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independence because of the costsof transport, social care and aids oradaptations to compensate forfunctional disability.3. Homes in poor condition are occupieddisproportionately by single, olderpeople, the majority of whom arewomen. These homes have higherheating costs, which again reducestheir disposable income.4. Women of all ages are more likely thanmen to be reliant on public transport.Fewer women than men own or haveaccess to a car. This gender differenceis more pronounced for older women.5. Fear for personal safety is greater inolder women than women of youngerages. This limits their ability to goout alone, yet older women are morelikely to live alone than older men andtherefore need to go out in orderto join social networks.6. Older women are more likely thanolder men to suffer from functionalimpairments sufficient to requirehelp on a daily basis to remain livingin the community. 73These are also issues for Canadianwomen. It is important when making theconnections between income andhealth to include all age groups, notonly children and those of working age.The particular needs of older womenshould be considered in interventionsto promote healthy public policies.The development of “best practices”for health care services for low-incomewomen should include attention to theneeds of older women.8. Gender Inequalities and theHealth of Women and MenWomen, Income andHealth in Manitoba34What about gender inequalities in a society?Another interesting and relatively newobservation in the literature is that, whenthe fifty states of the United States werestudied, gender inequality is stronglyassociated with both male and femalemortality. States where the status ofwomen and men varied the most(measured by rates of political participation,employment, earnings and women’seconomic autonomy) had higher mortalityrates for both women and men but,interestingly, it was men who sufferedthe most. 74In analyzing their findings, the authorsstate:Higher political participation bywomen was correlated with lowerfemale mortality rates, as well aslower activity limitations. A smallerwage gap between women and menwas associated with lower femalemortality rates and lower activitylimitations. Indices of women’s statuswere also strongly correlated withmale mortality rates, suggesting thatwomen’s status may reflect moregeneral underlying structuralprocesses associated with materialdeprivation and income inequality.However, the indices of women’sstatus persisted in predicting femalemortality and morbidity rates afteradjusting for income inequality,poverty rates and household income.Associations were observed forspecific causes of death, includingstroke, cervical cancer and homicide.We conclude that womenexperience higher mortality andmorbidity in states where theyhave lower levels of politicalparticipation and economicautonomy. Living in such stateshas detrimental consequencesfor the health of men as well.Gender inequality and truncated
opportunities for women may beone of the pathways by whichthe maldistribution of incomeadversely affects the healthof women. 75 (emphasis added)This very interesting work has begun toaddress the question of the mechanismsby which income inequalities act onwomen’s health, understanding both thedynamics of economic inequalities ina particular society and genderinequalities in particular. Devising amethod by which to apply this researchto the Canadian situation may help toincrease our understanding of theconnections between socioeconomicinequalities and women’s health.Women, Income andHealth in Manitoba35
Page 1 and 2: WOMEN, INCOME ANDHEALTH IN MANITOBA
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTSPageA. EXECUTIVE S
Page 5 and 6: EXECUTIVE SUMMARYTHE LINK between p
Page 7 and 8: Women, Income andHealth in Manitoba
Page 9 and 10: B. INTRODUCTIONMuch work has been d
Page 11 and 12: Consistent with the majority of soc
Page 13 and 14: Health and Well-Being of Children i
Page 17 and 18: members of different visible minori
Page 21 and 22: 3. How has the connection between i
Page 23 and 24: E. INCOME AND THE HEALTH OF WOMEN -
Page 27 and 28: majority of British households,rega
Page 31 and 32: The following chart, based on a cha
Page 33: marsh potatoes, berries, etc. As a
Page 37 and 38: 2. Manitoba Data - Income and Healt
Page 39 and 40: CHART 3HEALTH CARE EXPENDITURES ON
Page 41 and 42: 3. What Does This Mean?As in other
Page 43 and 44: procedures. It is noteworthy that t
Page 45 and 46: 2. The Commonwealth Secretariat -Mo
Page 49 and 50: H. MAKING PUBLIC POLICY HEALTHIER F
Page 51 and 52: against women and its consequences
Page 53 and 54: 3.3 CHILD TAX BENEFITThe Government
Page 55 and 56: Household Basic Rent Rent Including
Page 57 and 58: If RHAs are open to suchcollaborati
Page 59 and 60: APPENDIX 1:SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE R
Page 63 and 64: APPENDIX 3:HEALTH SERVICE UTILIZATI
Page 65 and 66: APPENDIX 4:INTERVIEWS WITH ABORIGIN
Page 73 and 74: ELEMENT #11GENDER SENSITIVE TRAININ
Page 77 and 78: ENDNOTES1. Sarlo, Christopher, “P
Page 79 and 80: ENDNOTES (continued)45. Arber, Sara
Page 81 and 82: ENDNOTES (continued)88. Mustard, Ca
Page 83 and 84: REFERENCES (continued)Clarke, H.F.
Page 85 and 86:
REFERENCES (continued)Macintyre, Sa
Page 87 and 88:
REFERENCES (continued)Vancouver/Ric
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