Zeitschrift Behinderung und Dritte Welt

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S CHWERPUNKTTHEMAonal Conference on Reproductive Health Management.“On 03.05.2006. ManilaTIONGSON, P. / MARTINEZ, L. (2007): Full Access: ACompendium on Sign Language Advocacy and Accessof the Deaf to the Legal System. PDRC/IDEALS. QuezonCityVOLUNTARY SERVICE OVERSEAS PHILIPPINES (2000):National Conference on Gender and DevelopmentWork: Concepts, Tools and Strategies. On02.09.1999. BoholVOLUNTARY SERVICE OVERSEAS PHILIPPINES (1998):Mainstreaming Gender in Development Work: Strategiesand Lessons Learned. Visayan Conference Proceedings.On 30.03.1998. CebuWIKIPILIPINAS. (2008): Feminist Movement in the Philippines.http://en.wikipilipinas.orgZusammenfassung: Im Bereich des sexuellen Missbrauchsvon gehörlosen Filipinas wurden die Opfer im letzten Jahrzehntimmer besser vertreten, weil sich Gehörlosen-Organisationenzusammen mit anderen NGOs dafür eingesetzthaben. Dieser Artikel bewertet die jüngsten Meilensteineund untersucht sie im Kontext multidimensionaler Zugehörigkeitund Beziehungen gehörloser Frauen in verschiedenenBereichen, unterteilt nach Geschlecht, Behinderung,Gemeinschaft und Kultur. Er beschreibt zudem die Umgebungund die Hindernisse, die gehörlose Filipinas in diesenverschiedenen Wechselbeziehungen erfahren. Der Überblicküber die Eckdaten dieser kulturellen Minderheit offenbartdie Lücken und zeigt die Herausforderungen auf, umFrauen- und Behindertenbewegungen in Zukunft einzubeziehen.Résumé: La sensibilisation dans le domaine de l’abussexuel des femmes sourdes aux Philippines a progressécette dernière décade grâce à l’engagement des organisationsde malentendants en partenariat avec d’autres ONG.L’article passe en revue les étapes récentes et les examinedans le contexte de participations et relations multidimensionnellesdes femmes malentendantes dans différents secteurssubdivisés par genre, handicap, communauté et culture.Il décrit également l’environnement et les obstaclesrencontrés par les femmes sourdes dans ces différentes interactions.Le passage en revue des points forts de cette minoritéculturelle révèle où sont les lacunes et montre les défisà relever pour intégrer dans le futur les mouvements defemmes et de personnes handicapées.Resumen: En el campo de acción del abuso sexual de filipinassordas se ha mejorado notablemente su representaciónen las últimas décadas, porque organizaciones de sordosy otras ONG se preocuparon por este grupo. Este artículovaloriza los últimos hitos y explora los efectos dentrode un contexto multidimensional de pertenencia y relacionesde mujeres sordas en diferentes áreas, seccionados ensexo, discapacidad, comunidad y cultura. Además él describeel medio ambiente y los obstáculos, que viven las mujeressordas mismas. La vista de conjunto sobre los datos deesta minoridad cultural enseña las lagunas que hay que llenary los desafíos para incluir el movimiento de los discapacitadosy el movimiento de la mujer en el futuro.Autorin: Dr. Liza Martinez ist Gründerin und aktuellDirektorin des Philippine Resource Center. Sie ist dieeinzige hörende Linguistin für Zeichensprache, die aufden Philippinen forscht. Sie unterrichtete Zeichensprachean der Gallaudet University, war verantwortlichfür Universitätsprogramme für Gehörlose auf denPhilippinen und in den USA und ist überzeugte Anwältinfür die Rechte Gehörloser.Anschrift: Liza B. Martinez, Philippine Deaf ResourceCenter, 27 K-7 St., West Kamias, Q.C. 1102, Philippines,lizamartinez@phildeafres.org,www.phildeafres.org.14 Zeitschrift Behinderung und Dritte Welt 3/2009
