1 introduction - National Dairy Research Institute

CONTENTSMilestones, Goals & MandatePrefaceExecutive SummaryInside Front Cover1. IntroductionHistorical Perspective 1Organisational Setup 2Finance 42. Research AchievementsDairy Cattle Breeding 5Dairy Cattle Nutrition 13Dairy Cattle Physiology 18Animal Biotechnology 22Animal Biochemistry 27Dairy Technology 34Dairy Engineering 39Dairy Chemistry 40Dairy Microbiology 44Dairy Economics, Statistics & 51ManagementDairy Extension 56Southern Regional Station, Bangalore 61Eastern Regional Station, Kalyani 653 Technologies Assessed andTransferred 684 Education and Training 695 Honours / Awards 716 Research Collaborations 747 Empowerment of Women andMainstreaming of Gender Issues 768 Publications 789 Consultancy, Patents &Commercialisation of Technologies 9010 Research Coordination andManagement 9211 Human Resource Development 10112 Seminars/Symposia/Workshops/ 107Field Days Organised13. Distinguished Visitors 108iv14. PersonnelInstitute Staff 110Personnel Milestones 11415. Main StationResearch DivisionsDairy Cattle Breeding Division 116Dairy Cattle Nutrition Division 116Dairy Cattle Physiology Division 117Animal Biotechnology Centre 117Animal Biochemistry Division 118Dairy Technology Division 119Dairy Engineering Division 120Dairy Chemistry Division 120Dairy Microbiology Division 121Dairy Economics, Statistics & 122Management DivisionDairy Extension Division 122Krishi Vigyan Kendra & 124Dairy Training CentreSupport SectionsLivestock Farm 128Artificial Breeding Complex 131Forage Section 132Experimental Dairy Plant 135Model Dairy Plant 136Computer Centre 138Library 139Communication Centre 140Maintenance Section 140Human Health Complex 140jktHkk"kk ,dd 14116. Regional StationsSouthern Regional Station, Bangalore 142Eastern Regional Station, Kalyani 14517. Summary in Hindi 148Location and TravelInformationInside Back Cover

CREDIT LINEPublisherDr. Sushil Kumar,Director, NDRIChief EditorDr. S. L. Goswami,Joint Director (Res.), NDRIEditorDr. (Mrs.) Meena Malik, Asstt. Prof. (Eng.)Sub-EditorMr. Braj Kishor, Tech. OfficerHindi TranslationMrs. Mridula Upadhyay, Tech. OfficerMrs. Kanchan Chaudhary, Tech. OfficerLayout Design and Word Processing Mr. Sunil Sharma, T-3Secretarial OperationsMr. Ram Dhari, Sr. ClerkPhotographyMr. G.D. Joshi, Tech. OfficerCover Page Photos:1. Murrah bull under Progeny Testing Programme2. Ready to reconstitute paneer curry mix3. NDRI convocation – A view4. 3–Stage continous khoa making plant5. Animal Biotechnology Centre6. A view of dairy mela7. Sahiwal cow

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYvNational Dairy Research Institute is the premierresearch organization of the Nation dedicatedfor providing Research & Development (R&D)and Human Research Development (HRD)support towards dairy development programmesin the country. Established in 1923, theheadquarters of the Institute were moved to thepresent location at Karnal in 1955. It has tworegional stations, one at Bangalore and the otherat Kalyani for providing region-specific supportsuited to their agro-climatic conditions. TheInstitute has the distinction of being a DeemedUniversity for implementing its educationalprogrammes.ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTUREIn consonance with the administrative pattern ofthe Deemed University System of the ICAR, theInstitute is managed through various policy/decision making bodies viz. Board ofManagement, Research Advisory Committee,Academic Council and Extension Council. TheDirector is the Chief Executive Officer assisted bythe Joint Directors for managing research,academic and extension functions. The Institutehas three major areas of R&D activities viz. i)Dairy Production, ii) Dairy Processing and iii)Dairy Extension / Management. All the R&Dactivities are managed through eleven ResearchDivisions/Sections, namely, Dairy CattleBreeding, Dairy Cattle Nutrition, Dairy CattlePhysiology, Animal Biochemistry, AnimalBiotechnology, Dairy Technology, DairyEngineering, Dairy Chemistry, DairyMicrobiology, Dairy Extension and DairyEconomics, Statistics and Management at themain station and its two regional stations. TheInstitute also has a Agricultural TechnologyInformation Centre (ATIC), Krishi Vigyan Kendraand Dairy Training Centre. The Institute hasinfrastructure consisting of central facilities suchas Livestock Farm, Fodder Farm, ArtificialBreeding Complex, Animal Health Complex,Model Dairy Plant, Experimental Dairy Plant,Consultancy Unit, Library and National BioinformaticCentre, Computer Centre, EstateSection and Maintenance Engineering Section.The administrative functions viz. finance,purchase, stores, establishment and security areunder the administrative control of the ChiefAdministrative Officer. The Institute presentlyhas strength of 173 scientists, 355 technicians,198 administrative and 812 supporting staff.BUDGET OUTLAYThe total budget of the Institute in terms ofactual expenditure for Plan and Non-plan forthe year 2005-2006 was Rs. 4309.36 lakhs andbudget sanctioned for the year 2006-2007 wasRs. 4536.95 lakhs, respectively. These figuresinclude the financial outlays for the twoRegional Stations also.RESEARCHA total number of 90 in-house research projectswere in operation during the year 2006. Many ofthe research programmes have Inter-institutionallinkages with DBT/Ministry of Food ProcessingIndustries, State Agricultural Universities (SAUs)and State Development Departments at theNational level. Some of the salient achievementsof research during the period under report are asunder:• A total of 41 KF (24 %), 27 Sahiwal (18 %) and60 Murrah buffaloes (34 %) were identified aselite buffaloes for nominated mating with theproven bulls. The best lactation milk yield ofelite KF, Sahiwal and Murrah buffaloes rangedbetween 5014-7168 kg, 2040-3629 kg and 2504-3754 kg, respectively.• The correlation coefficients of breeding valueof sires based on Contemporary Comparison,Least Squares and Simplified Regressed LeastSquares with the expected breeding values ofreserved males’ pedigree index revealed thatSire’s and paternal grandsire’s breeding valuesare relatively more reliable pedigreeinformation which should be used for selectionof young dairy bulls for future breeding apartfrom dam’s and paternal grand-dam’s 305-daymilk yield.Murrah Bull under progeny testing programme

