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Women, Income andHealth in Manitoba16Aboriginal women in the health caresystem greatly affects their overall health.They identified poverty, as well as poortreatment and discrimination, as factorswhich can have negative effects on themental, emotional and spiritual well-beingof Aboriginal women.The majority of women interviewed sawdepression, low self-esteem and feelings oflow self-worth to be attributed to povertyamong Aboriginal women. One womanexplained that, if a woman is unable toprovide basic nutrition and housing forherself and her children, this can have adevastating effect on her mental, emotionaland spiritual health. Another woman feltthat, although a woman’s mental andemotional side would be negativelyaffected in such a situation, herspirituality would remain strong.Stress was identified as being a majorhealth issue for Aboriginal women who arepoor, because of the mental and emotionaleffects of poverty. It was noted that manyAboriginal women smoke as a result ofstress, which the interviewees understoodto be harmful to their health.Finally, many interviewees emphasizedthat Aboriginal women who are poor willignore their own health needs in orderto fulfil the health needs of their children orother family members. As an AboriginalMedical Interpreter (who requestedanonymity) told us:Aboriginal women do not make as muchmoney as their male counterparts.Especially if they are single women,there is so much more that are going todo without. So, they have more worries,mentally and spiritually, they would bemore stressed. Aboriginal women justignore their own health to lookafter others.2.5 VISIBLE MINORITY WOMENData from the 1996 Census of Canadashows high rates of poverty for visibleminority Canadians as follows:TABLE 7POVERTY AMONG VISIBLE MINORITYCANADIANS AND MANITOBANSCANADA MANITOBAMales 35.00% 30.80%Females 36.80% 31.80%SOURCE: Statistics Canada, 1996 Census,Dimension Series, Ethnocultural and SocialCharacteristics of the Canadian Population -94F0009XDB96003Based on data published in 1998 byStatistics Canada, Armine Yalnizyan hasnoted that:...Canadian-born members of visibleminority groups have only a slightlybetter earnings profile than peoplewho have just arrived in the country.Their average employment income of$18,565 was almost 39% below allother Canadian-born earners. Onlyone-third of this group of earnershave full-time full-year work, comparedto half of the rest of Canadian-bornearners. More than one in threeof the visible minority populationlive in poverty compared to 20%of the general population. 15(emphasis added)However, this remains for Canada arelatively new area of research. Theresearch of Derek Hum and WayneSimpson, using data from the StatisticsCanada Survey of Labour and IncomeDynamics, has yielded somewhat differentresults. They found that:with the exception of Black men,there is no statistically significantwage gap between visible minorityand non-visible minority groupmembership for native born workers.It is only among immigrants that thequestion of wage differentials forminorities arises, and consequently,the differential wage gap among
members of different visible minoritygroups. Furthermore, we wouldnote that there are differencesbetween men and women. Amongimmigrants, we find a wagedisadvantage for visible minoritymen relative to other men, but notfor visible minority women relativeto other women. 16 (emphasis added)They note that foreign-born women inCanada “face a disadvantage in theCanadian labour market whether theyare members of a visible minorityor not.” 17 (emphasis added)Further research will likely clarify ourunderstanding of these apparent differences.In the interim, it is clear that visibleminority Canadians, both men andwomen, face a much greater likelihood ofliving in poverty than do other Canadians.Their greater risk of poverty places uponthem a greater burden of ill health.Additionally, they face the burdensresulting from racism, which furthercontribute to stress and ill health.Women, Income andHealth in Manitoba17
Page 1 and 2: WOMEN, INCOME ANDHEALTH IN MANITOBA
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTSPageA. EXECUTIVE S
Page 5 and 6: EXECUTIVE SUMMARYTHE LINK between p
Page 7 and 8: Women, Income andHealth in Manitoba
Page 9 and 10: B. INTRODUCTIONMuch work has been d
Page 11 and 12: Consistent with the majority of soc
Page 13 and 14: Health and Well-Being of Children i
Page 15: Women, Income andHealth in Manitoba
Page 21 and 22: 3. How has the connection between i
Page 23 and 24: E. INCOME AND THE HEALTH OF WOMEN -
Page 27 and 28: majority of British households,rega
Page 31 and 32: The following chart, based on a cha
Page 33 and 34: marsh potatoes, berries, etc. As a
Page 35 and 36: opportunities for women may beone o
Page 37 and 38: 2. Manitoba Data - Income and Healt
Page 39 and 40: CHART 3HEALTH CARE EXPENDITURES ON
Page 41 and 42: 3. What Does This Mean?As in other
Page 43 and 44: procedures. It is noteworthy that t
Page 45 and 46: 2. The Commonwealth Secretariat -Mo
Page 49 and 50: H. MAKING PUBLIC POLICY HEALTHIER F
Page 51 and 52: against women and its consequences
Page 53 and 54: 3.3 CHILD TAX BENEFITThe Government
Page 55 and 56: Household Basic Rent Rent Including
Page 57 and 58: If RHAs are open to suchcollaborati
Page 59 and 60: APPENDIX 1:SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE R
Page 63 and 64: APPENDIX 3:HEALTH SERVICE UTILIZATI
Page 65 and 66: APPENDIX 4:INTERVIEWS WITH ABORIGIN
Page 67 and 68:
Women, Income andHealth in Manitoba
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
ELEMENT #11GENDER SENSITIVE TRAININ
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
ENDNOTES1. Sarlo, Christopher, “P
Page 79 and 80:
ENDNOTES (continued)45. Arber, Sara
Page 81 and 82:
ENDNOTES (continued)88. Mustard, Ca
Page 83 and 84:
REFERENCES (continued)Clarke, H.F.
Page 85 and 86:
REFERENCES (continued)Macintyre, Sa
Page 87 and 88:
REFERENCES (continued)Vancouver/Ric
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