is divided into nine provinces (see Map 1 attached in Appendix 1), instituted with the newpolitical dispensation in 1994. The African National Congress (ANC) has been the ruling party since thefirst democratic election held in 1994. Government is constituted by national, provincial and localspheres, which are distinctive, interdependent and interrelated. Figure 1 shows the governmentstructure and the relationships within. These tiers of government operate through three differentauthority branches: the Executive, the Legislative and the Judicial authorities, which, althoughinterrelated, operate separately from each other. Table 2 describes how these authorities operate andhow they interact.PARLIAMENTNATIONALCOUNCIL OFPROVINCESNATIONALPROVINCIAL(9 Provinces)Gauteng,KwaZulu-NatalFree StateMpumalangaWestern CapeEastern CapeNorthern CapeLimpopoNorthern ProvinceLOCALMUNICIPALITY CATEGORIESA: Metropolitan Municipalities (6)B: District Municipalities (47)C: Local Municipalities (231)CABINETComprises the President as theHead of Cabinet, the deputy Presidentand the Ministers.LEGISLATUREComprises the Premier and a fewmembers.DEPARTMENT OF PROVINCIALAND LOCAL GOVERNMENTNATIONAL HOUSE OFTRADITIONAL LEADERSSOUTH AFRICAN LOCALGOVERNMENT ASSOCIATIONNATIONALASSEMBLYPRESIDENT'SCO-ORDINATINGCOUNCILComprise of thePresident & thePremieresLOCALBY-LAWS&POLICIESNATIONALLEGISLATIONFigure 1: South Africa's Political Structure13/41

Table 2: Political Structure And HierarchyAUTHORITYSYSTEMAUTHORITIESDESCRIPTIONEXECUTIVE The President The President is the Head of State and leads the Cabinet. He or she is elected by the National Assembly from among its members,and leads the country in the interest of national unity, in accordance with the Constitution and the law. The current President ofSouth Africa is Thabo Mbeki.The Deputy PresidentThe CabinetDeputy MinistersPublic ServiceTraditional LeadershipProvincial LeadershipThe President appoints the Deputy President from among the members of the National Assembly. The Deputy President must assistthe President in executing government functions. South Africa’s current Deputy President is Jacob Zuma.The Cabinet consists of the President, as head of the Cabinet, the Deputy President and Ministers. The President appoints theDeputy President and Ministers, assigns their powers and functions, and may dismiss them. The President may select any numberof Ministers from among the members of the National Assembly, and may select no more than two Ministers from outside theAssembly. The President appoints a member of the Cabinet to be the leader of government business in the National Assembly.The President may appoint Deputy Ministers from among the members of the National Assembly.Government has a range of institutions that render services to citizens. These institutions are generally referred to as the publicsector and range from national and provincial government departments, constitutional institutions, and national and provincial publicentities.According to Chapter 12 of the Constitution, the institution, status and role of traditional leadership, according to customary law, arerecognised, subject to the Constitution. The Directorate: Traditional Leadership and Institutions in the Department of Provincial andLocal Government gives support to traditional leaders and institutions, and is responsible for the development of policy in this regard.It also renders an anthropological service, and gives advice and support to traditional leadership and institutions with regard togovernance and development matters. It advises and supports the National House of Traditional Leaders, and maintains a databaseon traditional leadership and institutions.In accordance with the Constitution, each of the nine provinces has its own legislature consisting of between 30 and 80 members.The number of members is determined in terms of a formula set out in national legislation. The members are elected in terms ofproportional representation. The Executive Council of a province consists of a Premier and a number of members. The Premier iselected by the Provincial Legislature. Decisions are taken by consensus, as happens in the national Cabinet.LEGISLATIVE Parliament Parliament is the legislative authority of South Africa and has the power to make laws for the country in accordance with theConstitution. It consists of the National Assembly and the National Council of Provinces (NCOP).• National Assembly: The National Assembly is elected to represent the people and to ensure democratic governance asrequired by the Constitution. It does this by electing the President, by providing a national forum for public consideration ofissues, by passing legislation, and by scrutinising and overseeing executive action.• The National Council of Provinces (NCOP): The NCOP aims to represent provincial interests in the national sphere ofgovernment. Delegations from each province get a mandate from their respective provinces.JUDICIAL Constitutional Court The highest court for interpreting and deciding constitutional issues.Supreme Court of AppealHigh Courts andMagistrate's CourtsThe highest court for non-constitutional matters.Most cases are heard in the high courts or magistrate's courts.14

• the manner in which powers and functions should be exercised;• the public participation process;• planning;• human resource development;• monitoring and standard setting.It therefore has implications for the environmental management function exercised by local government(which includes waste management).The Occupational Health and Safety Act (Act 85 of 1993) (OHSA) provides for the health and safety ofpersons at work and for the health and safety of persons in connection with the use of plant andmachinery, the protection of persons other than persons at work against hazards to health and safetyarising out of in connection with the activities of persons at work. The Act is based on the principle ofself-regulation which involves the agreement between workers and employers on the management ofoccupational health and safety in the workplace. Its purpose is to ensure a working environment that iswithout health and safety risks for workers, as well as persons other than workers who might be affectedby worker's activities. The most important aspects of the OHSA include:▪ the need to have a health and safety policy▪ appointment of health and safety representatives and health and safety committees▪ undertaking health and safety inspections, risk assessment and occupational hygiene monitoring▪ qualified practitioners conducting medical surveillance▪ mandatory reporting of occupational diseases by the occupational medicine practitioner to the ChiefInspector▪ education and training of workers regarding the health and safety risks they are exposed to▪ outlawing discrimination against workers found to have occupational diseases as a result of medicalsurveillance6.1.2.2 Legislation regulating Waste ManagementThe Environment Conservation Act: The primary objective of Act 73 of 1989 (ECA) is to provide for theeffective protection and controlled utilisation of the environment. The ECA makes specific reference towaste disposal in Section 20 and defines the role of the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry(DWAF) in permitting waste disposal sites. DWAF has given effect to its responsibility for the permittingof waste disposal facilities through the formulation of the “Minimum Requirements” series of documentsguiding the disposal of waste by landfill. These Minimum Requirements state the requirements,standards and procedures that apply in the permitting of waste disposal and handling facilities. TheECA makes provision for the EIA (environmental impact assessment) process in terms of Section 21, 22and 26. An EIA is required for activities associated with waste disposal. More recently, in August 2003,the National Parliament amended Section 20 to return the administration of the function of wastedisposal to the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT). DEAT is presently buildingcapacity to take over this function and has not yet assumed responsibility for the administration of wastedisposal.17/41

The White Paper on Integrated Pollution and Waste Management: The White Paper on IntegratedPollution and Waste Management (IP&WM) sets out the principles for the allocation of environmentaland waste management functions and powers for national, provincial and local governments. TheIP&WM policy process was further developed into the National Waste Management Strategy (NWMS)and Action Plans through a joint venture between the DEAT and the Department of Water Affairs andForestry (DWAF) in an initiative supported by the Danish donor agency. The Action Plans that weredeveloped under the NWMS initiative were focused on the following:-• Integrated waste management planning• Waste information system• General waste collection• Waste treatment and disposal• Capacity building, education, awareness and communication• Implementing instrumentsAs a result of the 1999 Annual Consultations between Denmark and South Africa, the Danish donorassistance programme has undertaken to assist South Africa in addressing some of the key issuesrelating to holistic waste and pollution management. Recycling, together with Waste InformationSystems and Health Care Waste (HCW) have been selected as priority areas that need to beaddressed in the short term. One of the key objectives for recycling is to extend and increase theconcept of recycling to other waste streams (apart from the ones already in place) where recyclingopportunities exist. The South African e-waste recycling initiative therefore presents such anopportunity.The Health Act: Act No. 63 of 1977 promotes healthy living and working conditions. Its relevance inwaste management is therefore related to the potential health risk implications of waste. Section 20places the obligation on local authorities to ensure that their areas of jurisdiction are maintained in aclean hygienic condition. Furthermore, Sections 34 and 38 authorise the Minister of Health to makeregulations which have relevance to waste management.The Hazardous Substances Act: Act No. 15 of 1973 provides the regulations to control themanagement of hazardous substances and the disposal of hazardous waste.6.1.2 The EconomySouth Africa is a middle-income, developing country with an abundant supply of resources, welldevelopedfinancial, legal, communications, energy, and transport sectors, a stock exchange that ranksamong the 10 largest in the world, and a modern infrastructure supporting an efficient distribution ofgoods to major urban centres throughout the region. However, growth has not been strong enough tosignificantly reverse the 30% unemployment rate. Other problems are crime, corruption and HIV/AIDS.The new government demonstrated its commitment to open markets, privatisation, and a favourableinvestment climate with the release of its macroeconomic strategy in June 1996 called "Growth,Employment and Redistribution (GEAR)" The GEAR policy framework includes the introduction of tax18/41