–– Executive Summary ––• The proportion of KF bulls disposed due topoor semen quality was higher in F1 bulls(45.23%) as compared to interbreds (26.86%).The proportion of bull disposed due to poorsemen freezability was also found to be higherin F1 (23.80%) than in interbreds (10.44%).• A total of 6747 and 8574 AIs performed in KFand Murrah Buffaloes under field conditionsresulted in 40.2 and 39.2% conception rate,respectively. A total of 1283 (622 male and661female) and 1596 (826 male and 770 female)KF and Murrah buffalo calves born in thefarmers’ herds will be utilized for geneticevaluation of bulls under progeny testing.Performance data on 480 buffaloes and 198Karan Fries was recorded for evaluation ofbulls under field conditions.• Proven Buffalo Bull No. 4090 of the center ofNDRI ranked second with a sire index of 1946kg and 10.44 % superiority. Out of 15 buffalobulls evaluated in the V th Set, NDRI Centercontributed five bulls including two provenbulls 4393 and 4371 evaluated as best five bullsunder Vth Set.• The methodology for estimating DailyBreeding Values (DBVs) of Murrah buffaloesbased on test day first lactation milk yieldrecords using Random Regression Models(RRMs) was standardized for geneticevaluation of buffaloes.yield in Sahiwal cattle. The AB genotype inthis breed produced higher fat, SNF and milkyield.• Murrah buffaloes at NDRI herd were found tobe monomorphic for k-casein, somatotropinand -lactoglobulin loci.• For b-lactoglobulin, AA genotype showedhigher monthly milk yield, SNF, whereas ABgenotype had higher monthly SNF %. Forsomatotropin, -/- genotype was found toinfluence monthly and 305 days milk yield andmonthly SNF % and yield., while LL genotypeshowed higher monthly and 305 days milkyield, monthly SNF yield and protein yield ascompared to LV and VV genotypes.• PCR-SSCP analysis of Exons 2, 3, 4, 5, 8 and16 lactoferrin gene and Exons 1, 2 and 3 ofleptin gene exhibited monomorphic patternsin Murrah Buffaloes.• In Sahiwal cattle, Exon 1 of leptin gene revealedmonomorphic whereas, Exons 2 and 3revealed multiple patterns, while five segmentof the promoter region and 16 exons oflactoferrin gene showed variable patternsusing PCR-SSCP.• The milk production of Institute’s LivestockFarm increased to 14, 10,976.0 kg as against14, 08,314.6 kg during the previous year (2005-06). The average milk production in variousbreed groups was also sustained at high level.The breed wise milking averages in SW, TP,KS, KF and Murrah were 6.5, 5.7, 11.6, 12.4and 6.8, respectively.viIdentical sahiwal male twins born through split embryos• The k-casein locus was found to besignificantly associated with fat/SNF/milkyield in Sahiwal cattle. The AA genotype ofk-casein locus in this breed was found to havehigher mean of fat yield, and milk yield.• The BB genotype of k-casein showed moreinfluence on monthly milk yield; 305 days milkyield, monthly SNF and protein yield.• The -casein locus was also significantlyassociated with fat percentage, fat/SNF/milk• Herd mortality was maintained at low level(6.9%), and the incidence of mastitis was alsokept at low (5.5%) level.• Gavli buffaloes were found similarto Pandharpura breed, phenotypicallyand genetically. Wide scope exists forthe improvement with systematizedreproduction/ first aid/vaccination services.• Introduction of taurine buffer into the genitaltract of the repeat breeder cows just prior to AIimproved conception and treating neat semenwith glycine enhanced sperm motility.• Bypass fat supplementation at 2.5% of DMIincreased milk production and proportion ofunsaturated FA and LCFA in milk fat in highyielding crossbred cows. Bypass fat also

–– Executive Summary ––viireduced the time required for involution ofuterus and commencement of cyclicity,services/conception and incidence of metritisin crossbred cows.• Calcium hydroxide and ferric chloridetreatments and fungal treatments (Pleurotusostreatus) were developed for reducing thetannins of tanniferrous feeds such as babulpods and mango seed kernel. Amongstdifferent isolates resistant to high tannincontents Enterococcus faecalis from the goatsfaeces GF-2 was found most promising usingtannins from babool pods.• Anaerobic rumen fungi from wild animals(neel gai) were isolated and the transinoculationof selective fungi was foundbeneficial for improving the utilization of poorquality roughages in buffaloes.• In vitro supplementation of virginiamycinshowed stimulatory effect on rumenfermentation in vitro as evident fromsignificantly increased TCA-N and molarproportion of propionate.• Feeding of lactating cows and buffaloes on soleroughage diets increased the ConjugatedLinoleic Acid (CLA) content in milk.Incorporation of mustard cake in concentratemixture also favoured higher milk CLA contentas compared to other oil cakes.• Dual purpose as well as traditional variety ofwheat could be harvested after 60 days ofsowing for fodder purposes without affectingthe grain and straw yields. The nutritive valueof wheat fodder was found to be high.• Lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercuryconcentration in feeds and fodder samples,collected from all over Haryana state, waswithin their permissible limits, however, watersamples from industrial towns containedhigher Hg content than its permissible limit.• Maland gidda cattle were well adopted to hillytracts and farmers rated these cattle excellentfor “disease resistance”.• A sensitive EIA was validated for estimatingfree and total cortisol concentration in cows,buffaloes and goats.• Luteinizing hormone secretion patterns werecharacterized in growing mithun.• Diurnal changes occurring in bloodmetabolites of mithuns in relation to plasmagrowth hormone and feeding time wererecorded.• In vitro phagocytic activity of blood and milkneutrophils was standardized and studied inSahiwal cows and Murrah buffaloes sufferingfrom clinical mastitis.• After treatment of mastitis, although the milkmay appear normal in cows and buffaloes,but milk SCC took 7 and 9 days respectivelyto reach its basal values.• Administration of 2.5 and 5 I.U. of exogenousoxytocin to Murrah buffaloes significantlyincreased milk SCC, Na and Cl, whereas, itsignificantly decreased milk K levels.• Efficacy of ovsynch protocol for estrusinduction and fixed time AI was successfullytested in buffaloes under field conditions.• A sensitive enzymeimmunoassay for PGFMin mithun plasma was standardized andvalidated.• Lymphocyte culture technique wasstandardized for studying the effect of nitricoxide synthase inhibitor on lymphocyteproliferation efficiency.• Yields of blastocysts produced in vitro wereincreased by supplementation of in vitromaturation and culture media withcysteamine, an antioxidant.• Buffalo embryonic stem cell lines, whichexpressed Oct-4 and survived up to 8passages, were produced.• Protocols were standardized for thecryopreservation of immature and in vitromatured buffalo oocytes by slow freezing andvitrification.• Cloned buffalo blastocysts were produced bysomatic cell transfer.• Fec B mutant genotype GG was found to bepresent in Garole sheep only while wildgenotype AA was predominant in Mehsanabuffaloes and Mehsana goats.• In deciphering the mechanism of bidirectionalcommunication between buffalo oocytes andsurrounding cumulus cells, the expression ofGDF9, BMP15 and HAS2 genes were identifiedto play definite roles.• Conjugated linoleic acid, a nutraceutical foundin dairy products in significant amounts, wasfound to exert body slimming effect in mice.

