CGIAR Research Program on Grain Legumes: Proposal - Library

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Table 6. Estimated gross value of production increase per Product Line (LIFDCs, including India)Grain Legume PL1 PL2 PL3 PL4 PL5 PL6 PL7 PL8Bean 136,548,155 136,548,155 - 136,548,155 - - - - 409,645,088Chickpea - 122,852,522 - 122,852,522 122,852,522 122,852,522 122,852,522 - 614,263,193Cowpea 83,218,963 - - - 83,218,963 - - - 166,438,328Faba bean - 17,204,220 - 17,204,220 - - 17,204,220 - 51,613,160Groundnut - - 284,031,840 - - - - - 284,032,290Lentil - 52,687,124 - - - 52,687,124 52,687,124 - 158,061,919Pigeonpea - - - - 127,244,893 - - 127,244,893 254,490,377Soybean 37,216,666 - - 37,216,666 - - - - 74,433,637Sum per PL 256,983,783 329,292,020 284,031,840 313,821,562 333,316,377 175,539,645 192,743,865 127,244,893 2,012,977,992Input distribution 25% 10% 12% 12% 16% 5% 7% 6% 93%Output distribution 12% 15% 13% 14% 15% 8% 9% 6% 93%Difference 13% -5% -1% -2% 1% -3% -2% 0% 0%Nevertheless, CRP inputs and outputs can be interpreted differently. Besides emphasizing different researchobjectives and benefits as revealed in the value proposition analysis, the CRP on Grain Legumes generatesimpacts in countries with different partners. Thus the match between inputs and outputs depends types ofbenefits considered (e.g., economic, nutrition, environmental) and on if countries are considered asbenefitting or contributing to research outcomes. For example, Table 7 reveals a different input-outputassessment where a major partner to the CRP, India, is not considered as a benefitting country. In this case,the match between inputs and outputs amongst the PLs is closer in some cases and more distant in others.Table 7. Estimated gross value of production increase per Product Line (LIFDCs, excluding India)Grain Legume PL1 PL2 PL3 PL4 PL5 PL6 PL7 PL8 SumBean 136,548,155 136,548,155 - 136,548,155 - - - - 409,645,088Chickpea - 24,290,848 - 24,290,848 24,290,848 24,290,848 24,290,848 - 121,454,827Cowpea 83,218,963 - - - 83,218,963 - - - 166,438,328Faba bean - 17,204,220 - 17,204,220 - - 17,204,220 - 51,613,160Groundnut - - 182,306,111 - - - - - 182,306,561Lentil - 26,895,983 - - - 26,895,983 26,895,983 - 80,688,496Pigeonpea - - - - 17,650,522 - - 17,650,522 35,301,636Soybean 37,216,666 - - 37,216,666 - - - - 74,433,637Sum per PL 256,983,783 204,939,206 182,306,111 215,259,889 125,160,333 51,186,831 68,391,051 17,650,522 1,121,881,733Input distribution 25% 10% 12% 12% 16% 5% 7% 6% 93%Output distribution 21% 17% 15% 18% 10% 4% 6% 1% 93%Difference 4% -7% -3% -6% 6% 1% 1% 5% 0%In summmary, the pan-legume and value proposition analyses are frameworks that enable researchers toexamine key factors that affect production of the priority grain legumes and their diverse benefits.Nevertheless, efforts to justify investments in the PLs also require consideration of many factors, many ofthem changing (e.g., consumer demands, technology, etc.). As the CRP refines its priority-setting methodsand analyses, adjustments to the program will be made in order to improve efficiencies and impacts.Alignment with the priorities of regions, nations, farmers and development investorsGrain Legumes has considered the priorities within the agricultural development agendas of its partnerregions and countries in establishing the CRP priorities. Although priority-setting information is not availablefor all countries and crops, the examples below indicate common perspectives, issues, constraints andopportunities.West and Central Africa• The CORAF/WECARD Strategic Plan (2007-16) ranks groundnut as third in priority among all crops interms of research benefits (US$ 3.4 billion) via exports. Legumes collectively contribute 8.7% ofagriculture GDP in the region.• Numerous development investors support grain legumes R4D in WCA region because of their role inenhancing nutrition and livelihoods: the EC, DFID, SDC, CIDA, USAID and the World Bank.• More recently, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) is investing in cowpea, common bean,groundnut and soybean research through the Tropical Legumes (TLI and TL II) projects with theGrain Legumes – Justification 17
objective of increasing productivity and productivity of grain legumes and the income of smallholderfarmers in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mali, Niger, Nigeria and Senegal.• The N2Africa project (supported by BMGF) aims to leverage biological nitrogen fixation for doublingthe yields of common bean, cowpea, groundnut and soybean in the WCA region.• Major investments are also coming from the USAID-sponsored Feed the Future <strong>Program</strong> (Feed theFuture 2010) targeting soybean (along with rice and maize) to transform commodity value chains forhigh impact on nutrition, gender equity and poverty in WCA.Eastern and Southern Africa• ASARECA’s strategic plan 2006-15 ranks groundnut as first priority among legumes, and states “pulseshave relatively high current and expected future demand in the region”.• Ethiopia has been increasing the production of legumes for export during the last decade (IFPRI2012), earning over US$ 90 million (in addition to local consumption) in 2007-08. The Government ofEthiopia is strongly supportive of the pulses value chains for export. Major legume crops arechickpea, common bean, faba bean, pea and lentil. IFPRI reported that pulses account for 13% ofcultivated land and 15% of protein intake, and concluded “diversification by rotating staple cerealswith pulses is an important income opportunity.”