Preface to First Edition - lib

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276 META-ANALYSISnames = rownames(smoking))Summary OR= 1.75 95% CI ( 1.48, 2.07 )Estimated random effects variance: 0.05the corresponding estimate is 1.751. Both models suggest that there is clearevidence that nicotine gum increases the odds of quitting. The random effectsconfidence interval is considerably wider than that from the fixed effects model;here the test of homogeneity of the studies is not significant implying that wemight use the fixed effects results. But the test is not particularly powerfuland it is more sensible to assume a priori that heterogeneity is present and sowe use the results from the random effects model.15.5 Meta-RegressionThe examination of heterogeneity of the effect sizes from the studies in ameta-analysis begins with the formal test for its presence, although in mostmeta-analyses such heterogeneity can almost be assumed to be present. Therewill be many possible sources of such heterogeneity and estimating how thesevarious factors affect the observed effect sizes in the studies chosen is oftenof considerable interest and importance, indeed usually more important thanthe relatively simplistic use of meta-analysis to determine a single summaryestimate of overall effect size. We can illustrate the process using the BCGvaccine data. We first find the estimate of the overall effect size from applyingthe fixed effects and the random effects models described previously:R> data("BCG", package = "HSAUR2")R> BCG_OR BCG_DSL studyweights y
PUBLICATION BIAS 277R> summary(BCG_OR)Fixed effects ( Mantel-Haenszel ) meta-analysisCall: meta.MH(ntrt = BCG[["BCGVacc"]], nctrl = BCG[["NoVacc"]],ptrt = BCG[["BCGTB"]], pctrl = BCG[["NoVaccTB"]],names = BCG$Study)------------------------------------OR (lower 95% upper)1 0.39 0.12 1.262 0.19 0.08 0.463 0.25 0.07 0.914 0.23 0.18 0.315 0.80 0.51 1.266 0.38 0.32 0.477 0.20 0.08 0.508 1.01 0.89 1.159 0.62 0.39 1.0010 0.25 0.14 0.4211 0.71 0.57 0.8912 1.56 0.37 6.5513 0.98 0.58 1.66------------------------------------Mantel-Haenszel OR =0.62 95% CI ( 0.57,0.68 )Test for heterogeneity: X^2( 12 ) = 163.94 ( p-value 0 )Figure 15.3R output of the summary method for BCG_OR.R> BCG_mod
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A Handbook ofStatisticalAnalysesUsi
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DedicationTo our wives, Mary-Elizab
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Preface to First EditionThis book i
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List of Figures1.1 Histograms of th
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6.8 Normal probability plot of resi
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12.2 R output of the linear mixed-e
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18.7 Within-cluster sum of squares
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4.6 Lanza data. Misoprostol randomi
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15.2 BCG data. Meta-analysis on BCG
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6 Simple and Multiple Linear Regres
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CHAPTER 1An Introduction to R1.1 Wh
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INSTALLING R 3One can change the ap
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DATA OBJECTS IN R 5http://CRAN.R-pr
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DATA OBJECTS IN R 7R> help("Forbes2
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DATA IMPORT AND EXPORT 9As a simple
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BASIC DATA MANIPULATION 11The funct
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BASIC DATA MANIPULATION 13name sale
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COMPUTING WITH DATA 15Max. : 20.960
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COMPUTING WITH DATA 17Error in quan
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COMPUTING WITH DATA 19R> layout(mat
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© 2010 by Taylor and Francis Group
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SUMMARY 23examples of these functio
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26 DATA ANALYSIS USING GRAPHICAL DI
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Table 2.2:CHFLS data. Chinese Healt
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Table 2.5:USstates data. Socio-demo
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CHAPTER 3Simple Inference: Guessing
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INTRODUCTION 47table. Here there ar
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STATISTICAL TESTS 49Table 3.4:pisto
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STATISTICAL TESTS 51assumed to have
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ANALYSIS USING R 53procedure is McN
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ANALYSIS USING R 551 R> layout(matr
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ANALYSIS USING R 57R> wilcox.test(I
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ANALYSIS USING R 59R> t.test(moorin
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ANALYSIS USING R 61R> cor.test(~ mo
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SUMMARY 63R> mcnemar.test(rearrests
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CHAPTER 4Conditional Inference: Gue
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INTRODUCTION 67Table 4.4:Lanza data
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CONDITIONAL TEST PROCEDURES 69and x
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ANALYSIS USING R 71R> hist(meandiff
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ANALYSIS USING R 73R> wilcox_test(y
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ANALYSIS USING R 75For the first st
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SUMMARY 77R> mh_test(anomalies)Asym
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CHAPTER 5Analysis of Variance: Weig
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INTRODUCTION 81The data in Table 5.