S CHWERPUNKTTHEMAForgotten Voices: Women with Disabilities, Sexualityand the AIDS PandemicMyroslava Tataryn & Marusia Truchan-TatarynThis article argues that an integration of feminist disability issues into the women’s movement could provide astrong force in the fight disabled women are waging against HIV/AIDS by exploring the deeply entrenched prejudicesthat exist regarding the sexuality of women with disabilities and how they exacerbate the effects of HIV/AIDSon disabled women. It discusses how the women’s movement has historically reinforced stereotypes of disabledwomen but also how today there are growing opportunities for cooperation. It is based on a review of a limitedsample of feminist disability studies texts as well as the personal experiences and research of the authors.IntroductionOne of the most socially and emotionally damagingstereotypes troubling women with disabilities1 is asexuality: A belief that we cannotand indeed must not express our sexuality. Disabledwomen’s bodies do not conform to themold designed and designated as normal, anda homogenous mainstream denies our humanity,increasing disabled women’s risk of abuse,decreasing our access to reproductive and sexualhealth care and services, and thereby increasingthe risk of being infected and severelyaffected by HIV/AIDS.In a recent global survey of disability advocates,87 percent of the organizations surveyedreported that HIV/AIDS is of immediate concernto the disabled populations they serve (Groce2005: 222). Although few studies have beenconducted and almost no hard data exists, individualswith disabilities are anecdotally estimatedto be at twice the risk of contractingHIV/AIDS. Once infected, people with disabilitiesoften have little or no access to treatmentor care (Tataryn 2008).As the AIDS pandemic becomes increasinglyfeminized throughout the world, pervasive genderinequality compounds HIV/AIDS issues forwomen. In addition, women are affected severelyand disproportionately by physical andmental disabilities (Shakespeare 2006: 138).They comprise 74 percent of disabled people inlow and middle-income countries, and worldwidethey receive only 20 percent of the rehabilitationresources (Shome 2008). Women aremore likely than men to become disabled duringtheir lives, often because they have fewerresources, receive less medical attention whenill, and are less likely than men to get preventativecare and immunizations (Shakespeare2006, Shome 2008). The United Nations reportsthat the “combination of male preferencein many cultures and the universal devaluationof disability can be deadly for disabled females”(UN 2003).Much of the evidence and anecdotes exploredin this text stem from Myroslava Tataryn’swork at the intersection of disability,gender, sexuality and HIV/AIDS issues in sub-Saharan Africa over the past 5 years. Wherepossible, these experiences have been linkedand contrasted with existing feminist, disabilitystudies literature.Disabled Women and SexualityWhile sexism relegates women to substandardsystemic treatment, the social prejudice that deniesdisabled women’s sexuality dismisses disabledwomen as women – ultimately rejectingus as human beings. Initiatives concerningwomen’s wellbeing have further alienated disabledwomen. Excluded, marginalized, or invisiblein HIV policies, advocacy, and funding,disabled women are exposed to neglect andabuse with no recourse. Regardless of stereotypes,women with disabilities engage in thesame sexual behaviours and are consequentlyexposed, at a minimum, to the same risk of HIVas the general population (Groce 2005). Theyare also three times more likely to be victims ofsexual abuse and rape (Groce 2005). Thereby,Dick Sobsey, a researcher of violence and disability,points out that disability itself does notcreate vulnerability to abuse. “Complex interactionsbetween disability, society, culture, andviolence” artificially construct this vulnerability(1994: 87). Unexamined stereotypes of disabilityand sexuality expose disabled women tohigher levels of coercive sexual intercourse and,consequently, higher risk of HIV infection. Thisfact, combined with severely restricted access toprevention information and services, placeswomen with disabilities at very high risk of contractingthe virus.Zeitschrift Behinderung und Dritte Welt 3/200915
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