Weatherfordchooses loanflexibility“The capital markets arevery wide open rightnow, both from abanking perspectiveand a capital marketsperspective,” says JoeGocke, treasurer at USbasedoil companyWeatherford, “It’s afunction of the generaleconomy in the USmore than anythingelse. As companies look<strong>to</strong> produce more andmake more acquisitionsmillion of unused revolver capacity)and the receivables securitization. Fiveyears ago the company issued $150 millionof ten-year notes which remainoutstanding.”Looking aheadSo where is the market heading? S&Pcontinues <strong>to</strong> predict an upturn in theUS corporate commercial papermarket. “The steady erosion in US nonfinancialcommercial paperoutstanding appears <strong>to</strong> be at a plateauwith economic indica<strong>to</strong>rs hinting thatcorporations will have an increasedneed <strong>to</strong> tap external sources – namelycommercial paper and bank loans – <strong>to</strong>finance working capital,” says DianaVazza, managing direc<strong>to</strong>r of globalfixed income research at S&P.Achour agrees: “Some corporatesit naturally leads <strong>to</strong> aneed <strong>to</strong> access thecapital markets.”Weatherford doesn’tuse the CP markets, saysGocke – they have a$500 million revolvingcredit facility and anasset-backed accountsreceivable programme.“We don’t use them,firstly because we wouldbe an A2-P2 issuer andthis market is not asdeep as the A1-P1+market and secondly,because we would onlybe infrequent users ofthe market.” Instead,Gocke uses bank loans<strong>to</strong> fund the company’sCorporate ECP Outstanding as at 1 March 2004short-term debt needs.“The bank market is alittle more expensivethan commercial paperprogrammes but wethen would have <strong>to</strong> go<strong>to</strong> the trouble of settingit up and then rarelyusing it. A bankingfacility allows usimmediate access <strong>to</strong>funds; it is notdependent on ratings.”Weatherford is alsopaying down short-termdebt at the moment anddeleveraging, saysGocke, so it wouldn’tmake sense <strong>to</strong> start acommercial paperprogramme.are reactivating their short-term debtinstrument programmes. They want <strong>to</strong>be ready in case their working capitalneeds increase. If the economicrecovery speeds up then workingcapital needs will also increase. In thepast few years corporates haverestructured back <strong>to</strong> their corebusinesses – they are now slim and cashrich.”But, the low interest rate environmentmakes bank lending moreattractive than ever. “Bank debt usuallyprovides a convenient source of fundingwith as much capacity as acorporate needs <strong>to</strong> finance its requirement,”says Perrig. “The presentenvironment for bank-debt is veryattractive for borrowers as the spreadsare so narrow. In the long-term however,structural changes in the bankRank Programme Dealers USD Eqv (at issue) m Trade %Share1 Unilever NV 4,489.80 96 5.932 Eni Coordination Center SA 3,578.70 47 4.733 Volkswagen AG 3,436.20 45 4.544 Network Rail CP Finance plc 3,180.02 71 4.205 E.ON AG 2,532.11 60 3.356 RWE AG 2,000.80 30 2.647 Enel Investment Holding BV 1,834.66 59 2.428 Procter & Gamble Co 1,766.46 24 2.339 Pfizer Inc 1,764.33 15 2.3310 Housing Finance Agency Plc 1,715.60 28 2.27Total 75,686.62 2,102 100.00Source: DealogicJC Perrig, Bank of America: “Thepresent environment for bank-debt isvery attractive for borrowers as thespreads are so narrow. In the longtermhowever, structural changes inthe bank market means that bankfunding will become scarce.”market means that bank funding willbecome scarce.”He is of course referring <strong>to</strong> Basel II.Basel II aims <strong>to</strong> maintain the overalllevel of capital in the global bankingsystem while aligning it more closelywith the underlying risks of a bank’sactivities, i.e. by basing minimumcapital requirement on the credit ratingsof borrowers. In a nut shell whatthis means is that banks will not lendfunds <strong>to</strong> a corporate unless it can besure of sufficient profitability on theaccounts at the same time it isproviding credit facilities.