incentives to stimulate new investment in labour-intensive projects, expansion of basic infrastructureservices, the restructuring and partial privatisation of state assets, continued reduction of tariffs,subsidies to promote economic efficiency, improved services to the disadvantaged, and integration intothe global economy.South Africa is rich in mineral and energy resources, which has played a significant role in shaping thecountry's history, legal and administrative structures. These resources contribute to the country'sstrategic importance on regional and global markets. The country's agricultural and forestry sectorsproduce a wide variety of products in accordance with its climatic diversity. Industrial developmentsresulted in support of these activities (see 1.2.2 for the development of the chemical industry). SouthAfrica's wealth of natural resources, which includes gold, chromium, antimony, coal, iron ore,manganese, nickel, phosphates, tin, uranium, gem, diamonds, platinum, copper, vanadium, salt andnatural gas contribute about 25% to the GDP, while the industrial sector contributes about 30% to theGDP with a labour force of about 25%. The supporting economic infrastructure consists of the majoreconomic centres, well organised metropolitan cities, modern highways that connect the main centres,international airport, harbours and ports. Although South Africa is classified as an upper middle incomecountry by the World Bank, quite a large proportion of South Africa's population display humandevelopment qualities mostly associated with low income countries and are living below the poverty line(DBSA, 2001). The poverty line is a measure commonly used to assess the level of poverty within acountry through the identification of the levels of income or expenditure below which a person isconsidered to be poor (DBSA, 2001).6.1.3 Society and CultureSouth Africa is a multicultural country with eleven official languages: Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, NorthSotho, South Sotho, iSiSwati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, iSiXhosa and iSiZulu. Other widely spokenlanguages include Hindi, Gujarati, Tamil, Portuguese, Greek, German and Hebrew. English is generallyunderstood by most to a greater or lesser degree, and literacy levels vary. South Africans often refer tothemselves as a “Rainbow Nation” due to the fusion of African, European and Asian cultural influences.There are huge disparities in income distribution, education levels and quality of life, stemming in partfrom the shadowy legacy of the previous dispensation’s Apartheid policies, which segregated people onthe basis of racial categories, discriminating against millions on the basis of their skin colour.Democratic government was instituted in 1994, along with a new, progressive constitution, with forwardthinkingenvironmental legislation. Despite these positive advances, many South Africans still live inpoverty, with inadequate access to sanitation, water and healthcare, particularly critical given the scaleof the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Environmental awareness is low among people who are struggling to subsist.6.1.5 Science and Technology6.1.5.1 Parastatal InstitutionsThe South African Department of Science and Technology, has promulgated Policies and establishedresearch bodies and councils in order to align research with the nation's needs and as a support system19/41

▪▪▪▪▪applied research and innovation. The NRF mostly funds academic research, including postgraduateresearch training, which is perceived as a vital component in the promotion and development ofscience and technology in South Africa.Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR): This is the largest community and industrydirectedscientific and technological research, development and implementation organisation inSouth Africa and currently undertakes approximately 10 per cent of all research and developmentwork on the continent. The CSIR's eight operational divisions are responsible for its research,development and implementation activities that provide technology solutions and information acrossa broad range of technologies, such as aeronautical systems, building, communication,development, food, information, infrastructure, manufacturing, materials, mining, textiles and theenvironment.Mintek: Mintek is South Africa's national minerals research organisation, which strives to ensuresustainable industrial growth of the minerals sector through technology development and transfer.Mintek was established in 1934 and has since expanded and is currently one of the leadingtechnology organisation in the world. Mintek is also focused on developing environmentallyacceptable technology for the recovery and recycling of metals from metallurgical residues (SouthAfrica Yearbook, 2003/04).The Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC): The HSRC was established in 1968 to supportlarge-scale, policy-relevant social-scientific research projects within the country as well as the rest ofAfrica.The Medical Research Council (MRC): The aim of the MRC is to ensure an improved health statusand quality of life for South Africans through relevant research that targets the nation's needs andpromotes equity and development.The Council for Geoscience (CGS): The aim of this council is to manage all geological surveys inSouth Africa to ensure a comprehensive and all inclusive database of all relevant informationpertaining the geology and related issues within South Africa.6.1.5.2 Universities and Other InstitutionsUniversities and Institutes of Technology undertake research projects with relevance to waste usinggrants provided by the above mentioned parastatal organisations:▪▪▪Energy researchThe Water Research Commission StudiesEnvironmental research, including waste management and pollution.Training and learning in hazardous waste is undertaken by the following institutions:▪ The Institute of Waste Management of Southern Africa which is active in the Southern AfricanDevelopment Community▪ The National Recycling Forum▪ The Basel Convention Regional Centre▪ Academic institutions▪ Consulting companies.21/41

6.2 StakeholdersIn South Africa at present, there is no legislation regarding the handling or recycling of e-waste. Most e-waste material is stored and eventually disposed of in municipal landfill sites. Less than one percent ofwaste deposited on South African landfill sites is recovered by the informal sector operating on thosesites where salvage activity is tolerated. It is government's policy to discourage salvaging off landfillsites and instead to promote the provision of clean work for the salvagers. Some commercialmanufacturers and distributors pay for the disposal of e-waste in permitted hazardous waste disposalsites, obtaining a certificate of safe disposal from the contractor, due to concerns regarding dataintegrity and safety. Waste originating from these sources is thus generally buried inaccessibly inpermitted hazardous waste disposal facilities. In Gauteng there is one such site, Holfontein H:H Landfill,which is permitted in terms of the ECA and the Minimum Requirements for Waste Disposal by Landfillas maintained and managed by DWAF.Despite the relatively low percentage of e-waste that is recycled – Mr Dudley Bradford of DescoElectronic Recyclers estimates that around 30% is recycled (Cape Town e-waste workshop, 25February 2004) - there are well established e-waste recycling systems in place.The recycling industry is tightly controlled by a few major players. There are many small scrap metalmerchants who operate on the “fringes” of the industry. However, due to the very strictly appliedregulations governing the trade in precious metals, as well as the implementation of ISO 14000 atrefineries, which require the screening of the premises of any organisation that has produced metal forrefining, it is difficult for any of the fringe operators or any of the informal recyclers to find a refinerywilling to process their raw materials if their operations do not comply with the required specificationsand self-regulatory framework set by the Metal Recycling Association of South Africa.6.2.1 Importers / manufacturersUnlike Switzerland, South Africa has no laws governing extended product responsibility. Hence asystem similar to the Swiss SWICO system has not yet evolved. However, the metal recovery industryis becoming organised and may eventually recognise the need to organise a self-regulatory body withsimilar objectives to the SWICO system.All major computer manufacturers, such as IBM, Dell, HP/Compaq, Toshiba, Sony, etc. are representedin South Africa. Generic machines are also built with components imported from the Far East by smallersuppliers. The importation of components is dominated by one large supplier, Sahara Computers.Refurbished machines are also imported for resale or donation to disadvantaged areas by companiessuch as Device SA, a multinational company, based in the Netherlands, with branches in Poland, CzechRepublic, Hungary, Belgium, Germany, United Kingdom, Slovakia and South Africa. Throughagreements with manufacturers such as HP/Compaq and Dell, they receive lease-expired personalcomputers, which they data-wipe and refurbish, then resell, both to dealers (generally consignments of10 to 50 machines) and the public, via their outlet at Kyalami Shopping Centre. Device SA receivemarine containerloads of stock from the Netherlands – sometimes up to three per month. Some of these22/41