–– Executive Summary ––viiiThe mechanism involved reduction in theactivities of fatty acid synthase and carnitinepalmitoyltransferase in epididymal fat padand the effect was furthered by including SMPin the diet.• Dietary conjugated linoleic acid did notinfluence plasma lipid profile in mice onnormocholesterolemic diet.• Dietary calcium decreased plasma cholesterol,triglycerides levels and atherogenic index inrats and the dairy calcium was found to bemore efficacious.• Dietary calcium was found to have no bodyslimming effect in normal Wistar rats, contraryto literature reports on hypertensive rats.• Probiotic dahi containing Lactobacillusacidophilus and Lactobacillus casei was releasedon 12 th December 2006 at milk parlour of NDRI,Karnal. Probiotic dahi reduces increased bloodpressure and cholesterol, improves immunityand is antidiabetic.• Type I (AT-I) angiotensin II receptors werelocalized at post-acrosomal and tail region ofbuffalo spermatozoa during in vitrocapacitation.• L-Arginine was found to be a better in vitrocapacitating agent for buffalo spermatozoa ascompared to heparin.• Buffalo, cattle and goat seminal plasmainhibited nitric oxide production byspermatozoa under in vitro capacitatingconditions.• Buffalo aromatase cDNA containing fulllength open reading frame was cloned and 4allelic variants were found in the gene.• Significant polymorphism (T/C heterozygote)was found near TATA binding protein region(promoter II) of CYP 19 (aromatase) exon 2 inlate matured buffaloes.• Technologies were developed for traditionaldairy products viz., brown peda, sorghumbasedrabadi-like fermented milk, and rasogollaand sandesh from buffalo milk employingmembrane processing.• Functional dairy foods viz., dietetic burfi, fruitlassi,fiber-fortified milk, and table spread withfunctional ingredients developed.• Processes were standardized for Mozzarellatypecheese using milk-fat replacers, extendedshelf-life pizza, shelf-stable low-lactose milkconcentrate, and direct-acidified lassi-likewhey beverage.• Paneer and Green cheese could be used for theproduction of cheese pickle and sensoryevaluation studies revealed that paneer picklewas superior to cheese pickle.• Individual Quick Freezing (IQF) of Dharwadpeda resulted in hard body, but originalcharacteristics were restored on thawing.However, the typical sugar coating on the surfaceof the product disappeared because of moisture.• Use of 3 g of enzyme mixture for every kg ofbanana pulp and 5 g of enzymes mixture ofevery kg of mango pulp yielded maximumclarified juice of 70% and 65%, respectively.Use of 20% banana juice and 5% sugar in 1.5times concentrated toned milk producedacceptable quality natural banana fruitflavoured milk.• Continuous drum dewatering system wasdesigned and developed to prepare chhana.The unit has a capacity to handle 250 lit. ofmilk per hr.• A computer programme was developed formeasurement and simulation of water vapourpermeability of packaging materials undervarying package-environment interactions.• Three stage thin film heat exchanger wasdesigned and developed for continuousproduction of Burfi. The unit has a provisionfor sugar dosing for inline production of Burfi.• The continuous chhana ball making machine,developed and patented by Dairy EngineeringDivision was automated.• Response of dairy plant effluent to treatmentby different reactors was evaluated. An aerobicand anaerobic combination reactor was foundthe most suitable for treatment of dairyeffluents. Evaluation of anaerobic-aerobiccombination reactor for treatment of dairyplant effluents under varying hydraulicretention times and COD loads indicated thatthe reactor was found suitable for treatment ofeffluents upto a COD load of 2500 mg/l at 30-36 hours of hydraulic retention time.• A simple test was developed to detect theadulteration of ghee with palm oil.• A method was developed for estimation of ureain milk using ammonia sensitive electrode.

–– Executive Summary ––ix• In comparison to BHA, ascorbyl palmitate andcaffeic acid showed good anti-oxidantproperties in retarding oxidative rancidity inghee.• A molecularly-imprinted polymer havingimage of Vitamin A was prepared andcharacterized. The polymer has vast potentialin separation methods.• Anti-oxidant activities of buffalo and bovinecaseins and casein-fractions were evaluated.Trolox equivalent anti-oxidant capacity ofbuffalo casein was nearly 20% higher thanbovine casein. Anti-oxidant activity was inthe order of s 1-> ->k- caseins.• HPLC/HPTLC methods were developed foranalysis of artificial sweeteners viz. saccharin,acesulfame K, aspartame and sucralose in dairyproducts viz. flavoured milk, burfi andkalakand. Except aspartame, all othersweetners were stable at least up to 7 days.Aspartame degraded to aspartyl phenylalanineat day 5 during storage of flavoured milk.• Buffalo chymosin was expressed in Pichiapastoris extracellularly in the culturesupernatant and the recombinant protein withfunctional milk clotting activity was purifiedto homogeneity level.• A promising indigenous probioticlactobacillus culture Lp9 with strongcolonization potentials based on Caco2 celllines adherence and other health promotingfunctions was characterized.• Intracellular expression of human lactoferrinin Saccharomyces cerivisiae was achieved.• Real Time PCR assays based on SYBR Greenand stx1/2 primers were standardized fordetection of E. coli O157:H7.• A process was standardized for the productionof biopreservative at industrial scale in a 100liter fermenter by using the facilities at UniqueBiotech Ltd. Hyderabad.• Lactobacillus collinoides, L. acidophilus and L. caseiproduced proteinaceous antifungalsubstances that showed activity against moldsand yeasts. The AFS could be used inbiopreservation of paneer.• Exopolysaccharide production by Lactococcuslactis NCDC191 using Response SurfaceMethodology for scale up of EPS productionin a fermenter was optimized.• The overall percentage reduction in per litrevariable cost of milk was in the range of 22% to28% due to adoption of crossbred technologyin Haryana. The internal rate of returns (IRR)of investment on crossbreeding programme inHaryana during last 37 years (1966-2003) wasestimated to be 94%.• The contribution of technological componentin higher milk production for crossbred cowsin South Tripura was about 68% thuspropagation of crossbreeding in the region hasthe potential to ensure reasonable returns oninvestment.• The profitability of dairy products studiedseparately for two agro-ecological zones ofHaryana, was found to be the highest in caseof Ghee (59.77 %) followed by Khoa (49.62 %)and the lowest in Paneer (20.03 %) in Easternzone. The returns from Ghee in western zonewere only 16 %.• The producer’s share in consumer’s rupee(where milk marketing agencies involved) wasobserved to be highest and the price spreadwas lowest in case of milk marketing channel-Producer-Halwai-consumer, and hence, thischannel was considered to be most efficientwhere milk-marketing agencies were involvedin Rajasthan.• It was found that the urban population ofKarnal is making more than half of the percapita expenditure on milk and milk productson value added dairy products (VADPs).• The FCM and SNF corrected per unit cost ofmilk production was found to be Rs. 11.12,Rs. 8.58, Rs. 7.41 and Rs. 6.16 for zebu, KS, KFand Murrah, respectively.EDUCATION• The following short courses/trainingprogrammes were organised for improving thecompetence of teachers engaged in SAUs andICAR Institutes by Dairy Technology and DairyCattle Breeding Divisions under the aegis ofCentre of Advanced Studies.– Advanced Animal Breeding Technologiesfor Improvement of Livestock.– Developments in Traditional DairyProducts.– Application of Genomics for LivestockImprovement.

