LIFE02 ENV/B/000341 Development of an integrated approach for ...

Task 3543: State of the art on TBT alternatives
Table of Contents
Table of Contents_________________________________________________________ 2
Executive Summary_______________________________________________________ 3
A. Introduction___________________________________________________________ 4
B. Main alternative tin-free antifoulants: Overview [1]___________________________ 6
B.1. Types of coatings containing biocides or natural antifouling products as active
materials ___________________________________________________________________ 6
B.2 Types of active antifouling products _________________________________________ 7
B.2.1 Copper _____________________________________________________________________ 7
B.2.2 Organic booster biocides _______________________________________________________ 7
B.2.3 Natural antifouling products_____________________________________________________ 7
B.3 Fouling-release coatings ___________________________________________________ 7
B.4 Electric current __________________________________________________________ 8
B.4.1 Electrical disinfection__________________________________________________________ 8
B.4.2 Electrolysis__________________________________________________________________ 8
C. State of the Art ________________________________________________________ 9
Overview___________________________________________________________________ 9
C.1 Biocide containing antifouling _____________________________________________ 10
C.1.1 Copper containing antifoulings _________________________________________________ 10
C.1.1.1 Copper in the aquatic environment___________________________________________ 10
C.1.1.2 Organic booster biocides __________________________________________________ 13
C.1.1.3 Degradation and toxicity __________________________________________________ 15
C.1.1.4 Evaluation______________________________________________________________ 15
C.1.2 Metal free biocide containing antifoulings_________________________________________ 17
C.2. Natural antifouling agents________________________________________________ 17
C. 3 Non-toxic, fouling release coatings _________________________________________ 18
C.3.1 Silicone coatings ____________________________________________________________ 18
C.3.2 fluopolymer coating __________________________________________________________ 18
C.3.3 Glass-flake paint_____________________________________________________________ 19
C.4. Electroconductive coatings _______________________________________________ 19
D. Survey of shipyards and ship owners about the use of TBT-containing antifouling
and the use of alternatives_________________________________________________ 20
D.1 Introduction____________________________________________________________ 20
D.2 Results of the survey _____________________________________________________ 20
D.2.1 Response __________________________________________________________________ 20
D.2.2 Use of TBT-containing antifoulings _____________________________________________ 21
D.2.3. Sediment characterisation by shipyards __________________________________________ 21
D.2.4. TBT alternatives ____________________________________________________________ 21
E. Final remarks ________________________________________________________ 24
F. Reference List ________________________________________________________ 33
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