computers are already refurbished, others are processed in South Africa. In the latter case, obsolete orreplaced parts are sold for scrap to Desco Electronic Recyclers.Device SA are also involved in the Digital Partnership, a UK initiative which donates refurbishedcomputers to the townships where the majority of the previously disadvantaged people of South Africalive. Device SA distribute and install the donated computers in South Africa. They also supplied theWomen’s Development Bank with computers.FreeCom Group (Pty) Ltd which is based in the Cape Metropolitan Council administered area managesa similar operation but is a South African initiative that is supported by the Swiss Contact BusinessGroup.6.2.2 Traders /retailersIn South Africa, there is no Advance Recycling Fee System or extended product responsibility attachedto the trade of computers and other electronic goods. However, distributors such as Axiz swap outobsolete computers when supplying clients with new equipment. For the most part, these computers arenot recycled.▪ AXIZ: Axiz are major distributors for computers and related peripheral electronic goods. They swapout obsolete computers when supplying new equipment to clients. However, they do not trade in e-waste at present. Instead, they pay Enviroserv to landfill recovered material that stems from theirextended product responsibilities at the Holfontein site, and are issued with a certificate of safedisposal.▪ MUSTEK: Mustek are one of the larger suppliers in the retail market for computers and peripherals.6.2.3 ConsumersInformation derived from a number of suppliers corroborates the statement made by Mr Wayne Vermijof Axis that some 80% of all computer sales are made to government departments whether at local,regional, provincial or national levels. Officials from a number of government departments have alsostated that they know of many computers that no longer work but are in storage in government officesthroughout the country. Small businesses and households also appear to store their obsolete machinesand eventually dispose of them to the municipal solid waste collection system and these are landfilled inpermitted general waste sites. Very little of this material is recovered by salvagers operating on thelandfill sites.6.2.4 Authorized E-waste Collection PointsThere are currently no organised take-back systems, although in Gauteng, Pikitup, the JohannesburgMetropolitan Municipality’s waste management utility, and Ekurhuleni Metro Waste Management areplanning to provide drop-off points at their garden refuse transfer stations to assist with data collectionregarding household e-waste generation.6.2.5 Licensed Sorting and Dismantling CompaniesIn South Africa, no licenses are required to sort or dismantle e-waste. This function is performed by23/41

scrap metal merchants.6.2.6 Recyclers6.2.6.1 Formal Recyclers▪ Universal Recycling Company: Universal Recycling operates from four locations. They process 1800tonnes of electronic scrap per annum, using sophisticated technology including mechanicalshredders, pulverisers, rotary magnets, granulators, shears and balers on “disassembly” lines.Ferrous materials are separated from non-ferrous, and then aluminium is extracted using an eddycurrent separator. Heavy and precious metals are shipped to a European refinery, steel is processedlocally and aluminium is exported to the Far East. Non-metallic fractions are landfilled. A reliablemarket for plastics has not yet been located.The following figures provided by Mr David Loewenthal of Universal Recycling illustrate the recoveryrate that the company is able to report with e-waste:• 40 - 50% ferrous content could be recovered – 60 tonnes per annum• 7 - 10% recoverable aluminium• 6 - 10% recoverable non magnetic stainless steel• 5% recoverable zinc▪Desco Electronic Recyclers: Desco deals exclusively with e-waste. They state that they are thelargest Printed Circuit Board (PC board) recycler in South Africa. Desco purchases PC boards fromscrap dealers and industry throughout South Africa and neighbouring African countries. It processesapproximately:• 400 tonnes of PC boards per annum.• 2000 tonnes of general electronic scrap, including telecommunication equipment, desktopcomputers, mainframes, medical and radio equipment etc per annum.All electronic scrap is manually stripped, a labour-intensive process that yields jobs for local people. PCboards are processed with specialised machinery designed and built by Desco. No incineration orchemicals are used in the process. Desco has been in operation in Gauteng since 1992. There is also abranch in Cape Town, which at present generates 100 tonnes of e-scrap per annum. Mr Costa Airaga ofDesco commented that CRTs (cathode ray tubes) still pose a major problem for e-waste in South Africa.Desco currently has 25 tonnes of CRTs in storage, and nowhere to send them for recycling.▪ Reclam: Managing Director and major shareholder of Reclam, the largest recycling organisation inSouth Africa, Mr David Cassell, was mentioned by several links and sources as an important personto speak to about the scrap industry in South Africa and, especially, Gauteng Province. He was veryreceptive and contributed valuable insights. Reclam only deals in the traditional markets of ferrousand non-ferrous scrap. They are not involved in e-waste processing themselves. However, they willcollect it as a service to their regular clientele, then broker it to Universal Recycling. All other smallerscrap merchants surveyed either do not accept e-waste at all, or, when they accept PC boards, theyresell them to either of the abovementioned companies.24/41

▪▪Jimmy's Scrap Metals: Will accept motherboards, but sells them to Desco.Schutte & Son: Do not deal much with computer waste, but accept PC boards, which are then sold toa recycler.6.2.6.2 Informal RecyclersPreliminary investigations suggest that the informal e-waste recycling situation in South Africa differssubstantially from the status quo in India and China.Precious metals are strictly regulated in South Africa. Mr Martin Griffiths of Rand Refinery explainedthat, being an ISO 14000 accredited business, his company must inspect the premises of the operationsthey deal with. They will not accept backyard products. He confirmed that, to his knowledge, virtually noinformal recovery operations still exist in Gauteng. He said that five years ago, there were definitelyyards using environmentally unacceptable means – drum burning etc. – to recover materials from e-waste. These have all but disappeared, which he attributed to the fact that, due to technologicaladvances, there are far lower quantities of precious metals present in newer generation circuit boardsthan there used to be. It is no longer profitable for backyard businesses to carry out small-scalerecycling.Discussions with Mr David Cassell of Reclam reiterated what other evidence has indicated so far: thereis little informal sector activity in this field. This echoes the experience of recovery of other material fromlandfill sites in South Africa: less than 1% of the waste stream is recycled through salvaging activities(dealt with later in this document in Section 7.2.4, entitled “Disposal”). Far more recovery takes place atindustrial and commercial outlets. These are well-networked with one another, brokering and referring e-waste to established recycling businesses.6.2.7 Refiners /Conditioners▪Rand Refinery: Rand Refinery, the principal refinery in Gauteng, processes hundreds of tonnes ofrecovered material per annum from e-waste recyclers (there were no exact figures readily available).According to Mr Martin Griffiths, the two biggest e-waste recycling companies, Desco and UniversalRecycling, have virtually cornered the local market. They receive small amounts from L A Metals,another small recycler, mostly of PGMs (platinum group metals), especially palladium. L A Metalsexport their lower grade sweeps overseas. Rand Refinery also receives pre-processed materialexported from the Far East and U.S.A – mainly precious metal dust. They principally process gold,while another refinery, IRS (Impala Refining Services) deals with high grade PGMs.6.2.8 Final DisposersThe majority of computer waste in South Africa is landfilled either in permitted hazardous waste disposalsites, such as Enviroserv’s Holfontein site, where disposal is paid for, and the client is issued with acertificate of safe disposal, or it is disposed of in the municipal waste stream and is landfilled in the localgeneral waste disposal site. Informal salvaging is discouraged in accordance with government'sdirectives. Very little e-waste is recovered from permitted landfills in South Africa. It is only in the major25/41

centres that e-wastes are produced in significant quantities and nearly all the landfill sites managed inthese areas have been permitted. The Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality, which currently operatesfive waste disposal sites, reported that, on average, 2.2 tonnes of e-waste per month are disposed atthe Weltervreden Landfill site in Brakpan. No e-waste was recorded from any of the other landfill sites.6.3 WEEE (Waste Electronic Electrical Equipment) SystemThe involved actors, and the material and financial flows are described qualitatively for the recyclingsystem. The quantity of generated waste and the boundary conditions define the dynamics of thesystem and are interrelated with the impacts. Waste generation can be reduced by reusing appliancesor components (ICs, CRT, etc.). Hence the product life spans increase and the impacts decrease.Further processes are shown which recover valuable materials such as precious metals, copper, lead,plastics, etc. The applied processes appear in an enormous variety in different contexts around theworld. The focus of this presentation is on thermal recovery technologies and disposal processes. Thetechnologies applied determine the impacts of the system on humans and the environment. Theprocesses are analysed in detail and described in process diagrams.E-WASTE RAWMATERIALIMPORTERS OFNEW UNITS:AXIZ, HP, IBM,SaharaIMPORTERS OFUSED UNITS:e.g. DeviceCONSUMERS:- Government- Corporate- HouseholdsFORMAL E-WASTERECYCLERS:Universal RecyclersDescoPrecious MetalRecovery SystemsSOFTWAREPROPRIETARYSOFTWARESTORAGELANDFILLOpen SourceFigure 2: Current WEEE System In South Africa6.3.1 E-waste generationGenerally, the life cycle of PCs is estimated to be 7 years; the first 3 years with the first owner, 2 yearswith the second owner and two more years with a third owner or in storage. Figure 6.1 shows therelationship between the PC entry rate into the IT market and the expected e-waste generation after the7 year life cycle has lapsed. In South Africa however, the waste stream does not reflect this situation,since most obsolete machines are stored. A recent waste stream analysis for Johannesburg (Jarrod Ball26/41

