CGIAR Research Program on Grain Legumes: Proposal - Library

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• Multi-environment evaluation of extra-early varieties in short season windows of existing andevolving cropping systems• Demonstrate improved varieties and crop management practices on farmers’ fields in different agroecologiesand cropping systems• Strengthen formal and informal seed systems to ensure quality seed supply• Assess yield gains, varietal adoption, opportunities and market value chain analysis• Build capacity of stakeholders in development and cultivation of extra-early varietiesOutput Targets• Constraints and opportunities for extra-early chickpea and lentil varieties in target areas and croppingsystems identified (SC1)• Extra-early diverse germplasm with resistance to key biotic and abiotic stresses identified (SC2)• Novel genes for earliness and molecular markers linked to these genes identified (SC2)• Extra-early breeding lines with adaptation to different short season environments and improved grainquality developed (SC2)• Integrated crop management practices for extra-early varieties of chickpea and lentil for short seasonenvironments developed (SC2)• Seed availability of extra-early varieties enhanced (SC3)• Enhanced marketing of chickpea for immature green grains as vegetable (SC4)• Capacity of stakeholders on aspects related to the development and cultivation of extra earlylegumes strengthened (SC5)PartnershipsCG centers (ICARDA and ICRISAT) and NARS will be involved in development of technologies, while NARS,government and non-government extension agencies, NGOs, public and private seed agencies, and farmersin target countries (India, Bangladesh, and Nepal) will be involved in final evaluation and dissemination oftechnologies. We will also collaborate with GRiSP to assess this product line in cropping system mode.Impact pathwayThis product line will provide extra-early maturing germplasm and breeding lines of chickpea and lentil toNARS partners. Molecular markers linked to genes for earliness will be identified for use in breeding fordevelopment of extra-early varieties. These will be shared with NARS partners. NARS will have enhancedcapacity on aspects related to the development and cultivation of extra-early legume cultivars. The adoptionof extra-early cultivars and associated crop production technologies will be enhanced through farmerparticipatoryvarietal selection and improved seed systems. The extra-early varieties will fit in new nicheswhere narrow cropping window is available for these legumes. Thus, farmers will gain from cropdiversification and receive extra income. The inclusion of legumes in cereal dominated cropping systems willhave beneficial effects on soil health and overall productivity of the cropping system.Product Line 7. Herbicide-tolerant, machine-harvestable chickpea, faba bean and lentil varietiesRationaleWeeds (parasitic and non-parasitic) continue to be a major production constraint to grain legumeproduction. Non-parasitic weeds compete with crops for light and nutrients, often leading to significant yieldlosses of up to 40% in legume crops (Tepe et al. 2005; Ali and Gupta 2012). Manual weeding has becomeuneconomical and impractical for many smallholder farmers due to competing on- and off-farm activitiesand high labor wages. Although specialized post-emergence herbicides are available, they often haveunsatisfactory effects on legumes due to serious phytotoxic effects. While existing selective herbicides donot harm the crop, they are not very effective in eliminating some important types of weeds. Use of nonselectiveherbicides is effective in removing all types of weeds in a single application; however, a herbicideresistant varieties must still be developed.Transgenic crops resistant to herbicides are currently available in several crops, i.e., soybean, maize andcotton (Bhat and Chopra 2006). Non-transgenic approaches, either by exploiting the existing geneticGrain Legumes – Product Lines and Strategic Components 43
variability within the germplasm or by inducing novel mutations, have shown promise for development ofherbicide-tolerant varieties in the recent past. For example, varieties with improved tolerance to herbicidemetribuzin were developed by screening the advanced breeding lines for herbicide tolerance in narrow-leaflupins (Si et al. 2008) and soybean (Hartwig 1987). Genotypic differences have been reported for toleranceto Paraquat in groundnut (Johnson III et al. 1993) and imidazolinone class of herbicides in chickpea (Taran etal. 2010). Greater success in development of herbicide tolerant cultivars has been achieved throughmutation breeding (chemical mutagenesis). Commercial herbicide-tolerant crops developed from herbicidetolerantmutants include imidazolinone-tolerant maize, rice, wheat, oilseed rape, sunflower, and lentil;sulfonylurea-tolerant soybean and sunflower; cyclohexanedione-tolerant maize; and triazine-tolerantoilseed rape (Duke 2005). Herbicide-tolerant varieties have also been developed in some grain legumes, suchas narrow leaf lupins (Si et al. 2009) and lentil (Slinkard et al. 2007).The development of herbicide tolerant legume varieties holds great promise to expand conservationagriculture in different parts of the world where temperate and tropical legumes are important componentsof the cereal based cropping systems. Besides common weeds, parasitic weeds like Orobanche have alsoemerged as a major threat especially to faba bean and lentil production in WANA region and East Africa,leading to substantial reduction in area and production (Rubiales et al. 2006). Genetic tolerance has beendiscovered in these crops to manage parasitic weeds (Fernandez-Aparicio et al. 2008, 