CGIAR Research Program on Grain Legumes: Proposal - Library

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screening. Comparative studies on physiological mechanisms of heat tolerance will help in understandingmechanisms of heat tolerance across legumes and developing a lab-based screening method (e.g. pollenselection) for heat tolerance. The candidate genes for heat tolerance identified in one species can be used toidentify homologous genes across species.TargetTable 10. Targeted countries for Product Line 2.Traits Crops RegionsHeat tolerance,Diseaseresistance,Grain qualityChickpeaCommonbeanFaba beanLentilSSEA, AfricaLatinAmericaand AfricaCWANA,AfricaSouth Asia,CWANASC1 & SC5 CountriesSC2 Countries SC3 Countries SC4 CountriesIndia, PakistanMyanmarMalawi, Uganda, Colombia, Honduras, Brazil, Puerto RicoEthiopiaIndiaDR Congo, Kenya, El SalvadorMoroccoBangladesh, NepalTanzania, Malawi,EthiopiaCameroon,Tanzania,Mozambique,Guatemala, HaitiEgypt, SyriaSyria, Iran, EthiopiaTargetsFive-year outputs• Better understanding of the physiological and molecular mechanisms of heat tolerance• Breeding lines/varieties with heat tolerance during reproductive phase developedTen-year outputs• Area cultivated under heat tolerant cultivars increased, including expansion of cultivation in newagro-ecological nichesActivities• Identify high temperature hot spots for each crop that can serve as primary screening sites indifferent target areas, and develop high throughput phenotyping protocols• Assess genetic variability for heat tolerance within and between crop species• Understand physiological mechanisms and identify candidate genes conferring tolerance to heatstress, and develop molecular markers for heat tolerance• Elucidate physiological mechanisms of heat tolerance and interaction of heat and moisture stresses.• Develop chromosome segment substitution lines through introgression of tepary bean segments tothe common bean genome• Assess effects of heat stress on grain quality traits that can affect market-value of the grain• Develop breeding lines and varieties with enhanced levels of reproductive stage heat tolerance, dryroot rot resistance and improved grain quality by using integrated breeding approaches• Refine ICM practices for target legumes grown under heat stress conditions• Test and disseminate heat tolerant chickpea and lentil cultivars along with ICM packages to enhancetheir adoption by farmers• Develop a database on existing and potential heat prone areas and new niches that can be broughtunder cultivation due to availability of heat tolerant cultivars• Strengthen capacity of NARS partners in grain legume improvement for heat toleranceGrain Legumes – Product Lines and Strategic Components 31
Output Targets• Target areas and cropping systems requiring heat tolerant cultivars of chickpea, common bean, fababean and lentil identified (SC1)• Phenotyping protocols for heat tolerance developed and sources of heat tolerance identified in eachtarget legume species (SC2)• Better understanding of the physiological mechanisms of heat tolerance (SC2)• Interaction between heat and moisture stress understood (SC2)• Candidate genes, molecular markers and novel breeding methods for heat toleranceidentified/developed (SC2)• Chickpea, common bean, faba bean and lentil germplasm and breeding lines combining enhancedheat and dry root rot tolerance and improved grain quality available (SC2)• ICM practices for chickpea, common bean, faba bean and lentil crops grown under heat stressconditions developed (SC2)• Area under cultivation of heat tolerant cultivars of chickpea, common bean, faba bean and lentilenhanced (SC3)• Genotype-environment combinations that provide optimum grain quality in chickpea, common bean,faba bean and lentil identified (SC4)• Capacity of stakeholders in research and development on heat tolerance in grain legumes enhanced(SC5)PartnershipsCG centers (CIAT, ICARDA and ICRISAT), ARIs and NARS will be involved in development of technologies,while NARES, government and non-government extension agencies, NGOs, Farmers’ groups and farmers intarget countries will be involved in dissemination of technologies.Impact pathwayThe intermediate products developed under this product line include efficient screening methods for heattolerance, sources of heat tolerance, knowledge on mechanisms and genetics of heat tolerance, molecularmethods and novel breeding methods for heat tolerance and elite breeding lines with improved heattolerance. These products will be developed in partnership with NARS partners and shared with others viapublications, group meetings, training programs and supply of breeding materials. The intermediateproducts of this PL will enhance capacity of NARS breeding programs in developing heat tolerant cultivars.The heat tolerant cultivars developed in partnership with NARS partners will be promoted by knowledgeempowerment of farmers and strengthening seed supply systems. The heat tolerant cultivars will help inexpanding the area of legumes in new niches, and stabilize yield in areas prone to heat stresses and mitigateimpacts of climate change. The farmers will realize higher and more stable yield of grain legumes, leading toenhanced income, enhanced food supply and nutrition.Product Line 3. Short-duration, drought tolerant and aflatoxin-free groundnutRationaleOver two-thirds of the global groundnut is produced as a rainfed crop where drought is a major yieldconstraint. While drought can occur throughout the growing season, mid-season drought and end of seasondrought are estimated to cause losses of 500 million US$ annually (Sharma and Lavanya 2002). Therefore,breeding and selection for drought adaptation are important for alleviating drought effects on groundnutproductivity. Pod yield-based breeding for drought tolerance is less favored due to excessive genotype ×environment interactions (e.g., Hamidou et al. 2012) and therefore trait based breeding approaches can bemore rewarding by pyramiding alleles of traits that confer yield stability and resilience, assuming themechanisms of adaptation to specific types of drought are understood. Seed yield under water-limitedenvironments is determined by components that relate to water as transpiration (T), transpiration efficiency(TE) and harvest index (HI). Increase in water use may be desirable, although it did not seem to play a criticalrole in the case of groundnut (Vadez and Ratnakumar, in preparation). Rather, it seems to be the timing ofwater extraction during the grain filling period that is important (Ratnakumar and Vadez 2009).Grain Legumes – Product Lines and Strategic Components 32
Page 4: AcknowledgmentsThe eleven core part
Page 7 and 8: ISRAITITASITPGRFAKARIKMKSLACLIFDCMA
Page 9 and 10: One, farmers in some regions have s
Page 11: • Central and Western Asia and No
Page 14 and 15: Justification of a CRP on Grain Leg
Page 16 and 17: Highest levels of poverty/hunger an
Page 18 and 19: That the consumption of milk, eggs,
Page 20 and 21: system level; while for policy-econ
Page 22 and 23: Table 5. Summaries of pan-legume co
Page 24 and 25: Table 6. Estimated gross value of p
Page 26 and 27: Crops addressed are chickpea, pigeo
Page 28 and 29: appear to share common mechanisms o
Page 30 and 31: new technologies is affected by the
Page 32 and 33: ProductLines and Strategic Componen
Page 34 and 35: Product Lines (PLs)Addressing abiot
Page 36 and 37: Activities• Identify potential re
Page 40 and 41: Increased water use efficiency (WUE
Page 42 and 43: • Short-duration, drought toleran