& Associates Consortium, 2001) revealed that there was very little e-waste in the waste stream.1'400'0001'200'000added to the IT marketPCs joining e-Waste stream1'000'000800'000600'000400'000200'000-1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012* Time series: annual data available from the past / extrapolation in the future (until 2015)** Coefficient: relative to a reference flow (e.g. per kg product (100%, reference flow) 0.2 kg waste is generated -> 20%)Figure 3: PC Entry Rate In IT Market And The Subsequent E-waste Generation Projections6.4 ImpactsThere are some expected health, labour and environmental impacts from the e-waste recycling process.These are however minimised or mitigated through the adoption of appropriate operating proceduresand policies as prescribed in the relevant legislation and guideline documents.6.4.1 LabourCurrently, e-waste recycling is highly specialised, hence there are no major labour accounts, with theexception of the dismantling process. However, any labour related impacts associated with the recyclingprocess would be mitigated by the Occupational Health and Safety Act (OHSA) which protects workersand ensures a safe and healthy working environment.6.4.2 HealthThe South African e-waste recyclers will have direct and indirect impacts on human health.Direct impacts on human health may be caused by:• Dust in indoor air generated in manual and mechanical dismantling processes (e.g. when processingplastics or CRT);• Filter dust generated in the mechanical dismantling process .;• Noise emissions during the manual and mechanical dismantling process (conveyor belts, hammering,shredders etc.);• Deviations from occupational safety standards.For most of these direct impacts, the OHSA has defined MAL (Maximum Allowable Limit) values.Compliance with these values is intended to minimize the risk of adverse health effects.27/41

Based on the force fields diagram analysis, the most important driving forces are:▪ The environmental and health concerns▪ Legislation and controls on e-waste disposal▪ Encouraging re-use and recycling▪ Establishment of Stakeholder organisationThe following were identified as the most important constraints, which have to be targeted during theimplementation process to ensure the sustainability of the proposed system:▪ Cost of initiating management systems▪ Market saturation and other concerns relating to markets▪ Customer behaviour, including psychology, perceptions and the role of inconvenience, resistance tochange and illegal dumping.▪ Lack of education, awareness and resources.7.2 WEEE System7.2.1 E-waste regulation and awarenessIn South Africa "e-waste" is a relatively new concept about which very little is known and which has notbeen given much priority to date. There is currently no direct legislation monitoring e-waste's handling,recycling and disposal, because it has not been identified as a waste stream in any of thecharacterization studies that have been regularly carried out on municipal waste streams. Low levels ofawareness of existing waste legislation were identified among key role players, especially in the privatesector. This indicates a lack of communication and/or weakness in the implementation and enforcementstructures. However, much experience in all aspects of waste handling and recycling are available in theprivate and public sector. This provides a good platform for the introduction and implementation of e-waste handling and recycling systems.First comments regarding e-waste handling were expressions of surprise ("What is e-waste? I've neverheard of it!"), followed by vague or even contradictory statements about its management. However, assoon the topic was explained, there was tremendous enthusiasm to support the investigation. Actors inthe formal business sector appeared commendably transparenit regarding their approaches. In someways, this “kick-off mission” became an effective "awareness campaign"!The workshops and meetings revealed great interest from the recycling industry in this topic. Onereason for this could be the difficulties involved in handling some of the recycled fractions, especiallyCRT glass and flame retardant plastics. As these have to be disposed of safely (and cost-effectively),they become a major problem for recyclers.7.2.2 E-waste generation and handlingConsiderable quantities of e-waste have been identified. Streams emanating from industry and largescale consumers (government offices, banks etc.) seem to be handled by the formal recycling industry,while streams from households are rather directed to landfills. However, recent studies by Jarrod Ball &30/41

Associates, analysing the general waste stream, concluded that there was very little e-waste in thegeneral waste stream. This is because the majority of obsolete machines are kept in storage. Surveyresults quoted by Wayne Vermij of Axis suggest that 80% of IT equipment sales are made togovernment and remain tied up in asset registers, prohibited from being disposed of or given away. Thishas been confirmed by several government officials from the Departments of Minerals and Energy,Trade and Industry, and Environmental Affairs and Tourism.7.2.3 E-waste RecyclingThe formal sector of the e-waste recycling industry consists of a handful of large and many smallercompanies. It is mostly well-organized, in many cases state of the art, and very actively entrepreneurial.Extracted materials, mainly metals, are either exported overseas, or sent to local smelters, dependingon the dictates of strategic metal prices determined by the London Metal Exchange. Importation ofelectronic production wastes also takes place.7.2.4 DisposalPart of the e-waste stream ends up in municipal landfill sites. Salvagers appreciate precious metal-riche-waste as a particularly valuable source of revenue. According to Costa Airaga of Desco, there areindications that small quantities of PC boards may be returned to "formal" e-waste streams after somemanual dismantling. However, what is really happening with e-waste salvaged at landfills or collectedinformally is yet to be researched. Some hints were made that backyard recovery industries similar tothose found in India or China might also exist in South Africa. However, informal activity in this regardappears to be very marginal. As discussed earlier in this document, working with precious metals isstrictly regulated in the South Africa, thus deterring informal operations in this field.8. Next StepsA sustainable approach to waste management, echoed in both the National Waste ManagementStrategy (NWMS) of South Africa and the Polokwane Declaration, moves towards reducing the wastestream. The proposed WEEE management system, the 'Cradle to Cradle' waste management system(Figure 4), is in line with both the NWMS and the Polokwane Declaration. It shows an ideal and simplemodel which encourages waste minimisation through the implementation and maximisation of re-useand recycling initiatives. Poverty alleviation through the creation of quality employment opportunities isone of government's highest priorities. It is hoped that the correct handling of e-waste streams willgenerate many such jobs. Apart from reducing the waste stream, the 'Cradle to Cradle' system has thefollowing added advantages:▪ Lower the environmental impact associated with disposal by landfill because less e-waste goes tolandfill.▪ Clean job opportunities as opposed to the normal practice of salvaging.▪ No cross-subsidisation of recovery, which is viewed as unsustainable.▪ The model is simple both from an implementation and monitoring point of view and also in terms ofcost recovery.31/41

maxmaxmaxMManufactureTTradeCConsumeRRepairRReuseRRecycleminDDisposeThe 3 Rs mean:repair = an item is fixed and remains the samereuse = working parts extracted for new use e.g. one working PC out of 2 dead PCsrecycle = extract secondary raw materials e.g. metals, glass, plastics etc.Figure 4: Cradle to Cradle EEE Management System8.1 Strategies for minimizing E-Waste in South AfricaThe following are recommended as ways of boosting and encouraging reuse and recycling of e-waste:▪ Form an E-Waste Working Group managed by the ICT Industry.▪ Create employment opportunities with the recovery of old machines from storage, e.g. Buy BackCentres (Figure 5).▪ Creation of initiatives to extend the lifecycles of electronic equipment such as 'The Go Open SourceRoute' initiated by the Shuttleworth Foundation, together with research undertaken by EMPA intoOpen Source Software (Figure 5).E-WASTE RAWMATERIALIMPORTERS OFNEW UNITS:AXIZ, HP, IBM,SaharaIMPORTERS OFUSED UNITS:e.g. DeviceCONSUMERS:- Government- Corporate- HouseholdsCOLLECTORS:Buy-Back CentresDrop-off CentresSalvagersREFURBISHMENT:Re-build RSA-usedhardwareFORMAL E-WASTERECYCLERS:Universal RecyclersDescoPrecious MetalRecovery SystemsSOFTWAREProprietarySoftwareLANDFILLOpen SourceFigure 5: Proposed Framework For Minimising E-waste In South Africa32/41