“Banks are changing their approach<strong>to</strong> lending. They focus on the mostefficient use of their equity, hence, forthe future, bank borrowing will be aless attractive source of fundingcompared <strong>to</strong> commercial paper. Thecommercial paper situation willstabilize and the short-term marketwill develop <strong>to</strong>wards the commercialpaper market once again,” says Mayer.Rick Pelini at Lexmark agrees:“There is a trend among corporates <strong>to</strong>reduce reliance on banks and <strong>to</strong> pursueother sources of capital. This is logicalgiven the mergers that have takenplace in the banking community; netbank lending capacity has declined andwill probably continue <strong>to</strong> do so.”“Corporates are finding that linesfrom the banks are drying up and thecost of borrowing is increasing. Inresponse they are creating their own CPprogrammes,” adds Brian Farrell,global head of money markets atDEPFA bank. cfHUGH NUTT PHOTOGRAPHYcorporatefinancemag.com March 2004 cf 37
TREASURY LOCATIONMANCHESTER & GLASGOWManchesterSSCeneManchester haslong been anindustrial andfinancial hub in thenorth of England.But, says RobertPink, it is a SSClocation <strong>to</strong>o.© MARKETING MANCHESTERIn 1783, Richard Arkwright,inven<strong>to</strong>r of the Spinning Jennyand father of the industrialrevolution, built his first textilefac<strong>to</strong>ry in Manchester.Based in the north of England, thecity quickly became a hub for thetextile industry, and a premierindustrial centre.Two hundred years later and thetextile fac<strong>to</strong>ries have disappeared. Intheir place? Sophisticated sharedservice centres.Multinationals have traditionallylooked <strong>to</strong> sites in London, Amsterdamor Dublin <strong>to</strong> locate their Europeanshared service centres, but recognisingthe investment such centres bring <strong>to</strong> anarea, other European cities threw theirhats in <strong>to</strong> the ring. Manchester was onesuch city.Manchester’s riseIn 1997, MIDAS – the ManchesterInvestment and Development AgencyService – was created <strong>to</strong> promote thecity as a viable alternative <strong>to</strong> London orDublin.“We identified Manchester as ashared services location because Manchestershared the same labour forcecharacteristics as places like Dublinand Glasgow,” says Chris Norwood,development manager at MIDAS. Locationconsultants perceived that Dublinand Glasgow were over-heating andwere looking around for the next bigthing in SSC location selection, he adds,and MIDAS put forward an offer basedaround the availability of cus<strong>to</strong>merservice languages and technical skills aswell as a large international airport. Itmust have been persuasive. GeorgiaPacific set up its SSC in Manchester inChris Norwood, businessdevelopment manager at MIDAS: “Weidentified Manchester as a sharedservices location because it sharedthe same labour characteristics asplaces like Dublin and Glasgow.”1998, Tetrapak in 1999, andAstraZeneca in 2001.Popular shared service locations canbecome victims of their own success.Too many corporates join the party, theemployee base shrinks and costs rise.That happened in Dublin, says Norwood,and MIDAS is working hard not<strong>to</strong> allow it <strong>to</strong> happen in Manchester.“In 1998 eight SSCs arrived in Dublinat the same time and attrition in somecompanies rose <strong>to</strong> 75%. The ‘fear’ ofgoing <strong>to</strong> a location that would overheatbecame a major feature of locationselection. Location consultants havebeen trying <strong>to</strong> write Manchester off as‘overheated’ for the last five years everytime we have won a project.“The Manchester SSC communityhas grown incrementally over thattime and the ‘exceptional’ attritionlevels and associated salary inflationthat reached in Dublin five years agohave not been witnessed here (or inmany other successful locations).”To mitigate the prospect of Manchester’s‘over-heating’, MIDAS hascreated a shared services forum <strong>to</strong> discussbest practice on a quarterly basis.Norwood hopes this will foster a sharedservice community and will s<strong>to</strong>p anystaff poaching; there are agreements inplace on salary benchmarking <strong>to</strong> helpthe process along.Employing capitalManchester is located in one of Europe’smost heavily populated regions, whichmeans corporates located there are able<strong>to</strong> call on a large employment pool. Thecity supports 90,000 students at any one38 cf March 2004 corporatefinancemag.com