–– Executive Summary ––• During the academic year, 21 students inB.Tech. (DT), 64 in Masters in Dairying and 40students in Ph.D. (Dairying) were declaredeligible for award of degrees.NDRI Student receiving degree from Mr. Sharad PawarHon'ble Union Minister for Agriculture at theConvocation held on April 21, 2007of 520 farmers participated in theseprogrammes and they were made well awareof the improved dairy farming practices,animal health management, disease preventivemeasures, mastitis control and utility ofrecords keeping.• Crossbreeding programme was continued incows and selective breeding in local buffaloesthrough A.I. using high pedigree bulls. Underthese activities, 838 cows and 539 buffaloeswere inseminated. The conception rate of A.I.was observed as 46% in cows and 44% inbuffaloes and as a result 203 (CB calves)/203and (buffalo calves) were born. A total of 94cases were diagnosed for pregnancy anddeworming and 254 cases of Tick control werealso performed. There were 80 cases ofdehorning of newly born calves.x• 6 th Convocation of NDRI Deemed Universitywas held on 21 st April, 2006. Hon’ble UnionMinister for Agriculture, Shri Sharad Pawar Jigraced the occasion as Chief Guest. ShriBhupinder Singh Hooda, Chief Minister ofHaryana, Dr. Arvind Sharma, M. P., Karnal,Mrs. Meena Mandal, Minister, Govt. ofHaryana, Dr. Mangala Rai, Director General,ICAR and Dr. V. K. Taneja, DDG (AS), ICARwere also present on this occasion.• Students of NDRI Deemed Universitycelebrated the Vasntotsav-2007 in the monthof February, 2007.• The Inter-university Annual Youth Festival“Reverie – 2007” was organised in the monthof March, 2007. NDRI Deemed University, thehost team was judged as winner team.• Mr. Arun Murugan, M., Ph.D. Scholar (AnimalBiochemistry) was awarded “Common WealthSplit-site Doctoral Scholarship 2006” at theRoyal Veterinary College, University ofLondon for a period of one year.• Ms. Sapana Jarial, Ph.D. Scholar (DairyExtension Education) availed DAADFellowship for a period of 16 months.EXTENSION• Dairy Extension Division organized 7 KisanSangosthies with the dairy farmers in theadopted villages for transferring varioustechnologies developed by the Institute. A totalKisan Sangosthi and Livestock Veterinary CampOrganised by NDRI at Village Subri - A View• Monthly Infertility and Veterinary AidCampaigns were organized at the villages viz.Kulwehri, Budakhera and Ranwar. A total of460 animals particularly suffering from latematurity, anoestrus and repeat breeding werechecked, diagnosed and given treatmentaccordingly.• High yielding varieties of fodder crops(Barseem and Oat) were demonstrated atfarmers’ field in collaboration with IGFRI,Jhansi. Under these programmes, four varietiesof Barseem viz. Vardaan, JHB-146, Sahli andSaidi and five varieties of Oat viz. JHO-851,JHO-822, JHO-2000-1 and JHO-99-2 weredemonstrated in villages namely Kulwehri,Subri and Kheri Naru. Farmers were alsoeducated about the package of practices andits differential output. The yield of these highyielding varieties of fodder crops was 30%more than the existing.

–– Executive Summary ––• The Research-Extension-Industry-Farmers-Interface for dairy development organized byDivision of Dairy Extension during 6 th -7 thFebruary, 2007 evoked a great response amongfarm women, wherein more than 200 farmwomen from the different parts of Indiaparticipated. Women participants evincedkeen interest in all the activities of the Interface.During the Question-Answer session womenfarmers engaged in dairying participatedactively by highlighting their respectiveproblems vis-à-vis dairy farming practices.Majority of their questions pertained to theproblems associated with credit facilities, dairycattle/buffalo breeding and feeding system.• During the year, KVK/DTC organized 139training programmes (both on and off campus)participated by 3436 trainees on differentaspects of Dairy Production, Dairy Processing,Agriculture, Vermiculture, Bee-keeping,Fisheries and Home Science. During thesetraining programmes, total mandays trainedwere 8806.• The animal health management activities andfield extension activities of KVK were carriedout through stockman centres. In these centres,8617 cases were attended, out of which 344cases for general treatment, 113 for infertilitytreatment, 291 for deworming, 1,630 calvesborn under A.I. programme, 642 for pregnancydiagnosis, 4117 for A.I. in dairy animals and1480 cases for vaccination were attended.• Subject-matter specialists of KVK organized 14one day camps on fertility, deworming, tickcontrol, general treatment and pregnancydiagnosis and attended 3,284 cases in adoptedvillages to create awareness among farmersabout animal infertility problems and dairymanagement aspects.• Regarding estrus synchronization and settime – A.I. in buffaloes, 70 trials were conductedin different villages and the protocol developedby the Dairy Cattle Physiology Division ofNDRI was used .• Front Line Demonstrations (FLD) in thereporting period were organized in 6 ha. areaallotted under oilseed and 4.4 ha. area underpulse crops. The KVK had selected 14 farmersunder Oilseeds and 11 farmers under PulseCrops. A total number of 25 demonstrationswere organized in different villages.• Most of the commercial branded ghee samplesfrom Southern States met the quality standards,while many unbranded samples showed substandardphysio-chemical characteristics dueto adulteration.• A survey study revealed that Karnataka hostedmore than 200 cattle fairs in which more than15 lacks bullocks gathered. The price rangedfrom Rs. 10,000 – Rs. 1,20,000 /pair.INFRASTRUCTURE• Creation of Video Conferencing Room.• Renovation of Mini Auditorium.• Renovation of Administrative Block.• Renovation of Artificial Breeding Complex,Farm Section, Central Store, MaintenanceSection, Cafeteria, Bhramputra Hostel,Residential Quarters of type – B, C & D andEstate Section.• Renovation of Molecular Genetics Lab. of DairyCattle Breeding Division.• Procurement of Modified AtmospherePackaging (MAP) analyzer, spectrophotometerand sample preparation mill inDairy Technology Division.• Renovation of overhead Water Tank No. 1 & 2.• Renovation of Stress Physiology Laboratoryin Dairy Cattle Physiology Division.• Construction of Cycle/Scooter/Motor CycleStand at International Hostel.• Construction of Car/Scooter Parking Shed atBiotechnology Centre.• Construction/raising of Boundary Wall fromPeer Baba to Railway Line.• Construction of Threshing Floor at KVK.• Construction of 8 additional Toilets in D TypeQuarters at NDRI, Campus.xi