8.1.1 E-waste Working GroupA coordinating body should be instituted to address the interests of the ICT Industry in South Africa.This has been the guiding principle in the establishment of contacts with prominent players in the ICTIndustry in South Africa. A product champion is needed in each centre where the project will beimplemented. The major focus is to eliminate waste whilst simultaneously creating employmentopportunities at all levels.It is thus proposed to start a small working committee that will oversee the establishment of an e-wasteworking group. The ICT industry was selected because computers' lifecycles are relatively easy to track.Such an organisation would help to create awareness and encourage the importers, local assemblers,wholesalers, retailers, large user groups, NGOs and interested members of the public, genericallyreferred to as Interested & Affected Parties (I&APs), to participate in the deliberations of the E-wasteWorking Group. To engage these I&APs successfully a central point of focus is required. The workinggroup will encourage the establishment of a system, perhaps not unlike SWICO, where old electronicgoods are recovered, refurbished for re-use or, if irreparable or obsolete, are recycled.A sophisticated and successful e-waste recycling industry already exists in South Africa but that shouldbe the end of the line for e-waste, not the only solution. The National Waste Management Strategy hasa hierarchy of options of which recycling is a low order solution only slightly better that landfill.Nevertheless, e-waste recyclers should play an important role in the E-waste Working Group.8.1.2 Employment opportunities through waste recoveryThe recovery of old machines from storage can create employment opportunities through theestablishment of buy-back centres. These centres should not operate solely on a “buy back” premisebut should also be available to the communities they service as “take back “ centres, where extendedproduct responsibility is applied by manufacturers. Brand manufacturers could be responsible forfinancing the buy-back centre by paying the operator for the branded equipment recovered. Likewise,e-waste recyclers have indicated that they are quite satisfied with the idea of having to pay for e-waste.The sustainability of the system could be ensured by:▪ Collecting a variety of electronic goods, which could enable the centre to open a used electronicsgoods and parts supply business.▪ Recycling printer cartridges, another source of income. Manufacturers recycle these and anarrangement involving collection and sorting at the centre would be easily negotiated. Similarprojects have already been initiated by some manufacturers.▪ Stripping and sorting computer components prior to recycling, to provide employment and createprofitable business.8.1.3 Refurbishment and the use of OpenSource SoftwareThe most effective strategy to minimise e-waste is the extension of product lifespans. The computerindustry is rife with the “upgrade” philosophy, where the “entry level” for a standard user grows beyondwhat was considered “super computer” in the previous year, yet in most cases the user is stillperforming the same tasks.33/41

Computer manufacturers upgrade their clients' systems because the hardware and softwaremanufacturing industry revolves around developing new products, and a brand's marketability dependson constant innovation. Millions of computers are replaced every year. Obsolete machines are storedindefinitely, and only a low percentage recycled. Even less are reused.To extend a computer's lifespan, its working life, before it fails or becomes obsolete, must bemaximised. Even once a computer is relatively obsolete, there may be alternative uses for it.OpenSource software can extend the life span of a computer by a number of years. This software isable to run on older systems with technical specifications far below the ever-increasing “Entry Level”specifications required for the latest proprietary software, while performing more than adequately incomparison.Local Area Networks (LANs), consisting of older machines, refurbished as dumb terminals or thin clientsconnected to an intelligent server machine, can even extend the life of Pentium I machines. Oldermachines may also be used as programmed logic controllers, managing industrial processes andinstrumentation.8.2 Project Schematic8.2.1 Refurbished hardware installed in modified marine containersOld machines, connected as thin clients to fast intelligent servers, could be installed in recycled andconverted marine containers, to create cost-effective computer centres. The thin clients would bePentium I machines, recovered through Buy-Back Centres or by tender from South African sources.These machines would have been refurbished in workshops created for that purpose in each of themajor centres. Computer centres would be franchised to emerging entrepreneurs, who would beresponsible for administering the networks and premises.8.2.2 Pilot ProjectsThis extension of the e-waste project was originally conceived with the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal in mind, as these areas are economically disadvantaged compared to the Western Cape andGauteng. Pilot projects may be unnecessary, as similar initiatives have already been established in theWestern Cape, Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal.8.2.3 Use of OpenSource software and hardware specificationsOpenSource software will be used to eliminate the cost of software licensing. All the software packagesrequired to operate in a business computing and internet environment are freely available at no cost.An evolving Linux Network has been running in the Lombard de Mattos & Associates office for the last 5years. This document was prepared using OpenOffice 1.1.1 as the office software, running on a FedoraCore 2 Linux Operating System platform, and the message was sent using Mozilla Thunderbird as e-mail client software. There are many other useful productivity packages available. The ShuttleworthFoundation promotes OpenSource software through its “Go OpenSource” initiative.34/41

8.2.3.1 Stand-alone desktopsOpenSource software performs quite well on older hardware, provided that the chipspeed is in excessof 500 MHz and the machine's memory has been boosted to at least 128 Mb, with a hard drive capacityupwards of 5 Gb.8.2.3.2 Thin client machines in an LANIn this case, machines ranging from 486s to Pentium IVs can be used. A network card (if it is not builtinto the motherboard), a graphics card, a monitor, keyboard and mouse are required at the desktoplevel. The server would require a chipspeed of 1 GHz, memory of at least 2 Gb, and a hard drivecapacity of no less than 20 Gb.8.2.3 Interested Parties8.2.3.1 Metropolitan MunicipalitiesThe Ethekwini Metro and the Cape Metropolitan Council have indicated interest in the project. Theproject originally involved the assembly of refurbished older machines in work groups, or mini LANS, incommunity centres, but that was fraught with difficulty when it came to communities acceptingownership of the centres in each case. The political complexities relating to community “gatekeepers”was an almost insurmountable problem. Development initiatives such as these often prove to be amajor source of division within impoverished communities, where employment and sources of revenueare difficult to come by and hence often controlled by political factions. Hence, the idea of developingopportunities for entrepreneurship within communities was mooted. Even this will not entirely removethe initiative from the realms of the politically opportunistic. The backing of a body the size of a Metrowould be advantageous because such a structure would have the political power to deal with thedifficulties of implementation.8.2.3.2 GovernmentA spreadsheet is attached which illustrates the business potential of each of the computerised businessand training centre/internet cafe operations. In order to be sustainable this system could not rely oncharity or cross-subsidisation. A simple, self-financed business operation, set in a company that wouldhave the black economic empowerment (BEE) attributes required for economic advancement ofpreviously disadvantaged individuals in South Africa would more likely succeed.The project concept was received with favourable comment by Ms Marba Visagie, Deputy Director ofEnvironment at the Department of Trade and Industries.35/41

REFERENCESReports1. Jarrod Ball & Associates Consortium, December 2001, Current Waste Management in theCity of Johannesburg: A Waste Stream Analysis of the general Waste stream, Mini-ProjectWM4 on Metro-Wide Waste Management Planning, DANCED Environmental CapacityBuilding Project, Johannesburg.2. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, 2000, National Waste ManagementStrategy,3. Polokwane Declaration on Waste, Polokwane, Northern Province, South Africa, 26-28September 2001.4. Government Communications (GCS), South Africa Yearbook 2003/04, 10 th Edition.5. Development Bank of Southern Africa, March 2001, Guidelines to Regional Socio-economicAnalysis, Development Information Business Unit, Development Paper 145.Internet Siteshttp://www.freedomhouse.orghttp://www.nationmaster.comhttp://www.transparency.org/pressrelease_archive/2003/2003.10.07.cpi.en.htmlhttp://www.gov.za/yearbook/2004/landscape.htmlhttp://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2003/indicator/indic_57_2_2_html

APPENDIX 1: MAPSMap 1: Provincial Map Of South AfricaMap 2: Map Of Gauteng ProvinceMap 3: Map Of The Cape Metropolitan Area

Map 1: Provincial Map of South Africa

◙ Device SA◙ Axiz◙ Mustek◙ Holfontein H:H Site◙ Universal Recyclers◙ RandRefinery◙ Desco◙ ReclamRecyclersTraders/retailersImportersRefineriesMap 2: Map of Gauteng Province