2009). Integratedbroomrape management practices that also include herbicide-tolerant faba bean cultivars have beendeveloped for WANA region. Thus, exploiting the genetic variability, both existing and induced, can be apotential approach to develop herbicide and parasitic weed tolerant legume varieties. In addition, metabolicdetoxification approach will be exploited in target legumes using “biological herbicide safeners” by overexpressionof genes encoding herbicide metabolizing enzymes (Hatzios 1989; Farago et al. 1994; Riechers etal. 2005) such as glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s).Manual harvest of legume crops is becoming increasingly uneconomical because of the rising labor cost andshortage of labor at the peak harvest time. Delaying crop harvests leads to significant losses of legume grainsand their quality. While harvesting of legume crops is mechanized in the developed world, developingcountries largely hand-harvest due to a lack of improved varieties amenable to machine harvesting. In orderto use combine-harvesters, legumes varieties need to be modified for machine harvestability. This requiresdevelopment of varieties with erect and tall plants, strong stems, top pod bearing habits, synchronousmaturity; and tolerance to lodging and pod shattering. Genetic variability for these traits exists in thegermplasm. Mutants with upright growth habit have been identified and used for development of improvedbreeding lines in chickpea (Dahiya et al. 1990, Sandhu et al. 1990, Lather 2000, Gaur et al. 2008) and lentil(Erskine and Goodrich 1991). An elite tall chickpea breeding line with upright growth habit yielded about 4 tha -1 under high density planting (50 plants m 2 compared to normal planting 33 plants m 2 ) and was suitablefor mechanical harvesting as the fruiting zone started at about 20 cm from the base (Lather 2000). In lentilalso, Idlib 2 variety has been found to be suitable for machine harvest (El-Ashkar et al. 2003). The utilizationof available genetic variability for plant traits in breeding programs will help in the development of improvedbreeding lines suitable for mechanical harvest. In addition, cultivars suited to mechanical harvesting withherbicide application will reduce costs of production and enable smallholder farmers, especially women,advance other activities.This product line will focus on development and delivery of both, genetic and non-genetic options for weedmanagement. In genetic options, simple and efficient herbicide tolerance screening techniques will bedeveloped and novel sources of herbicide tolerance identified from both existing and induced geneticvariability and used in breeding programs for developing herbicide tolerant breeding lines. The research onnon-genetic options will include identification of herbicides with less phytotoxic effects on legumes;development of effective methods for application of herbicides, and identification of cultural measures,compatible genotypes and crop rotations for integrated management of weeds (mainly parasitic weeds onfaba bean and lentil). Traits amenable for mechanized harvesting will be integrated so that the genotypesare suitable for intensified management.Grain Legumes – Product Lines and Strategic Components 44
Page 4: AcknowledgmentsThe eleven core part
Page 7 and 8: ISRAITITASITPGRFAKARIKMKSLACLIFDCMA
Page 9 and 10: One, farmers in some regions have s
Page 11: • Central and Western Asia and No
Page 14 and 15: Justification of a CRP on Grain Leg
Page 16 and 17: Highest levels of poverty/hunger an
Page 18 and 19: That the consumption of milk, eggs,
Page 20 and 21: system level; while for policy-econ
Page 22 and 23: Table 5. Summaries of pan-legume co
Page 24 and 25: Table 6. Estimated gross value of p
Page 26 and 27: Crops addressed are chickpea, pigeo
Page 28 and 29: appear to share common mechanisms o
Page 30 and 31: new technologies is affected by the
Page 32 and 33: ProductLines and Strategic Componen
Page 34 and 35: Product Lines (PLs)Addressing abiot
Page 36 and 37: Activities• Identify potential re
Page 38 and 39: screening. Comparative studies on p
Page 40 and 41: Increased water use efficiency (WUE
Page 42 and 43: • Short-duration, drought toleran
Page 44 and 45: Table 13. Targeted countries for Pr
Page 46 and 47: an Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
Page 48 and 49: Impact pathwayFor improved varietie
Page 52 and 53: Table 18. Targeted countries for Pr
Page 54 and 55: Promotion of seed business ventures
Page 56 and 57: producers and input and product mar
Page 58 and 59: target production domains and valid
Page 60 and 61: systems must be employed to adequat
Page 62 and 63: characterization and development of
Page 64 and 65: Innovative contributionsPublic-priv
Page 66 and 67: Harvest destination:Bean -LACBean-A
Page 68 and 69: Promoting institutional innovations
Page 70 and 71: The CRP will produce diverse types
Page 72 and 73: Student scholarshipsStudent scholar
Page 74 and 75: 2010). The availability of high yie
Page 76 and 77: disseminate the technologies. On a
Page 78 and 79: Gender StrategyRationaleLegumes are
Page 80 and 81: uilding activities will lead to inc
Page 82 and 83: Gender considerate skills and knowl
Page 84 and 85: InnovationsGrain Legumes constitute
Page 86 and 87: Utilize bio-economic modeling to un
Page 88 and 89: oles to play in (i) providing viabl
Page 90 and 91: male and female farmer’s prioriti
Page 92 and 93: evaluation in crop-livestock system
Page 94 and 95: CRP is appropriately reflected in t
Page 96 and 97: As the CRP will work with a wide ra
Page 98 and 99: Mitigating RisksGrain Legumes is in
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• Crop and region specific post-h