1 INTRODUCTIONHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE1The National Dairy Research Institute is thepremier organisation that provides R&D supportfor Dairy Development programmes of theNation. Over the years, it has gained prominenceas the front ranking research organisation onglobal basis. The Institute works in close liaisonwith various National and Internationaldevelopmental agencies. Scientific achievements,development of human resource at multi-tier leveland infusion of science in various sectors of thedairy industry have been the hallmarks of theInstitute. The Institute catalyses close interactionamong scientists, students, farmers and dairyindustry for orchestrating dairy developmentprocess in a harmonious manner.The National Dairy Research Institutemetamorphosed from erstwhile Imperial Institutefor Animal Husbandry & Dairying, which wasestablished at Bangalore in 1923. In 1936, it wasexpanded and renamed as Imperial DairyInstitute. It was in 1955 that its Headquarters wereshifted to Karnal at the location formerly calledCentral Cattle Breeding Farm. With a view toconsolidate the impressive infrastructure alreadydeveloped at Bangalore, the unit was reorganisedto serve as the Southern Regional Station of theInstitute. In 1962 and 1964, two regional stationswere established in Bombay and Kalyani,respectively, to serve as the Western and Easternregional stations of the Institute. However, theWestern Regional Station (WRS) at Bombay wasclosed down in 1984. The Southern and theEastern Regional Stations continue to provideregion specific R&D support for dairydevelopment in relation to the agro-climaticconditions that exist in those areas. In 1970, theInstitute’s management was weaned away fromthe Ministry of Agriculture and brought underthe wings of the Indian Council of AgriculturalResearch with a view to provide greateroperational autonomy in research managementfunctions. In 1989, status of Deemed Universitywas conferred to the Institute for furtherstrengthening the academic programmes forhuman resource development. The Instituteprovides high quality education in the field ofdairying, which has no parallel in Asia. It isnoteworthy that NDRI is not only an importantcontributor of manpower in dairying required inState Agricultural Universities (SAUs) but also itplays an important role in enhancing the teachingcapabilities of the faculty from SAUs. This isevidenced by recognition, by the ICAR, of theInstitute as Centre of Advanced Studies at NDRIin Animal Genetics and Breeding and DairyTechnology disciplines to further strengthen theresearch and training components.

ORGANISATIONAL SETUP2The organisational structure of NDRI follows theDeemed University pattern of the ICAR. Thepolicy making functions are managed throughfive main bodies focused at fields of research,education and extension activities.• Board of Management• Research Advisory Committee• Academic Council• (Staff) Research Council• Extension CouncilThe highest policy making body is the Board ofManagement. The Director NDRI, is the Chairmanof this Board. The Research Advisory Committeeis responsible for all round progress of researchat the Institute and its application. The AcademicCouncil is responsible for all issues relating tothe education and training. The AcademicCouncil, in turn, is supported by (i) StandingCommittees, (ii) the Post graduate Faculty, and(iii) the Board of Studies in the respectivedisciplines. The Extension Council is responsiblefor guiding extension programmes.The Research, Education and Extension activitiesof the Institute are managed by the Director andthe Joint Directors through Scientific, Technical,Administrative and Supporting staff. TheDirector is overall Administrative Head of theInstitute and its Regional Stations. The JointDirectors in addition to extending support to theDirector in the area of Research, Academics andAdministration are responsible to co-ordinateresearch and educational activities of variousDivisions and Regional Stations, respectively.Each of the Regional Stations is administeredthrough the Head located at the station. TheScientific and teaching work at the main stationis conducted through 12 subject-matterDivisions/Sections.STAFF POSITION(As on 31.03.2007)Director 1Joint Directors 2Scientific 170Technical 355Administrative/Ministerial 198Supporting Staff 812ChairmanMemberMemberBOARD OF MANAGEMENTMembers(Nominee, GoverningBody, ICAR nominatedby President, ICAR)Members(Head of Divisions/Sr. Professors of relatedgroups of disciplines andProject Co-ordinators)Director, NDRIJoint Director(Research), NDRIJoint Director (A),NDRISh. S. S. AhluwaliaSh. Dinsha PatelDr. B. S. PrakashDr. K. K. SinghalDr. S. P. AgrawalaDr. M. K. RaoDr. D. K. SharmaDr. V. K. BatishDr. A. A. PatelDr. J. P. DhakaMemberVice Chancellor(Vice-Chancellor of an M. A. F. S. U.Agricultural University) NagpurMember(Nominee, DG, ICAR)Member(Director IVRI/IARI)Member(Animal HusbandryCommissioner Dept. ofDairying & A.H., Ministryof Agri. Govt. of India)DDG (AS) ICARDirector, IVRIAnimal HusbandryCommissionerMemberDr. K. Pradhan(Eminent ScientistEx-Vice Chancellorin the field of Research OUAT, Orissadone at the Institute butICAR not employed by ICAR)Member(Eminent AgriculturalEducationist concerned withresearch work of the Institutebut not employed by ICAR)Member(Two non-official personsrepresenting Agricultural/interest to be nominatedPresident, ICAR)Member(FA, ICAR or his nominee)MemberMember SecretaryDr. N. R. BhasinEx-Vice ChancellorRAU, BikanerSh. Ved PalSh. V. P. ChitaleFinancial AdvisorICARDevelopmentCommissioner,Karnal DivisionCAO, NDRI