Map 3: Cape Metropolitan Area

APPENDIX 2DETAILED SA MISSION PROCESS INFORMATIONA. First Mission Workshop Details1. Cape Town Workshop Programme2. CSIR Workshop SynopsisB. Second Mission Workshop Details1. Attendance List2. Force Field DiagramC. SA WEEE Process Description

ANNEX ATime Schedule 2: Cape TownMrs. Susan Dittke facilitated and participated in most of the Cape Town meetings and field visits.date Time Activity Subject / Outcome locationWe 6:30- BA 6441 Flight JhB – Cape Town (RW and JH) JhB – Cape Town25.02.04 8:40(RW +JH)9:30-11:30Field visit to Athlone refuse transfer station, drop-off center andinformation center (Mr. Marc Lyons, Cape Town Munic. Council)Introduction to Cape Town MSWMForthcoming installation of MRF (material recovery facility)would allow separate collection / monitoring of e-waste.Cape Town(Athlone)11:30-14:00Briefing and lunch with Mrs. Susan Dittke (EnviroSense CC)Preparation of workshopInfo on recycling activities and initiatives in Cape TownCape Town14:00-17:30Workshop on e-waste with 21 participants See Annex D Cape Town,premises of ECLLtd. (Airport)Thu26.02.04(JH)17.00-19:309:00-12:0013:00-14:30RW: BA 6426 Flight back to JhBJH: in Cape Town, informal meeting with Mr. Jan Palm (Jan PalmConsulting Engineers), Mr. Peter Novella (current president, Institutionof WM of Southern Africa), Mr. Wouter Loots, Director of SWM, City ofCape Town, Mr. Richard Emery (BKS Waste Mgt. Services), and otherSWM specialistsFollow-up / contact with workshop participants, recycling companies(yellow pages), Cape Town Integrated Waste Exchange(www.capetown.gov.za/iwex), Africa Recycle (www.africa.recycle.net)Meeting with Mr. Mark Dittke, environmental lawyerField visit: Panasonic, television manufacturing / assembly plant (Mr.Peter Sweeney)General attitude: surprise, “… never came to my mind … “; e-waste investigation is highly welcomed.Mr. Jan Palm will organise separate collection and monitoringof e-waste @ Malmesbury MRF (rural, high-income, MSW70t/d)Working plan for 26. and 27.02.Overview on national, provincial and municipal policy andlegislation development.In-plant management, recycling, transfer of wastes fromproduction, servicing and packaging. E-waste is bought byDESCO.Cape TownCape Town, officeof EnviroSenseCC (Zeekoevlei)Cape Town,Athlonee-Waste Project (China) page 1/6

date Time Activity Subject / Outcome location15:00-16:00Field visit: DESCO e-waste collection and dismantling site (Mr. DudleyBradford)Medium-scale collection of e-waste (50-100 t/a), managementand operation of dismantling and sorting plant (HR: 5). E-wastefractions go to DESCO HQ in JhB, glass and plastics to landfill.Info exchange about other similar operations, buyer markets,auctions and government tenders, small-scale materialrecovery operations in the area.Cape Town,KraaifonteinFri27.02.04(JH)16:00-18:3018:30-21:009:00-12:00Field visit: Vissershoek MW landfill site and drop-off center (Cape TownMunic. ), with Mr. Salim Haider, SWM DirectorateMeeting and dinner with Mr. Hans-Jörg Gottschalk, ECLGeneral info on landfill site management, achievements andproblems. Informal and formalized salvaging, business behindit. Security problems and costs. E-waste in drop-off area.ECL is a medium-size local SWM service provider occupyingniches such as sewage sludge transport, restaurant wastecollection, recycling. Prospecting into e-waste management.Cape TownCape TownOffice work Cape Town, officeof EnviroSenseCC (Zeekoevlei)Sa28.02.0412.00-15.0015:30-18:008:30-10:3010:30-18:00Meeting and lunch with Mr. Siphiwe Buthelezi (chem. eng. student@UCT)Field visit: Coastal Park MW landfill site and drop-off center (Cape TownMunic.)Discussion on ways to investigate e-waste streams intownships (follow the supermarket kart, use local studentworkforce)Interviews with salvagers. Mr. Bawa, a businessman licensedby Cape Town Munic. (license yearly tendered for nominalfee), brings in 40 labourers that salvage recyclables. Paymentper day / person / weight / class of material. Daily income 40-200Rd. E-waste commands highest price: 60-120Rd/kg (? Tobe confirmed)Cape TownCape TownJH: BA 6428 Flight Cape Town-JhB Cape Town - JhBTeam discussion, report writing and planning @ Park View project office(Abigail’s)JhBe-Waste Project (China) page 2/6

ANNEX BWorkshop Gauteng1. Workshop dataWorkshop held 24.02.2004 from 14:00 to 17:00 at CSIR, PretoriaInvitations by Ray Lombard & Associates and the CSIRWorkshop facilitator: Rolf Widmer, EMPADiscussion moderator: Tinus Joubert2. ParticipantsStakeholdergroupGovernment(municipal)Government(municipal)Government(national)Company /InstitutionPikitup Johannesburg(Pty) LtdTshwane MetroDWAFDEATAddress Name Tel. Cell. Fax e-mailPvt Bag X74,Braamfontein, 2017P O Box 440, Pretoria0001MsMrMaserameMatiwane 011-7125372 082-8559364 011-7125322 maseramimatiwane@pikitup.co.zaKobie Pretorius 012-3080550 082-7860869 012-3080503 kobiep@tshwane.gov.zaGovernment(Research)CSIRParastatal Eskom P O Box 1091.Johannesburg 2000Industry Fry's Metals P O Box 519,Germiston 1400Industry Fry's Metals P O Box 519,Germiston 1400Industry Plastics Federation Pvt Bag X69, Halfwayof SAHouse 0001Industry Precious Metal P O Box 14298,Recoveries Wadeville 1422Dr Sibbele HietkampMr Chris MasokuMrs Linda GodfreyMr Ndivhuho Raphulu 011-8003613 082-8725348 011-8002938 ndivhuho.raphulu@eskom.co.zaMr Wouter Verwey 011-8275413 082-9000841 011-8242232 wouterv@frys.co.zaMr Jan Van 011-8275413 082-9260875 011-8242232 janh@frys.co.zaHeerdenMr Douw Steyn 011-6534794 083-3018157 011-3143765 dsteyn@plasfed.co.zaMr Mervyn Frank 011-8244393 082-6502420 011-8244366 mervyn@amgroup.co.zae-Waste Project (China) page 3/6

Industry Precious MetalRecoveriesP O Box 14298,Wadeville 1420Industry mCommerce Postnet Suite 20,SolutionsP/Bag X1, GlenVistq2058Industry Siemens Pvt Bag X71, HalfwayHouse 1685Consultant Kobus Otto & P O BOX 10106,Associates Aston Manor 1630Consultant Enviro Fringe P O Box 176,ServicesCramerview 2060ConsultantMs Jill Dos Reis 011-8244393 083-6864643 011-8244366 jill@amgroup.co.zaMr Pierre Taljaard 011-4322425 083-6001606 011-4322425 pierret@transponder.co.zaMr Ron Glazer 011-6523358 082-8257137 011-6523388 ron.glazer@siemens.comMr Kobus Otto 011-3915665 082-3769673 113915666 jbotto@global.co.zaMs Sue Bellinger 011-4634902 082-5777000 011-4634902 sueb@mweb.co.zaTinus JoubertStudentMediaWitwatersrandTechnikonMs N L Mthembi 072-4598881Resource Ms Lee Furter 011-8870781 011-7861104 lee@shortens.co.zae-waste project teamEMPASKAT ConsultingLombard de Mattos& AssociatesMinutes to be sent also to:Lerchenfeldstrasse 5,CH-9014 St GallenVadianstrasse 42, CH-9000, St GallenP O Box 115, Link Hills3652Mr Rolf Widmer 0941-7127474740941-712747862rolf.widmer@empa.chMr Jonathan Hecke 0941-0941- jonathan.hecke@skat.ch712285454712285455Mr Ray Lombard 031-7633222 083-2554639 031-7633041 ray@rlombard.co.zaIndustry Nashua P O Box 39525,Bramley 2018Mr Braam Venter 011-3134474 011-3134366 braamv@mail.nashua.co.za3. Workshop programe-Waste Project (China) page 4/6