• SADC’s new agricultural research subsidiary body, CCARDESA, has not yet produced a cropprioritization for Southern Africa, but national policies in Malawi, Mozambique and Zambia areinformative. Malawi’s 2011-15 prioritized strategy (Malawi Ministry of Agriculture 2011) targets“promoting diversified and enriched foods in complementary feeding programs for maternal nutritionand HIV/AIDS affected people through the use of soybean, common bean, pigeonpea and groundnutas key ingredients”. These same legume crops were also part of the government’s supportedagricultural inputs subsidy program aimed at food and nutrition security and reducing poverty.Likewise, Zambia and Zimbabwe have put legumes on the priority list, and included in the agriculturalinputs programs that support smallholder farmers.• The National Small Farmers Association of Malawi (NASFAM) places priority on sustainable farmingmethods and risk management against droughts and climate change. As part of StrategicDevelopment Plan process, groundnut and soybean were considered as next best options to tobacco(NASFAM 2011).• Beans are a priority crop for enhancing both food security and income of smallholder farmers in bothTanzania through Kilimo Kwanza (a national agricultural development framework) and in Rwandathrough the Plan for Agricultural in Rwanda.• ASARECA ranks common beans a “high value crop” and considers beans to be a “major staple foodcrop in the region, in terms of contribution of both calories and protein.”• The USAID’s “Feed the Future” program prioritizes legumes in Malawi; soybean, common bean,groundnut and sesame in Mozambique; and commodity value chains for maize, legumes and oilseedsin Zambia.• In Uganda, common bean (for nutrition) is one of the three “Feed the Future” priorities, along withmaize (for food security) and coffee (for growth).• The BMGF supported Tropical Legumes projects are working in Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi,Mozambique, Tanzania, Uganda and Zimbabwe with the aim of increasing production andproductivity of legumes.• The N2Africa project targets Malawi, Mozambique, Kenya, Rwanda and Zimbabwe to raise BNF oflegumes and consequently yield of grain legumes, as well as the subsequent crop (in rotation) thatbenefits from residual nitrogen left in the soil by the legume.South and Southeast Asia• India is the world’s largest producer and consumer of grain legumes. To address the gap betweenproduction and consumption (as described earlier) the Government of India has launched theAccelerated Pulses Production <strong>Program</strong>me (A3P) under the National Food Security Mission (NFSM).Grain Legumes – Justification 18
Page 4: AcknowledgmentsThe eleven core part
Page 7 and 8: ISRAITITASITPGRFAKARIKMKSLACLIFDCMA
Page 9 and 10: One, farmers in some regions have s
Page 11: • Central and Western Asia and No
Page 14 and 15: Justification of a CRP on Grain Leg
Page 16 and 17: Highest levels of poverty/hunger an
Page 18 and 19: That the consumption of milk, eggs,
Page 20 and 21: system level; while for policy-econ
Page 22 and 23: Table 5. Summaries of pan-legume co
Page 26 and 27: Crops addressed are chickpea, pigeo
Page 28 and 29: appear to share common mechanisms o
Page 30 and 31: new technologies is affected by the
Page 32 and 33: ProductLines and Strategic Componen
Page 34 and 35: Product Lines (PLs)Addressing abiot
Page 36 and 37: Activities• Identify potential re
Page 38 and 39: screening. Comparative studies on p
Page 40 and 41: Increased water use efficiency (WUE
Page 42 and 43: • Short-duration, drought toleran
Page 44 and 45: Table 13. Targeted countries for Pr
Page 46 and 47: an Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Page 48 and 49: Impact pathwayFor improved varietie
Page 50 and 51: • Multi-environment evaluation of
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Page 54 and 55: Promotion of seed business ventures
Page 56 and 57: producers and input and product mar
Page 58 and 59: target production domains and valid
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Page 62 and 63: characterization and development of
Page 64 and 65: Innovative contributionsPublic-priv
Page 66 and 67: Harvest destination:Bean -LACBean-A
Page 68 and 69: Promoting institutional innovations
Page 70 and 71: The CRP will produce diverse types
Page 72 and 73: Student scholarshipsStudent scholar
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2010). The availability of high yie
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disseminate the technologies. On a
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Gender StrategyRationaleLegumes are
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uilding activities will lead to inc
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Gender considerate skills and knowl
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InnovationsGrain Legumes constitute
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Utilize bio-economic modeling to un
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oles to play in (i) providing viabl
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male and female farmer’s prioriti
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evaluation in crop-livestock system
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CRP is appropriately reflected in t
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As the CRP will work with a wide ra
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Mitigating RisksGrain Legumes is in
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• Crop and region specific post-h
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The CRP is projecting a budget of U