–– Organisational Setup ––3ChairmanVice-ChairmanMemberMembers(Four Eminent Scientistsfrom outside the NDRI)Member(Representative fromthe UGC)Member(DDG Education orhis nominee)ACADEMIC COUNCILMembers(One Senior Scientist fromeach Division)Student MembersMember-SecretaryDirector, NDRIJoint Director (A)Joint Director(Research)Dr. V. B. SinghEx-Vice ChancellorMPUA&T, UdaipurDr. S. A. H. Abidi,Former Member, ASRBDr. Nagendra Sharma,Vice ChancellorShere-E-KashmirUni. of Agri. Sci. andTechnology, JammuDr. B. B. Mallick,Ex- Vice ChancellorWBUA&FS, KolkataDr. H. R. S. TyagiEx-Head (Zoology)M. L. SukhadiaUniversity, UdaipurDDG (Edn.), ICARDr. B. K. JoshiDr. B. S. PrakashDr. S. P. AgrawalaDr. Raj Vir SinghDr. V.K. BatishDr. Jancy GuptaDr. A. A. PatelDr. R. S. ManikDr. Y. S. RajputDr. V. K. KansalDr. K. K. SinghalProf. Surendra SinghDr. M. K. RaoDr. I. K. SawhneyDr. G. S. SharmaDr. Kishan SinghChief Admn. OfficerMs. DeeptiMs. Asha LathaRegistrar, NDRIDeemed UniversityRESEARCH ADVISORY COMMITTEEChairmanDr. R. Nagarcenkar(An Eminent Scientist Ex. DDG (Edu) ICARfrom outside ICARsystem, nominatedby DG, ICAR)MembersMr. B. M. Vyas, M.D.(External experts, GCMMF Ltd., Anandnominated byDirector General, ICAR)Dr. K. PradhanEx-Vice Chancellor,RAU, BikanerDr. ThangarajuDean, Madras VeterinaryCollege, TANUVAS,ChennaiDr. Seema WahabAdvisor, DBT, New DelhiMemberDy. Director General(AS), ICARMemberDirector, NDRIMembersDr. Suresh GuptaRepresenting Agril./` Dr. A. K. AggarwalRural Interest on theManagement Committeeof the InstituteMember Secretary Joint Director (Research),NDRIEXTENSION COUNCILChairmanDirector, NDRIMembersJoint Director (Research),NDRIJoint Director (Academic),NDRIMembersDr. K. K. SinghalDr. P. K. NagpaulDr. Rameshwar SinghDr. N. K. VermaDr. Des RajDr. Mahendra SinghDr. S. K. JhaDr. (Mrs.) Sujata PanditaMemberDr. Anil Kumar(Representative, Dairy Dairy Development Dept.,Development) PanjabMemberDr. M. K. Rao(Scientist from Regional Head, SRS BangaloreStation)MemberJt. Secretary (Extn.)(Representative, Dept. of Agri. & Coop.Department of Min. of Agri., New DelhiAgricultural Ministry)MemberDr. P. DasJt. Director (Extn.), DDG (Agri. Extn.) ICARDirectorate of Extn.,Ministry of Agri.,New DelhiMemberDirector (Farm Information)(Nominee, ICAR) Directorate of Extn., Govt. ofIndia, New DelhiMember Secretary Head, Dairy Extn. Division

2 RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTSDAIRY CATTLE BREEDINGIdentification of Superior Dairy Animals withHigh Genetic Merit Using PerformanceEvaluationR 2 the LSQ was considered more efficient thanBLUP method.5A total of 41 KF (24 %), 27 Sahiwal (18 %) and 60Murrah buffaloes (34 %) were identified as elitebuffaloes for nominated mating with the provenbulls. The overall lactational milk yields of theseelite KF, Sahiwal and Murrah buffaloes were4718, 2258 and 2406 kg, which was 15.0, 22.6and 17.7% higher than the herd average. The bestlactation milk yield of elite KF, Sahiwal andMurrah buffaloes ranged between 5014 - 7168kg, 2040 - 3629 kg and 2504 - 3754 kg.A total of 105 KF, 47 SW and 72 Murrah malecalves were reserved on the basis of EPD anddam’s best 305 days lactation yield, breedcharacteristics and physical conformity forselection for future breeding. The dam’s best 305days lactation yield of reserved males rangedfrom 4546-7168 kg in KF, 2020 - 4039 kg inSahiwal and 2313 - 3534 kg in Murrahbuffaloes.Breeding values of young bulls for different setswere estimated for KF (IV-VI sets), Sahiwal (IV-V sets) and Murrah bulls (I-III sets) based onavailable first 305 days lactation records ofdaughters born to these bulls by ContemporaryDeviation method of sire evaluation. The geneticsuperiority ranged from 3.43 to 27.70% in KF,6.72 to 24.70% in Sahiwal and 1.49 to 6.40% inMurrah buffaloes. Test mating of breeding bullsof VII and VIII set, VI and VII set and IV to IX setwere completed with the correspondingconception rate varying from 43.0 -47.5 %, 48.3 -50.1% and 32.16 - 42.0% in KF, Sahiwal andMurrah Buffaloes. A total of 14 geneticallysuperior bulls (6 of KF, 3 of SW and 5 of Murrah)were selected as proven bulls usingContemporary Daughter Deviation Sire IndexMethod.The efficiency of LSQ and BLUP methods of sireevaluation was compared on the basis of errorvariance and coefficient of determination (R 2 ).The error variance of LSQ method in 305-daymilk yield and predicted 305-day milk yield byratio and regression methods using partlactation and 305-day milk yields had lowererror variance and higher R 2 than the BLUP.Thus, on the basis of error variance and higherElite Murrah Buffalo at NDRIRandom regression model was developed basedon test day records for studying the geneticpersistency of first lactation milk yield of Murrahbuffaloes. The genetic correlation between geneticpersistency for different days in milk andestimated breeding value for 305 days in milkwas negative upto 180 days in milk and positivefrom 240 days in milk onwards which indicateda minimum of 240 days as an optimum firstlactation length for the genetic evaluation ofMurrah buffaloes. It was inferred that the breedingvalue for persistency of milk yield of first lactationdaughters could be taken as one of the criteria forthe evaluation of sires in the breeding programin future.Progeny testing programme under fieldconditions: For testing of young bulls anddissemination of superior germplasm under filedconditions, a total of 6747 and 8574 A.I wereperformed and as a result 40.2 and 39.2 %conception rate was obtained in KF and MurrahBuffaloes under field conditions. A total of 1283(622 male and 661female) KF and 1596 (826 maleand 770 female) Murrah buffalo calves born inthe farmers’ herds would be utilized for geneticevaluation of bulls under progeny testing.Performance data on 480 buffaloes and 198 KaranFries were recorded for evaluation of bulls underfield conditions.More than 5 lakh frozen semen doses of cattle(SW, KF) and Murrah buffaloes were produced;out of which around 50% semen doses were soldto farmers and development agencies.

–– Dairy Cattle Breeding ––6Superior germplasm production (semen andembryos) from elite animals: For superiorgermplasm production semen of superior maleswas crypreserved. A total of 130880 doses offrozen semen of superior bulls were produced in2006, which was higher than those producedduring previous year (106180 doses).Effect of Zn supplementation on semen profile:The frequency of creamy ejaculates was more inZn supplemented groups in both crossbred cattle& Murrah buffalo bulls. Zn supplementation hadno significant (P>0.05) effect on semen volume.Higher mass activity in second ejaculate wasobserved compared to first. However, only in MUthe values were significant (P0.05) influence hydrogen ionconcentration (pH) and osmolality of semen ofboth the species. Zn supplementationsignificantly improved live sperm concentration(LSCON) of CB (P0.05) difference between thecontrol and Zn supplemented groups.Blood Testosterone Level: Blood testosteronelevel was not significantly (P>0.05) influencedby Zn supplementation. Although, higher bloodplasma testosterone level were observed in theZn supplemented groups over control group inboth CB and MU bulls. No clear pattern of monthlyhormonal variation was observed in both thespecies.Identification of Different Genetic andMolecular Markers and their Application inAssessment of Producing Ability, Fertility andDisease Resistance of Dairy AnimalsMicrosatellite markers studies in relation toproductivity and sub-fertility in cattle andbuffaloesAnalysis of Milk Proteins Loci in Murrah breedof buffalo: In Murrah buffaloes, the genotypeanalysis on milk proteins showed lesspolymorphism in -casein, b-casein, -s 1-casein,-s 2casein, b-lactoglobulin and a-lactalbuminfractions. The genotype of s 1-casein locus wasdetected from DNA by ARMS-PCR using twoprimer pairs. The amplified products of genotypeBB animals yielded two (310 and 236 bp) bands.k-casein 350 bp fragment of the gene yielded onetype of fragment pattern. The digested B alleleexhibited two fragments of 266 bp and 84 bp.This pattern showed that there was only BBgenotype present in the population. A 437-basepair (bp) fragment of -casein gene yielded a singlerestriction pattern and accordingly genotypeswere identified. One Hind-III restriction site wasfound in position 346 of the amplified fragment