4. Discussion notes (taken by Ray Lombard)Problem awareness and extent• No one knows if there is a problem now, but there was consensus that there may well be a problem in the future and this must beaddressed now.• Pikitup Waste Stream data derived from surveys carried out on two occasions agrees reasonably well and some e-waste wasidentified in the waste stream. This data can be made accessible.• ICT Industry Representatives indicate that hardware lifecycles in South Africa are longer than they are in Europe or the USA (7 yearsat least to total redundancy). A similar situation is thought to apply in the case of cellphones.• According to ICT industry representatives; in a population of 45 million people there are some 12.5 to 15 million computers in use inRSA. Of these 3.5 to 5.0 million are personal computers.• People store the redundant machines because they do not know what to do with them. Old machines get scavenged and dumped.Recovery of useful materials from electronic waste1 Some recycling is taking place; those who recycle occasionally / opportunistically collect and process e-waste.2 Those carrying out recycling in the ICT industry rebuild machines that can be rebuilt, recover components from machines that cannotbe rebuilt. E.g. obsolete memory chips have a high market value.3 Those in the scrap metal industry recover precious metals but newer hardware has less precious metal, i.e. gold, silver, etc. This hasnot yet become a stable industry.4 Plastics containing flame retardants are a concern – what's happening to these?5 Not much is known about informal recycling activities. Care must be taken not to overlook the SMEs. The viability of existingbusinesses, including informal operations, must not be impaired but “good work” opportunities must be provided. “Good work” isdefined as work that does not impair the health of the individual whilst being safe and not causing harm to the environment.Potential ways of approaching the issue in RSA• The ARF (advanced recycling fee) approach was discussed. Industry representatives clearly against government intervention of anydescription as they hold the view that recycling that is financially viable proceeds naturally and is therefore sustainable.• Government sector representatives believe in an incentives and regulations approach (stick and carrot approach).• General consensus on the need to create awareness and educate the public. The example of the ROSE Foundation (oil recycling)was cited on several occasions but this had not entirely solved the problem.e-Waste Project (China) page 5/6

• Suggestion from participants to establish an E-Waste Forum, where the ICT industry and the recyclers could meet to solve mutualproblems. Perhaps this could be affiliated to the already established National Recycling Forum.Suggestions for the EMPA status quo investigation• Focus on computers or general e-waste (old and irreparable electrical goods, cell phones, games machines and all other electronicgoods)? The investigation will mainly follow the life cycles of computers because these can be considered as useful “tracer” for theentire e-waste stream.• It was suggested that the NRF could use its members to investigate the fate of the components of the e-waste stream, i.e. glass fromCRT units, precious metals from motherboards, plastic from the covers , keyboards and computer mice. The IWMSA could assist.• The CSIR has a recycler dealing with their waste; this avenue could be followed up relative to e-waste.• Scrap metal recovery and processing specialists attending the workshop offered to assist with contacts to the Non-Ferrous MetalIndustry Association, the Metal Recyclers Association, Foundry Manufacturing Association and the South African Iron and SteelInstitution.e-Waste Project (China) page 6/6

Sheet1EVALUATION OF FORCE FIELD DIAGRAMSDriving ForcesConstraintsEnvironmental & Health Considerations 10 Education Framework & Responsibility 5Stakeholder Organisation for Product Management 6 Lack of Education 3Education & Awareness of Waste Minimisation with Cost Analyses 5 Inadequate Resources & Knowledge 3Total Participation by Government & Industry 4 Poor Communication 3Knowledge of impacts 2 Poor Awareness 3Better Design & Quality 6 Implications of Current Business Practices 5Longer Lasting Hardware 2 Resistance to Change 5Manufacturers, Suppliers & Retailers to provide product information and support 1 Imported Components with little back-up 4Safety in Re-use 3Increase the Percentage of components that can be re-used 3Storage Space is needed 8Housekeeping & Space 1Legislation on hazardous waste 7 Illegal Dumping at poorly managed disposal facilities 6Legislation on e-waste management 5 Cost of Disposal 5Landfills must not accept e-waste 5 Resistance to Cost 5Controls on G Class Landfill Sites 4 Illegal Dumping 4Increase the cost of hazardous waste disposal 3 Cost of Environmental Controls 4Increase the cost of disposal 1 Encouraging Informal Recovery might have SHE Concerns 3Almost everything is recyclable at a cost 6 Cost of Initiating Management System 10Encourage Re-use with incentives for trade in & donation 5 Market Saturation for Collectors & Recyclers 8Financial Incentives 5 Cost of Collection and transport 8Tax Incentives 4 Small or No End Market 6Poverty Alleviation & Job Creation 4 Customer Behaviour 6Formalise Collection Systems for Second-hand Hardware 3 Marketing 5Create Infrastructure 3 No formal Channels to deal with e-waste 5Job Creation 1 Cost of Recycling 5Psychological Factors 2Recycled products are seen as inferior 2Sustainability of Re-use & Associated Income 2Perceptions 2Inconvenience 1Page 1

Group 1: Recovery Force Field DiagramCurrent SituationIdeal SituationDriving ForcesRestraining ForcesEnvironmental and Healthconsiderations as well asthe volume of wasteNeed Storage SpaceLegislation on hazardouswaste includingInternational treatiesLandfills not accepting e-wastePoverty Alleviation & JobCreationCost of initiating collectionsystemCost to Generator of removal,recycling and disposal of wasteInformal recovery may haveSHE concernsSaturation of the market forcollectors & recyclers leads tounsustainable reduced income.Illegal dumping at poorlymanaged hazardous waste sitesThe percentage of componentsthat are recoverableSmall recycling market

Group 2 : Maximise Re-use Force Field DiagramCurrent SituationIdeal SituationDriving ForcesRestraining ForcesEncourage re-use by incentives on trade-inand donationCulture of passing things down byformalising collection systems of 2 nd hand(drop-off points)Designing electronic equipmentthat lastsIncrease cost of disposalLegislation on e-waste managementCustomer BehaviourMarketingImported Components &little back-upSafety for Re-UseSustainability of Re-UseSupport, Legilsation &FundingManufacturers to provide productinformation and support

Group 3: Maximise Recycling Force FieldDiagramCurrent Situation30% recycled material is landfilledIdeal SituationMost fractions find a buyerDriving ForcesRestraining ForcesAlmost everything isrecyclable – depends onpriceCost of recyclingTax incentivesInfrastructure availablePerceptionsJob creationCost of landfillingCost of environmentalcontrolsLack of education & poorcommunicationRecycled products areseen as inferiorNo end market

Group 4: Minimise Disposal Force FieldDiagramCurrent SituationLarge quantities are landfilledDriving ForcesIdeal SituationOnly hazardous waste is landfilledRestraining ForcesBetter design (technology &quality)Financial incentivesControls on G sitesIncreasing H:H disposal costsKnowledge of impactsHousekeeping & spaceNo marketResistance to costResistance to changeIllegal dumpingInadequate resources &knowledgePsychological factorsInconvenience

Group 5: Manufacturing/Importers taking thelead Force Field DiagramCurrent SituationIdeal SituationDriving ForcesRestraining ForcesNo formal channel todeal with e-wasteLack of education,framework &responsibiltyImplication on currentbusiness practice R’s &C’sStakeholder & productmanagement & formalcommitteeEducation, awareness,certification & wasteminimisation (costanalysis)Total participationGovernment & Industrycommunication

