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388 ENDNOTES113. Hurlbert (1984) is the typical citation in ecology and population biology. [338]114. I adopt the terminology of Gelman 2005, who argues that the common term random effects hardly aids withunderstanding, for most people. Indeed, it seems to encourage misunderstanding, partly because the terms fixedand random mean different things to different statisticians. See pages 20–21 of Gelman’s paper. I fully realize,however, that by trying to spread Gelman’s alternative jargon, I am essentially spitting into a very strong wind.[339]115. is fact has been understood much longer than multilevel models have been practical to use. See Stein(1955) for an influential paper. [343]