–– Dairy Cattle Breeding ––7of allele B. The digested B allele produced a 346bp and 91 bp fragment. This pattern showed thatthere was only BB genotype present in thepopulation. Amplification of exon-4 of Murrahbuffalo K-CN gene using another primer pairyielded 456 bp products and digested with HinfIrestriction enzyme gave 426 bp & 27 bp band.This pattern showed that there was only BBgenotype present in the population.Identification of genetic polymorphism at b-lactoglobulin, k-casein and bovine somatotropinloci in dairy animals: Genomic DNA was isolatedfrom blood/semen samples collected from 270Sahiwal and 140 Crossbred cattle and 189 Murrahbuffalo animals using high salt method andphenol-chloroform protocols. Suitable primerswere selected and DNA amplified to exploregenetic polymorphism at -casein,-lactoglobulin and bovine somatotropin lociusing PCR-RFLP analysis. Restriction digestionof PCR products was carried out with Alu I, Msp Ifor Growth Hormone gene (Bovine Somatotropin),Hind III, Hinf I, Hae III and Hha I for -casein andHae III and Hha I for -Lactoglobulin gene.GH-Msp I (at 329 bp fragment containing intronIII & a part of exon IV): The overall gene andgenotypic frequencies of GH-MspI in Sahiwalcattle were 0.107 (+) & 0.893 (-), and 0.793 (-/-),0.200 (-/+) & 0.007 (+/+) respectively. Exon V ofbST locus with Msp I restriction digestionrevealed only +/+ genotype in all the animals ofMurrah buffalo.GH-Alu I (at 223 bp fragment containing exon V):The overall gene and genotypic frequencies ofGH-Alu I in Sahiwal cattle were 0.834 (L) and0.166 (V), and 0.688 (LL), 0.293 (LV) and 0.019(VV), respectively. In crossbred (Karan Fries)cattle, the frequencies of three genotypes were0.70, 0.27 and 0.03, respectively. Exon V of bSTlocus with Alu I restriction digestion revealed onlyLL genotype in all the animals of Murrah buffalo.-Casein-Hind III (at 633 bp fragment containingexon IV & part of intron III and intron IV): Theoverall gene and genotypic frequencies of-Casein gene with Hind III RE in Sahiwal cattlewere 0.871 (A) and 0.129 (B), and 0.752 (AA), 0.237(AB) and 0.011 (BB) respectively. Restrictionenzyme digestion of the 633 bp PCR amplifiedproduct with Hinf I and agarose gelelectrophoresis (2.5%) produced three restrictiondigestion patterns of two alleles, viz., A (326 bp,124 bp, 98 bp and 85 bp) and B (450 bp, 98 bp and85 bp) alleles. The overall gene and genotypicfrequencies were 0.867 (A), 0.133 (B), and 0.748(AA), 0.237 (AB) and 0.015 (BB). Restrictiondigestion of 633 bp PCR product with Hae III andHha I enzyme independently did not revealpolymorphism at k-casein gene. In crossbredcattle the frequencies of three genotypes i.e. AA,AB and BB were observed to be 0.68, 0.22 and0.10, respectively. Whereas, PCR-RFLP analysisfor k-casein locus (Exon IV and part of Intron IIIand IV) with Rsa I and Hae III REs revealed onlyBB genotype in all the animals of Murrahbuffaloes included in this study.-Lactoglobulin-Hae III (262 bp fragmentcontaining of exon IV & part of intron III andintron IV): The genotypic frequencies of AA, AB,and BB were 0.051, 0.359, and 0.590 in Sahiwalbulls, and 0.026, 0.359, and 0.615 in femaleSahiwal animals, respectively. The overallgenotypic frequencies of AA, AB, and BB were0.030, 0.359 and 0.611, respectively. In both thesexes of Sahiwal cattle, the genotype frequenciesof BB were the highest as compared to the AAand AB genotypes. The restriction digestion of252 bp PCR product with Hha I enzyme revealedmonomorphism at this locus, whereas, incrossbred cattle, the frequencies of threegenotypes AA, AB and BB were 0.63, 0.22 and0.15, respectively. Murrah animals revealedmonomorphism with BB genotype only.Analysis of association among variousgenotypes and production parameters: Thedifference of means between monthly milk yield,tri-monthly milk yield, fat percentage & yield,protein percentage & yield and SNF percentage& yield within season, parity, period, stage oflactation and genotypes were tested forsignificance by applying the Duncan’s MultipleRange Test (DMRT) for cattle population.However, due to monomorphic patterns inMurrah buffalo for the three loci under study, itwas not possible to establish such an association.• -/- (D/D) genotype of growth hormone genewas found to be significantly influencingmonthly milk yield, 305 days milk yield,monthly SNF percentage & monthly SNF yield.• Monthly milk yield, 305 days milk yield,monthly SNF yield and monthly protein yield,were found higher in animals having LLgenotype of growth hormone gene ascompared to those with LV and VV genotypes.• BB genotype of kappa casein gene had moreinfluence on monthly milk yield; 305 days milk