APPENDIX 3GENERAL WASTE LEGISLATION IN SOUTH AFRICA

CONTROL OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES IN E-WASTEGOVERNMENT POLICYCHAPTERS,PARTS ORSECTIONSAUTHORITYThe Constitution of The Republic of South Africa (Act 108of 1996)POLICYEnvironmental Management PolicyIntegrated Pollution and Waste Management PolicyA Minerals and Mining Policy for South AfricaGauteng Policy for Healthcare Waste ManagementNATIONAL ACTS21, 32, 33, 39(1)and 231 (2)National AssemblyDEATDEATDMEDACELEnvironmental Conservation Act (Act 73 of 1989) III, V, VI DEATNational Environmental Management Act (Act 107 of 1998) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7Occupational Health & Safety Act (Act 85 of 1993)DEATD0LNational Water Act (Act 36 of 1998) 20, 21 DWAFForest Act (Act 122 of 1984) 75 DWAFMinerals Act (Act 50 of 1991) 39, 40 DMEMine, Health and Safety Act (Act 29 of 1996) 5, 6, 12, 23, 98 DMEElectricity Act (Act 41 of 1987) 25 DMENuclear Energy Act (Act 131 of 1993)DMEAtmospheric Pollution Prevention Act (Act 45 of 1965) 24 DOHHazardous Substances Act (Act 15 of 1973) 2, 3, 19, 29 DOHHealth Act (Act 63 of 1977)20, 27, 30, 31, 33,34, 36, 38DOHHuman Tissue Act (Act 65 of 1983) 37 DOHDevelopment Facilitation Act (Act 67 of 1995)Physical Planning Act (Act 125 of 1991)Local Government: Municipal Structures (Act 117 of 1998)DLADPLGDPLGLocal Government: Municipal Systems Act (Act 32 of 2000) DPLG

GOVERNMENT POLICYCHAPTERS,PARTS ORSECTIONSAUTHORITYNational Building Regulations and Building Standards Act(Act 103 of 1977)10, 11, 12, 17DTINational Roads Act (Act 54 of 1971) 16 DOTRoad Traffic Act (Act 29 of 1989) 101, 103, 132 DOTSouth African National Roads Agency Limited and NationalRoads Act (Act 7 of 1998)DOTAnimal Protection Act (Act 71 of 1962) 2, 5 DOAAnimal Diseases Act (Act 35 of 1984) 17, 31 DOAAbattoir Hygiene Act (Act 121of 1992) 17, 24 DOAFertilisers, Farm Feeds, Agricultural Remedies and StockRemedies Act (Act 36 of 1947)7bisDOASectional Titles Act (Act 95 of 1986) 28 DPWRegulations in terms of the Sectional Titles ActAnnexure 9Section 2, 7DPWHousing Act (Act 107 of 1997) 9 DOHREGULATIONSHazardous Substances ActGovernment Notice R453 GG 5467 of 25/3/77Government Notice R73 of 11/1/85Government Notice R2920 of 23/10/92Government Notice R247 of 26/2/93Environment Conservation ActGovernment Notice R1182 GG18261 of 5/9/97Government Notice R1183 of 5/9/97Government Notice R1184 of 5/9/97Sectional Titles ActRegulations (Annexure 9: Conduct Rules)Minerals ActGovernment Notice R801 of 25/6/99Development Facilitation ActDMEDEATDPWDMEDLA

GOVERNMENT POLICYPROVINCIAL ORDINANCESLocal Government OrdinanceTown Planning and Township OrdinanceKwaZulu-Natal Planning and Development Act (Act 5 OF1998)Natal Town Planning Ordinance, 1949EXAMPLES OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT BY-LAWSBuilder’s RefuseSpecial Industrial, Hazardous, Medical and InfectiousRefuseDisposal SitesLittering, Dumping and Ancillary MattersNATIONAL GUIDELINESDepartment of Water Affairs and Forestry, Second Edition,1998. Waste Management Series. Minimum Requirementsfor Waste Disposal by Landfill.Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Second Edition,1998. Waste Management Series. Minimum Requirementsfor the Handling, Classification and Disposal of HazardousWaste.Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Second Edition,1998. Waste Management Series. Minimum Requirementsfor Water Monitoring at Waste Management Facilities.The identification and classification of dangeroussubstances and goodsIntegrated Environmental Management Series: Checklistsfor Environmental Characteristics, 1992Aide-Mémoire for the Preparation of EnvironmentalManagement Programme Reports for Prospecting andMining Operations, 1992CHAPTERS,PARTS ORSECTIONSAUTHORITYThe nine provincesThe Province of KwaZulu-NatalThe Province of KwaZulu-NatalJohannesburg MetroJohannesburg MetroJohannesburg MetroJohannesburg MetroDWAFDWAFDWAFSANSDEATDME

GOVERNMENT POLICYCHAPTERS,PARTS ORSECTIONSAUTHORITYMining Environmental Management Guideline for planningand Authorisation (revised Aide-Mémoire)Mining Environmental Management Guideline for theImplementation of EMPsEIA Regulations: Implementation of Sections 21, 22 and 26of the Environment Conservation Act, 1998Agenda 21: An agenda for Sustainable Development intothe 21 st Century, 1998Sludge Disposal GuidelinesDMEDMEDEATDEATDOAOTHER GUIDELINESCode of Practice for the Bulk Handling and Storage ofHazardous ChemicalsChamber of MinesDOCUMENTGuide PlansStructure PlansLand Development ObjectivesProvincial GovernmentLocal GovernmentLocal GovernmentAbbreviations:DAEA: Department of Agriculture and Environmental AffairsDEAT: Department of Environmental Affairs and TourismDLA: Department of Land AffairsDME: Department of Minerals and EnergyDOH: Department of HealthDOL: Department of LabourDOT: Department of TransportDOA: Department of AgricultureDPLG: Department of Provincial and Local GovernmentDPW: Department of Public WorksDTI:Department of Trade and IndustryDWAF: Department of Water Affairs and ForestrySANS: South African National Standards

Sheet1OPERATING COST OF CONTAINER TRAINING ROOMCost element Units Unit Total Amortisation MonthlyCost Cost Period Cost(months)Container as specified with shopfitting 1 80703.00 80703.00 60.00 1345.05Server 1 5537.00 5537.00 36.00 153.81Printer/Fax/Scanner/photocopier 1 4000.00 4000.00 36.00 111.11Thin Client Workstations 12 2145.00 25740.00 36.00 715.00Contingency Allowance 9030.00 60 150.50Depreciation 2475.47Electricity 1000.00Telephone (ADSL) 1400.00Water 100.00Entrepreneur's Drawings 20000.00Assistants Wages 1 9.00 2808.00 2808.00Security Service 500.00Admin/Book keeping 1 1200.00Toilet Hire 1500.00Consumables 3000.00Technical Maintenance 3000.00Running Cost 34508.00Total Operating Cost 36983.47Cost Recovery Daily hours Days/month Gross hours Utilisation Total Cost Cost/hourCorrectionRunning Cost 12 26 312 0.6 36983.47 197.56Unit Running Cost 12 units 16.46Income Potential per minute hourly Units Utilisation Gross Monthlyrate hours RevenueCharges 0.35 21 12 2246.4 47174.40Income StatementGross MonthlyRevenueGross Revenue 47174.40less, Operating Cost 36983.47Gross Profit 10190.93less,VAT 1426.73Profit after VAT 8764.20Less, Tax Provision 0.7 6134.941867Profit 2629.26Page 1

Sheet1OPERATING COST OF CONTAINER TRAINING ROOMCost element Units Unit Total Amortisation MonthlyCost Cost Period Cost(months)Container as specified with shopfitting 1 58300.00 58300.00 60.00 971.67Server 1 4000.00 4000.00 36.00 111.11Printer/Fax/Scanner/photocopier 1 4000.00 4000.00 36.00 111.11Thin Client Workstations 12 2000.00 24000.00 36.00 666.67Depreciation 1860.56Electricity 1000.00Telephone (ADSL) 1400.00Water 100.00Entrepreneur's Drawings 30000.00Assistants Wages 1 9.00 2808.00 2808.00Security Service 500.00Admin/Book keeping 1 1200.00Toilet Hire 1500.00Consumables 3000.00Technical Maintenance 3000.00Running Cost 44508.00Total Operating Cost 46368.56Cost Recovery Daily hours Days/month Gross hours Utilisation Total Cost Cost/hourCorrectionRunning Cost 12 26 312 0.5 46368.56 297.23Unit Running Cost 12 units 24.77Income Potential per minute hourly Units Utilisation Gross Monthlyrate hours RevenueCharges 0.5 30 12 1872 56160.00Income StatementGross MonthlyRevenueGross Revenue 56160.00less, Operating Cost 46368.56Gross Profit 9791.44less,VAT 1370.80Profit after VAT 8420.64Less, Tax Provision 0.7 5894.449556Profit 2526.19Page 1