What is the Situation with Cigarette Related Litter ... - Keep Britain Tidy

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5.5.2 Litter CountDuring a litter count, the amount of litter is counted at a site (or in a set area within asite). Cigarette litter would be included as part of this survey.This requires several visits to the site. On the first visit, litter is counted, collected andcategorised. After a certain period of time (eg one month), the site is visited again andthe same process is repeated.This is a comprehensive and reliable way to measure litter levels. It is more resourceintensive, however, it provides information on the net amount of litter accumulatedwithin a given timeframe. It can also provide information on the effectiveness of litteringinterventions.5.5.3 Market researchMarket research can also take place on a broader level with a sample of the public. Thisenables an understanding of general knowledge, attitudes and behaviours of smokersday to day, and not in direct relation to a specific campaign.5.5.4 Attitude and Awareness SurveysSurveys measure the attitudes and knowledge of smokers related to a specificcampaign. Face to face surveys mostly occur at a local level eg, in response to a localanti-littering campaign. This provides an understanding of whether the campaign is likelyto have changed the littering behaviour of smokers. This can be flawed, as self reportingof behaviour change is often biased, with interviewees often telling the interviewer whatthey want to hear. Surveys of this nature often take place face to face, which can beresource intensive. This type of monitoring has been used extensively in Australian antilitteringprojects run through grants by the Butt Littering Trust and EcoRecycle Victoria. Itis also being used by ENCAMS for the cigarette litter campaign with local authorities.5.5.5 Cigarette Litter Action ScoreThe ‘Cigarette Litter Action Score’ (CLAS) is an observational method owned byAustralian consultants ‘Community Change’. It is derived from the ‘Clean CommunitiesAssessment Tool’, which measures the changes in the following four factors that influencedisposal actions- context, facilities, attitudes and actions. The CLAS is derived from theactions component of the CCAT, and specifically relates to cigarette butt disposals.The CLAS is the number of negative disposals (i.e - littering of cigarette butts) as aproportion of total cigarette disposals. The CLAS is used to track the specific impact ofanti-cigarette littering programs 84 .Since this method is owned by the consultants, it is not used by all stakeholders.5.5.6 Behavioural observationThe behavioural observation monitoring method is used to measure the litteringbehaviour of smokers before and after an anti-cigarette littering campaign. It has beenused widely on projects funded by the Butt Littering Trust. A large number of observationsneed to be made in order for the outcomes to be rigourous.84 Hobart City Council (2004), Cigarette Butt Reduction Project for Hobart’s CBD, www.buttlitteringtrust.orgSituation Report - Final 18
5.5.7 Comments about cigarette litter monitoring methodsTable 3 displays a matrix of the methodologies described above. It highlights that there isno single method that measures all aspects of the problem. There are several monitoringmethods available that measure the attitudes and behaviour of smokers. However, italso highlights that there is currently not an accessible, non-resource intensive,repeatable monitoring methodology that takes into account the amount of cigarettelitter, and links it to smokers littering behaviour. This is a key challenge that may beaddressed throughout this project.Table 3: Monitoring Methods MatrixMethod What does it measure? Timeframe ofmeasurement?Presenceanddistributionof litterQuantity oflitterAttitudes /Knowledgeof targetaudienceBehaviour oftarget audienceInresponseto acampaignQuarterly(reportedannually)ObservedSelf reportedLEQSE X XLitter Survey X XAttitudeSurveysMarketResearchX X XX X XCLAS X XBehaviouralobservationXXSituation Report - Final 19
Page 2 and 3: Table of Contents1 Foreward .......
Page 7 and 8: 3 IntroductionCigarette-related lit
Page 9 and 10: 4.1.3 CigarsA cigar is a roll of dr
Page 11 and 12: • Bars/clubs/restaurants - when d
Page 13 and 14: Finally, during the Marine Conserva
Page 15 and 16: 5.3.2 Smokers contextSome smokers,
Page 17 and 18: The negative impact of litter on an
Page 19: 5.4.3.2 Social disamenitySmokers ag
Page 23 and 24: • Appeal to reason and considerat
Page 25 and 26: ButtsOut: ButtsOut are suppliers of
Page 27 and 28: uneven (eg cobbled) streets in Irel
Page 29 and 30: a. Design - including volume, allow
Page 31 and 32: 6.3 LegislationLegislation that inf
Page 33 and 34: 6.4 International Management Models
Page 35 and 36: 7 Conclusion and RecommendationsCig
Page 37 and 38: Situation Report - Final 35

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