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C. INCOME DISTRIBUTION IN CANADA1. Measurements of PovertyCanada does not have an official measureof poverty. Most researchers use theStatistics Canada “Low Income Cut Offs”(LICOs) as its measure of poverty. TheCanadian Council on Social Development(CCSD) and others have criticized thismeasure. Some, such as the FraserInstitute, have criticized it for definingpoverty too generously; that is, for includingtoo many people. 1 Others, including theCCSD have developed alternative measureswhich are more generous. 2 There is anactive debate among those involved withsocial policy in Canada about the bestway to measure poverty.The National Council on Welfare hasdescribed this controversy as follows:Statistics Canada itself has consistently maintained that it does notregard the LICOs as poverty lines, presumably because the federalgovernment does not want to give official recognition to poverty.Most social policy groups in Canada have consistently disagreedwith the position of the federal government and continue to use theLICOs as poverty lines. Despite the long-running dispute overterminology, the low income cut-offs are by far the most widely usedmeasure of poverty in Canada. The survey data and methodologyused to generate the cut-offs are done by a federal governmentagency with an international reputation for high-quality work.Statistics produced using the LICO methodology are readilyavailable to researchers inside and outside government yearafter year at modest cost. Coincidentally or not, the incomelevels of the LICOs are in the mid-range of the alternativepoverty lines that have appeared from time to time. 3Women, Income andHealth in Manitoba10
Consistent with the majority of socialpolicy experts in Canada, we haveused the Statistics Canada Low IncomeCut Offs to define “poverty” for thepurposes of this paper.In 1999, Manitoba had the third highest rateof poverty of all Canadian provinces, at18.5%, compared to 16.2% for all of Canada.Only Newfoundland (at 20.7%) and Québec(at 19.5%) were higher. Manitoba had thesecond highest poverty rate for senior womenat 28.3% and the fourth highest rate forwomen aged 18 to 64 years.Women’s poverty has a significant impacton the income of children. Manitoba hasthe second highest child poverty rate inCanada, 23.7% . The rate of poverty forManitoba children living with single-parentmothers was also the second highest inCanada at 70.7%.2. Income Distribution in Canada2.1 POVERTY IN CANADAThe following chart summarizes some 1999 Statistics Canada data about who ispoor in Canada and Manitoba.TABLE 1A SNAPSHOT OF WHO IS POORIN CANADA AND MANITOBA - 1999CANADAMANITOBANumber Percent Number PercentALL PERSONS 4,886,000 16.20% 202,000 18.50%All Females 2,699,000 17.70% 113,000 20.40%All Males 2,187,000 14.60% 89,000 16.50%SENIORS 646,000 17.70% 32,000 22.00%Senior Women 487,000 23.50% 24,000 28.30%Senior Men 159,000 10.00% 9,000 13.60%UNATTACHED SENIORS 519,000 44.00% 25,000 44.20%Unattached Senior Women 417,000 48.50% 21,000 51.30%Unattached Senior Men 101,000 31.90% 4,000 25.60%ALL CHILDRENUNDER 18 YRS. 1,298,000 18.50% 64,000 23.70%Children in 2-parent families 697,000 12.10% 34,000 15.50%Children with single mothers 521,000 55.80% 28,000 70.70%Women, Income andHealth in Manitoba11ALL ADULTSAdult women 2,080,000 17.56% 84,000 19.91%Adult men 1,508,000 13.27% 55,000 13.52%SOURCE: Statistics Canada, Income in Canada, 1999, Table 8.5
Page 1 and 2: WOMEN, INCOME ANDHEALTH IN MANITOBA
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTSPageA. EXECUTIVE S
Page 5 and 6: EXECUTIVE SUMMARYTHE LINK between p
Page 7 and 8: Women, Income andHealth in Manitoba
Page 9: B. INTRODUCTIONMuch work has been d
Page 13 and 14: Health and Well-Being of Children i
Page 17 and 18: members of different visible minori
Page 21 and 22: 3. How has the connection between i
Page 23 and 24: E. INCOME AND THE HEALTH OF WOMEN -
Page 27 and 28: majority of British households,rega
Page 31 and 32: The following chart, based on a cha
Page 33 and 34: marsh potatoes, berries, etc. As a
Page 35 and 36: opportunities for women may beone o
Page 37 and 38: 2. Manitoba Data - Income and Healt
Page 39 and 40: CHART 3HEALTH CARE EXPENDITURES ON
Page 41 and 42: 3. What Does This Mean?As in other
Page 43 and 44: procedures. It is noteworthy that t
Page 45 and 46: 2. The Commonwealth Secretariat -Mo
Page 49 and 50: H. MAKING PUBLIC POLICY HEALTHIER F
Page 51 and 52: against women and its consequences
Page 53 and 54: 3.3 CHILD TAX BENEFITThe Government
Page 55 and 56: Household Basic Rent Rent Including
Page 57 and 58: If RHAs are open to suchcollaborati
Page 59 and 60: APPENDIX 1:SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE R
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Women, Income andHealth in Manitoba
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APPENDIX 3:HEALTH SERVICE UTILIZATI
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APPENDIX 4:INTERVIEWS WITH ABORIGIN
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ELEMENT #11GENDER SENSITIVE TRAININ
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ENDNOTES1. Sarlo, Christopher, “P
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ENDNOTES (continued)45. Arber, Sara
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ENDNOTES (continued)88. Mustard, Ca
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REFERENCES (continued)Clarke, H.F.
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REFERENCES (continued)Macintyre, Sa
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REFERENCES (continued)Vancouver/Ric
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