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The CRP is projecting a budget of U
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Costs for gender research and analy
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Bhullar NK, Street K, Mackay M, Yah
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ICARDA. 2010. Ethiopia and ICARDA.
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Pande S. 2007. Prospects of legumes
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365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/FP11
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AppendicesAppendix 1. Profiles of t
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(68,000 ha) (Saxena et al. 2010). W
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Appendix 2. Profiles of Grain Legum
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Latin America and the Caribbean (LA
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Appendix 3. Global trends in grain
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WCA: COWPEAArea trend: t t-value: 1
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Direct consumption trend: t-value:
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ESA: CHICKPEAArea trend: t-value: 7
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Food consumption trend: : t-value:
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Production trend: t-value: 5.26 sig
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ESA: PIGEONPEAArea trend: t-value:
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Food trend: t-value: 5.07 significa
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SSEA: GROUNDNUTArea trend: t-value:
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Production trend: t-value: 8.6 sign
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LAC: DRY BEANArea trend: t-value: 0
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CWANA: CHICKPEAArea trend: t-value:
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SyriaTunisiaGrain Legumes - Appendi
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MoroccooCWANA: LENTILSAreatrend: t-
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MoroccooTurkeyGrain Legumes - Appen
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In order to make an income group wi
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In view of the nutritional status a
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Crop/constraint Asia ESA WCA CWANA
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ChickpeaCentral and West Asia and N
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Figure 4: Area, demand andd supply
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Figure 8: Area, demand and supply p
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Figure12: Area, demand and supply p
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Figure16: Area, demand and supply p
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Figure 18: Area, demand andd supply
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Table 1. Values of key parameters u
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35%30%25%20%15%10%5%0%2014201520162
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Measure / RegionTable 2. Summary me
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Table 3. Potential impacts of cowpe
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Table 5. Potential impacts of groun
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Table 6. Potential impact of invest
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Table 8. Summary of the potential i
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Table 11. A summary of the potentia
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Country Chickpeas Groundnut Lentils
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these genes have been incorporated
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Control of flower thrips (Megalurot
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maize in both locations in the two
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WeedsWeeds (parasitic and non-paras
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Butare L, Rao IM, Lepoivre P, Polan
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Khalil S, Kharrat M, Malhotra RS, S
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Sanginga N and Woolmer PN (eds.). 2
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Visalakshmi V, Ranga Rao GV and Arj
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them, or how to manage them). The u
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Grain Legumes should take into acco
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Table 7: Adoption of improved cowpe
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2005 rainy season. In neighboring a
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Machine harvestingManual harvest of
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Hangen LA and Bennink MR. 2003. Con
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Appendix 10. Product Line logframes
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Product Line 2. Heat tolerant chick
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Output targets Milestones Target re
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Product Line 6. Extra-early chickpe
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Product Line 7. Herbicide tolerant,
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Product Line 8. Pigeonpea hybrids a
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CGIAR Research Program on Grain Legumes: Proposal - Library

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