Impact of Coal Mining on Vegetation: A Case Study in Jaintia Hills ...

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IMPACT OF COAL MINING ON VEGETATION: A CASE STUDY IN JAINTIA HILLS DISTRICT OF MEGHALAYA, INDIAList <strong>of</strong> FiguresFigure 1.1: Rat-hole mining method - a crude mining technique is the sole method <strong>of</strong> coalextraction in the district (a). Damage to natural vegetation due to piling <strong>of</strong> coal (b).........4Figure 1.2: Landscape degradation (a) and damage to soil system (b) <strong>of</strong> the district due to coalmining.................................................................................................................................4Figure 2.1: Location <strong>of</strong> Jaintia Hills district in Meghalaya, India............................................10Figure 2.2: Geology <strong>of</strong> Jaintia Hills district (Geological Survey <strong>of</strong> India, 1974). ...................11Figure 2.3: Monthly average maximum and minimum temperature and rainfall in Jowai, thedistrict headquarters <strong>of</strong> Jaintia Hills (Mean <strong>of</strong> 1991 to 2001)..........................................14Figure 2.4: Location <strong>of</strong> the study area in Jaintia Hills district..................................................17Figure 2.5: Digital elevation model (m). ..................................................................................18Figure 2.6: Drainage in the study area......................................................................................19Figure 2.7: Settlement and road network..................................................................................20Figure 3.1: Landsat MSS FCC for the period 1975..................................................................22Figure 3.2: Landsat TM FCC for the period 1987....................................................................23Figure 3.3: Landsat ETM + FCC for the period 1999. ..............................................................24Figure 3.4: IRS-1D LISS-III FCC for the period 2001. ...........................................................25Figure 3.5: Conceptual framework <strong>of</strong> different coal mine impact zones. ................................28Figure 3.6: Paradigm for assessment <strong>of</strong> mining impact on vegetation.....................................28Figure 4.1: Dominance-diversity curves <strong>of</strong> trees in control and mined areas. .........................33Figure 4.2: Dominance-diversity curves <strong>of</strong> shrubs in control and mined areas. ......................34Figure 4.3: Dominance-diversity curves <strong>of</strong> herbs in control and mined areas. ........................35Figure 4.4: Density-diameter distribution <strong>of</strong> trees in different girth classes under control andmined areas. ......................................................................................................................37Figure 4.5: Basal area <strong>of</strong> tree species in control and mined areas............................................38Figure 4.6: Land use/ land cover in 1975. ................................................................................50Figure 4.7: Land use/ land cover in 1987. ................................................................................51Figure 4.8: Land use/ land cover in 1999. ................................................................................52Figure 4.9: Land use/ land cover in 2001. ................................................................................53Figure 4.10: Area under different land use/ land cover categories in different years. .............54Figure 4.12: Unsuccessful forest plantations were carried out by the Govt. Departments on themine spoils........................................................................................................................54Figure 4.13: Changes in different land use/ land cover categories in different years. .............56Figure 4.14: Changes <strong>of</strong> land use/ land cover from 1975 to 1987............................................57Figure 4.15: Changes <strong>of</strong> land use/ land cover from 1987 to 1999............................................58Figure 4.16: Changes <strong>of</strong> land use/ land cover from 1999 to 2001............................................59Figure 4.17: Areas under different fragmentation classes in different years............................60Figure 4.18: Forest fragmentation in 1975. ..............................................................................61Figure 4.19: Forest fragmentation in 1987. ..............................................................................62Figure 4.20: Forest fragmentation in 1999. ..............................................................................63Figure 4.21: Forest fragmentation in 2001. ..............................................................................64Figure 5.1: The Nepenthes khasiana (pitcher plant), an endangered species, threatened due toindiscriminate mining. ......................................................................................................65V
IMPACT OF COAL MINING ON VEGETATION: A CASE STUDY IN JAINTIA HILLS DISTRICT OF MEGHALAYA, INDIAList <strong>of</strong> TablesTable 2.1: Lithostratigraphic Succession <strong>of</strong> Jaintia Hills district.............................................12Table 2.2: <strong>Coal</strong> deposits (million tonnes) in different districts <strong>of</strong> Meghalaya .........................14Table 2.3: <strong>Coal</strong> production (’000 tonnes) and percentage in Jaintia Hills district <strong>of</strong> Meghalaya..........................................................................................................................................15Table 4.1: Species, generic and family compositions in different zones..................................30Table 4.2: Stand density as affected by mining in different zones...........................................31Table 4.3: Plant species with higher importance value index in control and mined areas.......32Table 4.4: Shannon-Weaver diversity index in control and mined areas.................................36Table 4.5: Proportion (%) <strong>of</strong> tree species under different distribution pattern in control andmined areas .......................................................................................................................39Table 4.6: Overall community structure <strong>of</strong> control and coal mined areas................................39Table 4.7: Density, basal area, importance value index and distribution pattern <strong>of</strong> trees,.......40shrubs and herbs in control stands............................................................................................40Table 4.8: Density, basal area, importance value index and distribution pattern <strong>of</strong> trees,.......41shrubs and herbs in zone-I ........................................................................................................41Table 4.9: Density, basal area, importance value index and distribution pattern <strong>of</strong> trees,.......43shrubs and herbs in zone-II......................................................................................................43Table 4.10: Density, basal area, importance value index and distribution pattern <strong>of</strong>...............45trees, shrubs and herbs in the zone-III......................................................................................45Table 4.11: Density, basal area, importance value index and distribution pattern <strong>of</strong> trees,shrubs and herbs in the zone-IV .......................................................................................46Table 4.12: Area (km 2 ) under different land use/ land cover categories in different years......49Table 4.13: Changes in land use/ land cover in different years................................................55Table 4.14: Area (km 2 ) and proportion (%) <strong>of</strong> different fragmentation classes in differentyears..................................................................................................................................60VI
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