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ANALYSIS USING R 83set out in the f
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ANALYSIS USING R 85being far more t
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ANALYSIS USING R 87R> plot.design(f
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ANALYSIS USING R 89always be the ca
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ANALYSIS USING R 91The cbind statem
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ANALYSIS USING R 93Df Roy approx F
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SUMMARY 95Table 5.4:schooldays data
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CHAPTER 6Simple and Multiple Linear
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SIMPLE LINEAR REGRESSION 99hours be
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MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESSION 101The e
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ANALYSIS USING R 1036.3.1 Regressio
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ANALYSIS USING R 105R> layout(matri
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ANALYSIS USING R 107R> data("clouds
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ANALYSIS USING R 109R> summary(clou
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ANALYSIS USING R 111R> psymb plot(
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SUMMARY 113R> plot(clouds_fitted, c
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SUMMARY 115R> plot(clouds_lm)Cook's
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CHAPTER 7Logistic Regression and Ge
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INTRODUCTION 119Table 7.2:womensrol
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LOGISTIC REGRESSION AND GENERALISED
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ANALYSIS USING R 123R> data("plasma
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ANALYSIS USING R 125R> summary(plas
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ANALYSIS USING R 1277.3.2 Women’s
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ANALYSIS USING R 129R> myplot(role.
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ANALYSIS USING R 131R> role.fitted2
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ANALYSIS USING R 133R> summary(poly
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ANALYSIS USING R 1357.3.4 Driving a
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SUMMARY 137Table 7.5:bladdercancer
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CHAPTER 8Density Estimation: Erupti
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DENSITY ESTIMATION 141The Hertzspru
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DENSITY ESTIMATION 143rectangular:
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DENSITY ESTIMATION 1451 R> plot(xgr
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ANALYSIS USING R 1478.3 Analysis Us
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2.2ANALYSIS USING R 149R> library("
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ANALYSIS USING R 1510.360891 54.612
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ANALYSIS USING R 153The results are
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SUMMARY 155R> layout(matrix(1:2, nc
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SUMMARY 157Table 8.4: birthdeathrat
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SUMMARY 159Table 8.5:schizophrenia
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162 RECURSIVE PARTITIONINGTable 9.1
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164 RECURSIVE PARTITIONINGBoth sets
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166 RECURSIVE PARTITIONINGR> librar
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168 RECURSIVE PARTITIONINGR> DEXfat
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170 RECURSIVE PARTITIONINGOne way o
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172 RECURSIVE PARTITIONINGR> librar
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174 RECURSIVE PARTITIONINGR> plot(g
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CHAPTER 10Scatterplot Smoothers and
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INTRODUCTION 179Table 10.2:USairpol
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SMOOTHERS AND GENERALISED ADDITIVE
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ANALYSIS USING R 187R> plot(time ~
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ANALYSIS USING R 189R> x y men150
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ANALYSIS USING R 191R> USair_gam l
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ANALYSIS USING R 193R> layout(matri
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ANALYSIS USING R 195ter 9) where th
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198 SURVIVAL ANALYSISTable 11.1:gli
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200 SURVIVAL ANALYSISspect to time
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202 SURVIVAL ANALYSISHazard0.00 0.0
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204 SURVIVAL ANALYSISIn the Cox mod
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206 SURVIVAL ANALYSISExact Logrank
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208 SURVIVAL ANALYSISR> summary(GBS
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210 SURVIVAL ANALYSISR> layout(matr
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212 SURVIVAL ANALYSISmodels includi
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214 ANALYSING LONGITUDINAL DATA Iti
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216 ANALYSING LONGITUDINAL DATA ITa
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218 ANALYSING LONGITUDINAL DATA Iot
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220 ANALYSING LONGITUDINAL DATA IR>
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Page 267 and 268: SUMMARY 251Table 13.3:schizophrenia
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ANALYSIS USING R 331R> plot(planet_
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ANALYSIS USING R 333R> scatterplot3
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BibliographyAdler, D. and Murdoch,
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 337Chambers, J. M. and
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 339Everitt, B. S. and
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 341Heitjan, D. F. (199
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 343Leisch, F. and Ross
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 345Proudfoot, J., Gold
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 347Stevens, J. (2001),
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