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Costs for gender research and analy
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Bhullar NK, Street K, Mackay M, Yah
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ICARDA. 2010. Ethiopia and ICARDA.
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Pande S. 2007. Prospects of legumes
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365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/FP11
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AppendicesAppendix 1. Profiles of t
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(68,000 ha) (Saxena et al. 2010). W
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Appendix 2. Profiles of Grain Legum
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Latin America and the Caribbean (LA
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Appendix 3. Global trends in grain
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WCA: COWPEAArea trend: t t-value: 1
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Direct consumption trend: t-value:
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ESA: CHICKPEAArea trend: t-value: 7
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Food consumption trend: : t-value:
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Production trend: t-value: 5.26 sig
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ESA: PIGEONPEAArea trend: t-value:
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Food trend: t-value: 5.07 significa
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SSEA: GROUNDNUTArea trend: t-value:
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Production trend: t-value: 8.6 sign
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LAC: DRY BEANArea trend: t-value: 0
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CWANA: CHICKPEAArea trend: t-value:
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SyriaTunisiaGrain Legumes - Appendi
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MoroccooCWANA: LENTILSAreatrend: t-
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MoroccooTurkeyGrain Legumes - Appen
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In order to make an income group wi
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In view of the nutritional status a
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Crop/constraint Asia ESA WCA CWANA
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ChickpeaCentral and West Asia and N
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Figure 4: Area, demand andd supply
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Figure 8: Area, demand and supply p
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Figure12: Area, demand and supply p
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Figure16: Area, demand and supply p
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Figure 18: Area, demand andd supply
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Table 1. Values of key parameters u
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35%30%25%20%15%10%5%0%2014201520162
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Measure / RegionTable 2. Summary me
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Table 3. Potential impacts of cowpe
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Table 5. Potential impacts of groun
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Table 6. Potential impact of invest
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Table 8. Summary of the potential i
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Table 11. A summary of the potentia
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Country Chickpeas Groundnut Lentils
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these genes have been incorporated
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Control of flower thrips (Megalurot
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maize in both locations in the two
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WeedsWeeds (parasitic and non-paras
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Butare L, Rao IM, Lepoivre P, Polan
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Khalil S, Kharrat M, Malhotra RS, S
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Sanginga N and Woolmer PN (eds.). 2
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Visalakshmi V, Ranga Rao GV and Arj
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them, or how to manage them). The u
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Grain Legumes should take into acco
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Table 7: Adoption of improved cowpe
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2005 rainy season. In neighboring a
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Machine harvestingManual harvest of
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Hangen LA and Bennink MR. 2003. Con
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Appendix 10. Product Line logframes
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Product Line 2. Heat tolerant chick
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Output targets Milestones Target re
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Product Line 6. Extra-early chickpe
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Product Line 7. Herbicide tolerant,
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Product Line 8. Pigeonpea hybrids a
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CGIAR Research Program on Grain Legumes: Proposal - Library

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