CGIAR Research Program on Grain Legumes: Proposal - Library

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an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) approach that will integrate the application of genetic engineeringand genomic tools, wide hybridization, and rational application of biopesticides and synthetic pesticides toguide decision-making in pest management. The integration of transgenic plants with high levels ofresistance to pod borers and management approaches will act as a major game changer to provide asustainable solution to these intractable pest problems. This approach will be based on a thoroughunderstanding of pest biology, behavior, population dynamics and migration patterns in relation to bioticand abiotic mortality factors and climate change, providing a systems perspective in relation to croppingsystems where these crops are grown, instead of focusing solely on the crop plants per se.Identifying novel genes and traits to confer resistance to the target pests, and assessing their suitability ascandidate genes for genetic engineering in chickpea, cowpea, and pigeonpea will be important fordeveloping a package for sustainable protection of these crops. Platform technologies for resistance to thetarget insect pests will be developed using novel resistance genes from Bacillus thuringiensis in combinationwith lectin and protease inhibitor genes. Efficient gene-promoter combinations will be the key to developinsect-smart transgenic plants in chickpea, cowpea, and pigeonpea, and for identifying novel genes and traitsfor insect resistance for sustainable protection of these crops from the ravages of pod borers. The potentialof RNAi approach will also be harnessed to develop insect-resistant transgenic pigeonpea and chickpea byexpressing double stranded RNA for some of the vital genes that play an important role in insect-host plantinteraction, growth, development, and reproduction. Introgression of resistance genes from the wildrelatives and novel sources using genomic and genetic engineering approaches will provide the majorbreakthrough in making host plant resistance an effective and a viable option for pest management in grainlegumes. A platform will be established to gain a better understanding of the relationships between theinsect pests, their plant hosts, and the environment. A combination of field data overlaid by GIS tools andpopulation modeling can be used to predict pest outbreaks (in conjunction with climate change scenarios) tobetter target pest control interventions. Individual components of the IPM approach will be developed andvalidated in different crops and agro-ecologies. Information technology assisted approaches will beemployed for information sharing with the NARES scientists, extension staff and farmers to ensure that theflow of information in both directions is sustained efficiently.Table 15. Targeted countries for Product Line 5.InsectresistanceTraits Crops RegionsChickpeaCowpeaSSEA, AfricaAfricaTargetSC1 & SC5 CountriesSC2 Countries SC3 Countries SC4 CountriesIndia, EthiopiaMyanmar, TanzaniaSyria, MalawiNigeria, Burkina FasoSenegalPigeonpeaSSEA, AfricaIndia, MyanmarKenya, Malawi, TanzaniaTargetsFive-year outputs• Improved germplasm with higher levels of resistance to pod borer in chickpea, flower thrips and podbugs in cowpea, and pod borer and pod fly in pigeonpea developed• Chickpea, cowpea, and pigeonpea transgenic events with high levels of resistance to pod borersdeveloped and characterized• Insect specific forecasting models developed and validated for target regionsTen-year outputs• Chickpea, cowpea, and pigeonpea cultivars with high levels of resistance to pod borers developed• Effective IPM systems in chickpea, cowpea and pigeonpea developedGrain Legumes – Product Lines and Strategic Components 39
Activities• Evaluate germplasm of cultivated and wild relatives for resistance to the target insect pests• Study mechanisms and genetics of resistance, and identify genes conferring resistance to the targetinsect pests using genomic and metabolomic approaches• Develop breeding line with resistance/tolerance to the target insect pests in chickpea, cowpea andpigeonpea• Develop platform gene technologies based on different promoter-gene combinations and transgenicevents for resistance to pod borers in chickpea, cowpea and pigeonpea• Study biology and population dynamics of the target insect pests in relation to biotic and abioticmortality factors• Study effects of climatic change on geographical distribution, natural enemies, and insect – host plantinteractions• Identify natural enemies with a potential to minimize the pest population, and develop technologiesfor mass-rearing of natural enemies for use by the farmers• Produce neem and essential oils (pilot scale) and viral entomopathogens (cottage industry) for use inIPM• Develop IPM packages based on agronomic practices, pest-resistant cultivars, and need-basedapplication of selective pesticides for sustainable production of grain legumesOutput Targets• Information