Large-scale restructuring processes in the urban space of Budapest

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government only in few cases, as in subsidising urban renewal measures of the districts and renovationworks in the privately owned condominiums.2.3 The new Hungarian urban planning law and Budapest’s specific planning systemAlso in urban planning the City Hall of Budapest plays a specific “intermediary” role. The 1997 Lawon Formation and Protection of the Urban Environment (the new “planning law”) authorised Budapestto adopt a “Framework Regulatory Plan” and a “Framework Planning and Building Code” for thewhole territory of the city. The same Law also enabled the districts to adopt their own plans andzoning regulations in accordance with the City’s plan and code. Budapest determined the basic landuse categories and the maximum levels of building densities in the specific zones. The latter figureswere specified as the highest acceptable dimensions in a hope that the districts would render themmore “rigorous” corresponding to the local conditions.Figure 3Public-private partnership relations in operation of the new Hungarian urban planning system14
Only in few cases this expectation of the law-makers of the City was fulfilled by the districts. Being ina competitive situation against each other most districts introduced the enabled highest density figuresinto their plans and regulations in order to attract private development onto their areas. After the late1990s, when private development gathered momentum in Budapest this permissive behaviour of localplanners started to be manifested in developments of awfully high densities both in the central city andin the outskirts. In some cases densities of the new developments outnumbered existing figures in theneighbourhood by one and a half or two. (For instance 5,5 sq metre/sq metre floor-space ratio in thecentral city or 1,5 ratio in the single family house districts.) People in the peripheral single familyhouse neighbourhoods are becoming more and more hostile to multi-family condominium and“residential park” constructions, in the inner parts of Budapest some civil organisations (see Veto!later, chapter 7) started to intervene against high density commercial and residential developments.Although local officials becoming increasingly aware of the intolerable situation, reduction of thepermitted density figures is rather problematic as the owners (developers) of building sites are entitledto compensation if “an urban planning decision changes the permitted use of a building site in a waythat it reduces the value of the property”.Regarding revisions of official urban plans the new Hungarian planning system is rather permissivetoo (Figure 3). Although private entities are not authorised to apply for the revision of a plan and itsregulations it became a usual practice that the developers pay the costs of the working out, orrevisions, of plans, in their own interest. In the process of negotiations with the entitled officials andbodies of the cities (mayor, chief architect, committees etc.) they might offer some “planning gains” tothe local government mainly in the form of undertaking some public infrastructural developments thatare needed for the realisation of the project. In many cases the negotiations end up in increasedpermitted building densities as a compensation for the “planning gains” dedicated to the localgovernments. As these negotiations are again and again open to the suspicion of bribery a 2006revision of the Hungarian planning law introduced a new legal institution called “urban planningcontract” included also in the German planning law (Baugesetzbuch) This legally verified system canalso be considered as a basic model of public-private partnership operating within the official urbanplanning system. (See Figure 3)3. The Urban Renewal Program of the Municipality of BudapestIn 1997 the Municipal Government of Budapest adopted its Urban Renewal Programme thatintroduced a system of subsidies in co-operation between the Municipality of Budapest and itsdistricts. In order to concentrate resources, the Programme identified those large areas of the citywhere negative features have most seriously been accumulated, where a need for public intervention ismost justified and urgent. The Program delineated the so called target areas of renewal as follows:• the South-East industrial sector of the so-called transitional zone,• the densely built inner city,• clusters along the main radial roads,• centres of the outer districts, those of the former “border cities”.(Later the last two areas were deleted from the priority list.)Target areas and action areas according to the 1997 Urban Rehabilitation Program15
Page 1 and 2: Large-scale restructuring processes
Page 3 and 4: 7. Inner-Erzsébetváros, restructu
Page 5 and 6: 1. An overall gentrification proces
Page 7 and 8: Józsefváros’s (8 th district) l
Page 9 and 10: no, or only very short “time-span
Page 11 and 12: A special population group in Budap
Page 13: 2. Other specific factors influenci
Page 17 and 18: (1.017,4 million non-repayable subs
Page 19 and 20: Table 3Location of „A” and „B
Page 21 and 22: investors has proved to be rather s
Page 23 and 24: they were sold to Hungarian and for
Page 25 and 26: offers a 5 thousand sq metre “bon
Page 27 and 28: ambitious programs of relocation of
Page 29 and 30: district, North-East Csepel: 21 st
Page 31 and 32: 4.6 Brown-field areas with limited
Page 33 and 34: see”. It holds its more then 10 h
Page 35 and 36: Map 4Restructuring processes in Bud
Page 37: severe in Ferencváros where the Di
Page 40 and 41: emain exemptions as nowhere else in
Page 42 and 43: XVII, along Pesti road was the firs
Page 44 and 45: the company was able to tide over h
Page 46 and 47: principal task remained the develop
Page 48 and 49: Two plans of Madách (Erzsébet) Av
Page 50 and 51: the share of Jewish people grew fas
Page 52 and 53: study (Coopers & Lybrand). Accordin
Page 54 and 55: this principle caused serious confu
Page 56 and 57: external, that is private, sources.
Page 58 and 59: in 2005 and 2006. Instead of puttin
Page 60 and 61: per cent by blocks). Social status
Page 62 and 63: 7.9 Management of renewal by the Di
Page 64 and 65:
The effort to concentrate subsidies
Page 66 and 67:
• management of the publicly owne
Page 68 and 69:
The system of pedestrian streets in
Page 70 and 71:
Figure 11/BPartnership relations in
Page 72 and 73:
uilding industries was only 17,7 pe
Page 74 and 75:
ather promising. (As part of the la
Page 76:
Musterd, S, and Weesep, J. (1991) E
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Large-scale restructuring processes in the urban space of Budapest

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