group discussions into gender related groups, in other communities the womenrequested to stay together with the men.2.7 Documentation approachesDiverse documentation approaches were intentionally used during the researchprocesses so as to more readily enable a) cross-checking of information and, b) thesharing of feedback with informants. Documentation approaches included notetaking, photographs, video recording, audio recording. Prior to any documentation,permission was requested and approval was given, for researchers to freelydocument using all of the above strategies. Furthermore, as an important part ofrespecting ownership of information, the Research Team committed to presentingeach community with a set of the photos taken in their community, as part of thefeedback process.2.8 Data Analysisa. Research Team members engaged in daily debriefing and analysis sessions at theend of each field research day and the diverse documentation proved to bevaluable in cross-checking information;b. A two day workshop at the end of the research, brought together resource peopleto share initial collation of data and research experiences, which enabled acollective preliminary analysis of data and drafting of some initial keyrecommendations;c. In order to ensure verification of data analysis & recommendationsi. AMANI facilitated first draft report feedback meetings with MPDI, SepekoWDC and Monduli District Councilii. MPDI facilitated community feedback meetings on the draft.2.9 Constraints and ChallengesNotable limitations in the research process centred on time constraints:-• We could only visit each community once as a team, for a period of 3 – 4hours. This meant that it was not possible engage community members in thecontext of their home environments; it was not possible for researchers tospend in-depth time with children themselves;• Cross-checking and consolidation of data had to be done at a later date byMPDI alone;• During the field research, a government Minister was also in the District, andtherefore many officials and community leaders were involvedsupporting related activities, with limited time for discussion with theresearch team.6
3. EARLY CHILDHOOD CARE & EDUCATION (ECCE) INPASTORALIST COMMUNITIES3.1 The Status of Infants & Young Children in Tanzania –Implications for Pastoralist CommunitiesPoverty impacts on the lives of more than 50% of Tanzania’s population. Combinedwith a number of socio-cultural factors, the capacity of many poor families toadequately care for and nurture their children is increasingly limited. Whilst specificdata was not readily available from the Monduli District Council, Table 1 below,summarises the status of young children and their caregivers in Tanzania, fromwhich implications can be drawn for planning for improved Early Childhood Care &Education specifically in pastoralist communities.Table 1: Status of Infants & Young Children in Tanzania – A Summary.Source: Towards Tanzania’s ECD EFA Action Plan, 2003 – 2015, Tanzania ECD Network, 20021. More Infants and Young Children are Struggling to Survive than 10 Years Ago.a. There has been an increase in infant and under-five mortality. In ‘…the year 2000, 1 in 6 children diedbefore the age of five.’ 6 with• ‘At least 75 percent of these deaths … attributed to easily preventable conditions/diseases …malaria, pneumonia, diarrhoea, malnutrition and measles’, 7• with 46% of women beginning childbearing before the age of 18, there are significantly moredeaths of children of mothers who give birth at a younger age. 8• estimates from the National Aids Control Programme showing that ‘…70,000 – 80,000 newly bornwere infected annually, … and that 80% of those infected at birth do not survive their secondbirthday and at the age of five very few will still be alive.’ 9• ‘In the absence of preventive measures, the risk of a women with HIV passing on the virus to herchild ranges from 25% to 35% in developing countries like Tanzania. 10b. Little improvement in malnutrition levels of infants and children, with data suggesting that one inevery three Tanzanian children is malnourished. 11• Stuntedness has increased, with ‘.. nearly half of all children … either moderately or severelystunted. TRCHS 1999’ 12• ‘..1999 assessments of nutrition indicated that 44% of children under five years were stunted ,17% severely so. 5% of children under five are wasted , and 29% are underweight. (TRCHS1999:122)’ 13• It is estimated that approximately 150,000 to 200,000 children are born with Low Birth Weighteach year. These children are at a greater risk of under nutrition and mortality in the first year oflife, ‘and continue to be at a disad<strong>van</strong>tage for the rest of their lives’ 142. The majority of young children are not thriving, and with very limited community-based child-caresupport, children are entering school already disad<strong>van</strong>taged.a. In reality, if the Primary Education Development Plan (2002 – 2006) is to have an impact, then, as6 ibid7 Government of United Republic of Tanzania & UNICEF, 2001, Country Programme of Co-operation for 2002 – 2006, Draft document,Version 01.04.01ECD sub project 2.8 Tanzania Reproductive & Child Health Survey 1999:88; figs 2.6 and 2.79 Government of United Republic of Tanzania & UNICEF, 2001, Situation Analysis of Children in Tanzania.10 Government of United Republic of Tanzania & UNICEF, 2001, Situation Analysis of Children in Tanzania.11 Ibid p.2612 ibid p.2613 ibid.14 ibid p.27.7