on insect-plant host-environment interactions generated for better targeting of the pestcontrol interventions, and to mitigate the effects of climate change (SC1)• Diverse sources of resistance to the target pests identified, and information on mechanisms andinheritance of resistance generated (SC2)• Interspecific derivatives of chickpea, cowpea, and pigeonpea with high levels of resistance to thetarget pests developed (SC2)• Chickpea, cowpea, and pigeonpea cultivars with high levels of resistance to target insects throughintegrated breeding methods developed (SC2)• Biosafety of transgenic chickpea, cowpea, and pigeonpea to the non-target natural enemies assessed(SC2)• Industrially produced quality solid/liquid formulations of emulsifiable neem oil and entomopathogensdeveloped, and potential natural enemies for inundative releases identified for use in farmers’ fields(SC4)• An IPM system based on rational application of pesticides, agronomic practices, and pest-resistantcultivars developed (SC2)• Capacity of the stakeholders enhanced in research on host plant resistance (including genomics andtransgenics) and IPM (SC5)PartnershipsThe main R4D partners will be NARS in the prominent chickpea, cowpea, and pigeonpea growing countries,as indicated in priority setting. NARS scientists will participate in the development and validation of thetechnological innovations, while extension agents, NGOs and farmer groups will participate in on-farmevaluation and dissemination of information. Also, SROs and policy makers will be instrumental in supportingthe dissemination and scaling out of the technologies. On-going strong research partnerships will bestrengthened with the Dry Grain Pulses CRSP (for the development of IPM-omics, biological control agents,bio-pesticides, and training videos), African Agricultural Technology Foundation (AATF) for Bt cowpea,Tropical Legumes I and II projects (particularly for the development of common screening protocols, andinsect-resistant varieties), and ICAR and SAUs in India, as well as with advanced research institutesworldwide (mainly for genetic engineering, genomic s and bioinformatics)Grain Legumes – Product Lines and Strategic Components 40
Page 4: AcknowledgmentsThe eleven core part
Page 7 and 8: ISRAITITASITPGRFAKARIKMKSLACLIFDCMA
Page 9 and 10: One, farmers in some regions have s
Page 11: • Central and Western Asia and No
Page 14 and 15: Justification of a CRP on Grain Leg
Page 16 and 17: Highest levels of poverty/hunger an
Page 18 and 19: That the consumption of milk, eggs,
Page 20 and 21: system level; while for policy-econ
Page 22 and 23: Table 5. Summaries of pan-legume co
Page 24 and 25: Table 6. Estimated gross value of p
Page 26 and 27: Crops addressed are chickpea, pigeo
Page 28 and 29: appear to share common mechanisms o
Page 30 and 31: new technologies is affected by the
Page 32 and 33: ProductLines and Strategic Componen
Page 34 and 35: Product Lines (PLs)Addressing abiot
Page 36 and 37: Activities• Identify potential re
Page 38 and 39: screening. Comparative studies on p
Page 40 and 41: Increased water use efficiency (WUE
Page 42 and 43: • Short-duration, drought toleran
Page 44 and 45: Table 13. Targeted countries for Pr
Page 48 and 49: Impact pathwayFor improved varietie
Page 50 and 51: • Multi-environment evaluation of
Page 52 and 53: Table 18. Targeted countries for Pr
Page 54 and 55: Promotion of seed business ventures
Page 56 and 57: producers and input and product mar
Page 58 and 59: target production domains and valid
Page 60 and 61: systems must be employed to adequat
Page 62 and 63: characterization and development of
Page 64 and 65: Innovative contributionsPublic-priv
Page 66 and 67: Harvest destination:Bean -LACBean-A
Page 68 and 69: Promoting institutional innovations
Page 70 and 71: The CRP will produce diverse types
Page 72 and 73: Student scholarshipsStudent scholar
Page 74 and 75: 2010). The availability of high yie
Page 76 and 77: disseminate the technologies. On a
Page 78 and 79: Gender StrategyRationaleLegumes are
Page 80 and 81: uilding activities will lead to inc
Page 82 and 83: Gender considerate skills and knowl
Page 84 and 85: InnovationsGrain Legumes constitute
Page 86 and 87: Utilize bio-economic modeling to un
Page 88 and 89: oles to play in (i) providing viabl
Page 90 and 91: male and female farmer’s prioriti
Page 92 and 93: evaluation in crop-livestock system
Page 94 and 95: CRP is appropriately reflected in t
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As the CRP will work with a wide ra
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Mitigating RisksGrain Legumes is in
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• Crop and region specific post-h
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The CRP is projecting a budget of U
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Costs for gender research and analy
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Bhullar NK, Street K, Mackay M, Yah
Page 108 and 109:
ICARDA. 2010. Ethiopia and ICARDA.