Page 44 and 45: Table 13. Targeted countries for Pr
Page 46 and 47: an Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Page 48 and 49: Impact pathwayFor improved varietie
Page 50 and 51: • Multi-environment evaluation of
Page 52 and 53: Table 18. Targeted countries for Pr
Page 54 and 55: Promotion of seed business ventures
Page 56 and 57: producers and input and product mar
Page 58 and 59: target production domains and valid
Page 60 and 61: systems must be employed to adequat
Page 62 and 63: characterization and development of
Page 64 and 65: Innovative contributionsPublic-priv
Page 66 and 67: Harvest destination:Bean -LACBean-A
Page 68 and 69: Promoting institutional innovations
Page 70 and 71: The CRP will produce diverse types
Page 72 and 73: Student scholarshipsStudent scholar
Page 74 and 75: 2010). The availability of high yie
Page 76 and 77: disseminate the technologies. On a
Page 78 and 79: Gender StrategyRationaleLegumes are
Page 80 and 81: uilding activities will lead to inc
Page 82 and 83: Gender considerate skills and knowl
Page 84 and 85: InnovationsGrain Legumes constitute
Page 86 and 87: Utilize bio-economic modeling to un
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oles to play in (i) providing viabl
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male and female farmer’s prioriti
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evaluation in crop-livestock system
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CRP is appropriately reflected in t
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As the CRP will work with a wide ra
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Mitigating RisksGrain Legumes is in
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• Crop and region specific post-h
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The CRP is projecting a budget of U
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Costs for gender research and analy
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Bhullar NK, Street K, Mackay M, Yah
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ICARDA. 2010. Ethiopia and ICARDA.
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Pande S. 2007. Prospects of legumes
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365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/FP11
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AppendicesAppendix 1. Profiles of t
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(68,000 ha) (Saxena et al. 2010). W
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Appendix 2. Profiles of Grain Legum
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Latin America and the Caribbean (LA
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Appendix 3. Global trends in grain
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WCA: COWPEAArea trend: t t-value: 1
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Direct consumption trend: t-value:
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ESA: CHICKPEAArea trend: t-value: 7
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Food consumption trend: : t-value:
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Production trend: t-value: 5.26 sig
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ESA: PIGEONPEAArea trend: t-value:
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Food trend: t-value: 5.07 significa
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SSEA: GROUNDNUTArea trend: t-value:
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Production trend: t-value: 8.6 sign
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LAC: DRY BEANArea trend: t-value: 0
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CWANA: CHICKPEAArea trend: t-value:
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SyriaTunisiaGrain Legumes - Appendi
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MoroccooCWANA: LENTILSAreatrend: t-
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MoroccooTurkeyGrain Legumes - Appen
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In order to make an income group wi
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In view of the nutritional status a
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Crop/constraint Asia ESA WCA CWANA
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ChickpeaCentral and West Asia and N
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Figure 4: Area, demand andd supply
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Figure 8: Area, demand and supply p
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Figure12: Area, demand and supply p
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Figure16: Area, demand and supply p
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Figure 18: Area, demand andd supply
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Table 1. Values of key parameters u
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35%30%25%20%15%10%5%0%2014201520162
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Measure / RegionTable 2. Summary me
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Table 3. Potential impacts of cowpe
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Table 5. Potential impacts of groun
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Table 6. Potential impact of invest
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Table 8. Summary of the potential i
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Table 11. A summary of the potentia
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Country Chickpeas Groundnut Lentils
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these genes have been incorporated
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Control of flower thrips (Megalurot
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maize in both locations in the two
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WeedsWeeds (parasitic and non-paras
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Butare L, Rao IM, Lepoivre P, Polan
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Khalil S, Kharrat M, Malhotra RS, S
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Sanginga N and Woolmer PN (eds.). 2
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Visalakshmi V, Ranga Rao GV and Arj
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them, or how to manage them). The u
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Grain Legumes should take into acco
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Table 7: Adoption of improved cowpe
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2005 rainy season. In neighboring a
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Machine harvestingManual harvest of
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Hangen LA and Bennink MR. 2003. Con
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Appendix 10. Product Line logframes
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Product Line 2. Heat tolerant chick
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Output targets Milestones Target re
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Product Line 6. Extra-early chickpe
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Product Line 7. Herbicide tolerant,
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Product Line 8. Pigeonpea hybrids a
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CGIAR Research Program on Grain Legumes: Proposal - Library

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