What is the Situation with Cigarette Related Litter ... - Keep Britain Tidy

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4 BackgroundThis section outlines information about the composition of cigarettes and a profile ofsmokers and their consumption patterns.4.1 What are cigarettes?Cigarettes are either packeted or hand-rolled. ‘Packeted cigarettes’ are the mostcommon type consumed in England and are referred to as ‘cigarettes’.4.1.1 Packeted Cigarettes (Cigarettes)‘Packeted’ cigarettes (i.e cigarettes) are a paper-wrapped cylinder, packed withshredded tobacco leaves (consisting of nicotine) 17 . After the tobacco leaves have beendried and cut to make cigarettes, they are treated with chemicals and additives,helping to ensure the cigarette remains lit, remains moist and in some cases, to modifythe flavour of cigarettes 1819 . A filter is affixed to one end of the cylinder, through whichthe cigarettes is smoked after the opposite end has been ignited. The smoulderingcigarette is inhaled until the cylinder portion of the cigarette has been consumed,leaving the filter (or the cigarette ‘butt’) as a waste product.The filter is made from a bundle of synthetic fibres called cellulose acetate 20 . Celluloseacetate is made from the chemical modification of cellulose to form a type of plastic 21 .Filters are made specifically to capture both nicotine (which acts as a stimulant on thecentral nervous system 22 , increasing the heart rate, reducing appetite and increasingalertness 23 ) and tar. Tar refers to hundreds of chemicals including arsenic, mercury andlead 24 .Used cigarettes filters are commonly known as cigarette ‘butts’ or cigarette ‘ends’.4.1.2 Hand rolled cigarettesHand rolled cigarettes are made from the same components as packeted cigarettes,however, the components (i.e loose tobacco, filters and cigarette papers) arepurchased separately and are assembled by the consumer.The overwhelming majority of UK smokers (73%) consume packeted cigarettes only. 18%of smokers consume only hand-rolled cigarettes and the remaining 9% consume bothpacketed and hand rolled cigarettes. Furthermore, men are almost twice as likely tosmoke hand rolled cigarettes as women 25 .17 Wikipedia (2006) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette18 Pers comm. (10 July 2006) Nicky Donnelly, British American Tobacco19 ENCAMS Policy Statement, Cigarette related litter20 Register, K (2000) Cigarette Butts as Litter, Toxic as Well as Ugly underwater Naturalist, Bulletin of theAmerican Littoral Society, 25:221 ibid22 Pers comm. (10 July 2006) Nicky Donnelly, British American Tobacco23 Wikipedia (March 2006) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicotine24 ibid25 Lader, D and Goddard, E (2004) Smoking related behaviour and attitudes Office of National StatisticsSituation Report - Final 6
4.1.3 CigarsA cigar is a roll of dried and fermented tobacco, one end of which is lit so that the smokeis drawn into the mouth through the other end. Cigars are larger and more potent thancigarettes. Consumption rates of cigars are lower than cigarettes, perhaps due to theiravailability, cost, potency and perhaps because they tend to be smoked as a ritual or tomark an occasion 26 . The remains of a consumed cigar should also not be littered,however, they are not as common as cigarette butts and are therefore not the focus ofthis project.4.2 Consumption ProfileIt is estimated that 70 billion cigarettes were consumed in the United Kingdom in 2004 27 ,equating to 200 million cigarettes per day.4.2.1 Tobacco manufacturersA number of tobacco manufacturers are represented in the United Kingdom, dominatedby Gallaher, Imperial Tobacco, and to a lesser extent, Rothmans UK 28 . British AmericanTobacco UK Ltd is also based in England, and while it manufactures tobacco products inhere, it sells almost all of them overseas. These organizations, (along with Philip Morris Ltd)are members of the Tobacco Manufacturers Association (TMA) which ‘represents theviews of its principal member companies and provides factual information on behalf ofthe UK industry as a whole’ 29 .4.2.2 Who are smokers?One quarter of the UK adult population are smokers 30 . Smoking rates vary by region andby socio-economic group and by age.A greater proportion of men (26%) smoke than women (23%). Overall, smoking rateshave declined dramatically in the UK since 1974, when the rate was 45%. Since 2000,there has been no statistically significant reduction in smoking 31 .The prevalence of smoking reduces with age. Smoking prevalence is highest in peopleaged between 20-24 years, 32% of whom are smokers. Smoking prevalence is lowest inpeople aged over 60, 14% of whom are smokers 32 .Smoking rates vary slightly between regions of England. The North East, North West, andYorkshire and the Humber regions have the greatest proportion of smokers (29%-28%)compared to the rest of England. London and the South East had the lowest proportionof smokers with 22% of the population smoking. The proportion of smokers in all regions isshown in Table 1.Table 1: Proportion of smokers by region in England (2004)26 Wikipedia (2006) Cigars, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigar27 Tobacco Manufacturers Association, http://www.the-tma.org.uk.28 Tobacco Control Country Profiles (second edition, 2003) Shafey, O, Dolwick, S, Guindon, G.E (eds) (marketshare estimates are from 2001)29 The Tobacco Manufacturers Association, http://www.thetma.org.uk/30 Office of National Statistics (2005) General Household Survey 2004-05, www.statistics.gov.uk/ghs31 ibid32 ibidSituation Report - Final 7
Page 2 and 3: Table of Contents1 Foreward .......
Page 7: 3 IntroductionCigarette-related lit
Page 11 and 12: • Bars/clubs/restaurants - when d
Page 13 and 14: Finally, during the Marine Conserva
Page 15 and 16: 5.3.2 Smokers contextSome smokers,
Page 17 and 18: The negative impact of litter on an
Page 19 and 20: 5.4.3.2 Social disamenitySmokers ag
Page 21 and 22: 5.5.7 Comments about cigarette litt
Page 23 and 24: • Appeal to reason and considerat
Page 25 and 26: ButtsOut: ButtsOut are suppliers of
Page 27 and 28: uneven (eg cobbled) streets in Irel
Page 29 and 30: a. Design - including volume, allow
Page 31 and 32: 6.3 LegislationLegislation that inf
Page 33 and 34: 6.4 International Management Models
Page 35 and 36: 7 Conclusion and RecommendationsCig
Page 37 and 38: Situation Report - Final 35

What is the Situation with Cigarette Related Litter ... - Keep Britain Tidy

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