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Pande S. 2007. Prospects of legumes
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365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/FP11
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AppendicesAppendix 1. Profiles of t
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(68,000 ha) (Saxena et al. 2010). W
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Appendix 2. Profiles of Grain Legum
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Latin America and the Caribbean (LA
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Appendix 3. Global trends in grain
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WCA: COWPEAArea trend: t t-value: 1
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Direct consumption trend: t-value:
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ESA: CHICKPEAArea trend: t-value: 7
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Food consumption trend: : t-value:
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Production trend: t-value: 5.26 sig
Page 134 and 135:
ESA: PIGEONPEAArea trend: t-value:
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Food trend: t-value: 5.07 significa
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SSEA: GROUNDNUTArea trend: t-value:
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Production trend: t-value: 8.6 sign
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LAC: DRY BEANArea trend: t-value: 0
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CWANA: CHICKPEAArea trend: t-value:
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SyriaTunisiaGrain Legumes - Appendi
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MoroccooCWANA: LENTILSAreatrend: t-
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MoroccooTurkeyGrain Legumes - Appen
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In order to make an income group wi
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In view of the nutritional status a
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Crop/constraint Asia ESA WCA CWANA
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ChickpeaCentral and West Asia and N
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Figure 4: Area, demand andd supply
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Figure 8: Area, demand and supply p
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Figure12: Area, demand and supply p
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Figure16: Area, demand and supply p
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Figure 18: Area, demand andd supply
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Table 1. Values of key parameters u
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35%30%25%20%15%10%5%0%2014201520162
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Measure / RegionTable 2. Summary me
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Table 3. Potential impacts of cowpe
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Table 5. Potential impacts of groun
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Table 6. Potential impact of invest
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Table 8. Summary of the potential i
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Table 11. A summary of the potentia
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Country Chickpeas Groundnut Lentils
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these genes have been incorporated
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Control of flower thrips (Megalurot
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maize in both locations in the two
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WeedsWeeds (parasitic and non-paras
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Butare L, Rao IM, Lepoivre P, Polan
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Khalil S, Kharrat M, Malhotra RS, S
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Sanginga N and Woolmer PN (eds.). 2
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Visalakshmi V, Ranga Rao GV and Arj
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them, or how to manage them). The u
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Grain Legumes should take into acco
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Table 7: Adoption of improved cowpe
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2005 rainy season. In neighboring a
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Machine harvestingManual harvest of
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Hangen LA and Bennink MR. 2003. Con
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Appendix 10. Product Line logframes
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Product Line 2. Heat tolerant chick
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Output targets Milestones Target re
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Page 225 and 226:
Page 227 and 228:
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Product Line 6. Extra-early chickpe
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Product Line 7. Herbicide tolerant,
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Product Line 8. Pigeonpea hybrids a
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CGIAR Research Program on Grain Legumes: Proposal - Library

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