–– Dairy Cattle Breeding ––8yield, monthly SNF yield and monthly proteinyield.• Animals having AA genotype of -lactoglobulingene showed higher monthly milk yield, trimonthlymilk yield & monthly SNF yield overother genotypes whereas AB genotype hashigher monthly SNF percentage.Cytogenetical and Molecular Evaluation andMapping of Qtls of Milk Production and FertilityTraits in Cattle and BuffaloesStudies on subfertility cases: Ten Y-specificmarkers (six microsatellite and four RFLP) usedon 69 andrologically problematic bulls (poorlibido, poor semen quality, poor freezability)revealed presence of Y chromosomes. TheCytogenetical investigations in 45 reproductivelydeficient animals, 8 cases revealed chromosomesabnormalities viz. XO (buffalo), intersexuality(goat), chimaerism (XX / XY) and structuralaberrations.Identification of genetic polymorphism forperformance traits in Sahiwal cattle and MurrahbuffaloesLactoferrin gene exhibited monomorphic patternsat Exon 2, 3, 4, 5, 8 and 16 in Murrah Buffaloes byPCR-SSCP analysis. Similarly, all the three ExonsI, 2 & 3 of leptin gene in Murrah Buffaloes alsorevealed monomorphic pattern. Different SSCPLane 1, 6, 7, 10 - 12 : 3 bands; lane 2 - 5, 8, 9 : 2 bands;lane C : Controlpatterns of lactoferrin and leptin genes in Murrahbuffaloes were due to changes in nucleotides lyingin the non-coding intronic region.Exons I of leptin gene in Sahiwal cattle revealedmonomorphic pattern. Whereas, Exons 2 & 3 ofleptin gene in Sahiwal cattle revealed multiplepatterns PCR-SSCP patterns indicative of geneticvariability in the herd. PCR-SSCP analysis forfive segment of the promoter region and 16 exonsof lactoferrin gene in Sahiwal cattle also showedvariable patterns.Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci in theGenome of Indigenous Breeds of Cattle andBuffaloes and their propagation throughMarker Assisted SelectionGenotyping was carried out on Sahiwal animalsusing PCR-RFLP, ARMS-PCR and microsatellitemarker techniques on beta casein and k-casein,genes in cattle and buffaloes.The milk protein genes were genotyped usingPCR-RFLP and ARMS-PCR. The genotypes werefurther verified from the milk after fractionation ofproteins and resolving the genotypes using SDS-PAGE. In Sahiwal cattle, the frequency of k-caseinallele A (0.883 ± 0.0212) was observedpredominantly than the B allele. The AA genotypewas observed in 82 animals out of 107 animals. In-casein locus two alleles were observed. Thefrequency of -casein A allele was 0.981 ± 0.009.The AA genotype was found in 103 animals.In -lactalbumin locus, B allele was foundpredominantly (0.888 ± 0.021) and BB genotypewas found in 83 animals. In -lactoglobulin locusB allele (0.837 ± 0.025) was found predominantlythan the A allele. The BB genotype was observedin 72 animals. The B allele (0.607 ± 0.038) wasfound in higher frequency than C (0.393 ± 0.038)in S 1-casein locus. In Sahiwal cattle, nopolymorphism was observed in S 2-casein locus.The Chi-square test revealed most of the proteinloci were not significant except S 1-casein. Theheterozygosity value was found to be low (0.037to 0.327) in Sahiwal cattle for the all loci of milkproteins investigated in the present study.The k-casein locus was found to be significantfor fat yield, SNF yield and milk yield. The AAgenotype of -casein locus was found to havehigher mean of fat yield, and milk yield. The -casein locus was significant for fat percentage,fat yield, SNF yield and milk yield. The ABgenotype produced higher fat yield, SNF yieldand milk yield. The rest of the proteins were notsignificant to milk production traits. The highestnumbers (7) of alleles were observed in BMC1314and BM415 locus. The microsatellite markersunder study showed high heterozygosity (0.656- 0.989) and PIC value (0.688 - 0.813). In the study,no significant association could be foundbetween microsatellite markers used and milkperformance traits.

–– Dairy Cattle Breeding ––9Identification of DNA Polymorphism atLactoferrin Gene in Murrah BuffaloesGenomic DNA was isolated from whole blood of150 lactating buffaloes. The primers Exon 2, 3, 4,5, 8 and 16 designed for cattle were used to amplifythe target region in the Murrah buffaloes. PCRamplified products (210 bp exon 2, 165 bp Exon3, 205 bp exon 4, 240 bp Exon 5, 210 bp exon 8,241 bp exon 16) were checked on 1.5 % agarosegel. PCR product for each exon was denaturedand subjected to nondenaturing PAGE (15%) at120 volts for 12 hrs temperature maintained at10ºC. Amplification procedures for six exons ofthe lactoferrin gene were standardized. Thebuffalo population studied was found to bemonomorphic for all the six exons viz. 2 , 3, 4, 5, 8and 16. There exists 90 -98% homology amongsequences across several livestock species viz.cattle, sheep and goat.Molecular Characterization of Leptin Gene inMurrah BuffaloesA total of 150 animals of Murrah breed of buffalowere included in the study. The sets of primers forexons I, II and III were designed using primer 3software and the target regions were amplifiedafter standardizing the PCR conditions. PCRamplified products (210 bp exon I, 165 bp Exon IIand 241 bp exon III) were checked on 1.5% agarosegel. PCR product was denatured and subjected tonondenaturing PAGE (15%) at 120 volts for 12 hrstemperature maintained at 10ºC. The scoring ofSSCP revealed only two band patterns for the exonI, six band patterns for exon II with the frequencyof 48%, 12%, 9%, 21%, 5% and 5%, respectivelyand two band patterns for exon III of leptin gene inMurrah buffaloes animals studied. The frequencyof pattern A (Four Bands) and B (Six Bands) were72% and 28%, respectively. At exon II, a partialsequencing of 261 bases for these six different SSCPvariants revealed that there were no nucleotidesequence variations in different patterns. A closelook at Clustal W (1.83) multiple sequencealignment result showed that there were 10differences in six SSCP variants (A to F) of exon IIat positions 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 11, 15, 19, 248 and 249.These nucleotide changes lay exclusively in thenon-coding intronic region. At exon III, a partialsequencing of 381 bases for these two SSCP variantsrevealed nucleotide sequence variations at twodifferent places. These six differences in two SSCPvariants (A and B) of exon III were at positions 11,42, 281, 365, 369 and 371. The positions at 11, 365,369 and 371 lie exclusively in the non-codingintronic region while the nucleotide changes at 42and 281 from C to T transition are located in exonicregion. Since there was overlapping of peaks inchromatograph at 42 and 281 positions, transitioncould not be ascertained and needs confirmation.The buffalo population under study exhibitedmonomorphism for all the three exons of leptingene.Study on state-of-the-art Dairy ProductionSystemTechno economic analysis of sustainable milkproduction system: Through application ofintegrated systems approach comprising ofSustainable milk production system comprisingof Integrated breeding system (IBS), Straw basedfeeding system (SBFS), eco-friendly housingsystem (EFHS), and optimum herd managementsystem (OHMS), the annual milk productivity percow, per labour and per acre land was 5400 kg,15300 kg and 9148 kg. The sustainable milkproduction system was validated at GopalKrishana Gaushala Gurukul, Kurukshetra. Theresults indicated that through application ofintegrated system approach it was possible tosustain higher milk productivity per cow, perlabour and per acre land. The cost of milkproduction was estimated Rs. 8.5 per kg.Estimation of long-term and short-termfluctuations in performance traits of dairyanimals : Data on 1037 first lactation records ofKaran Fries cattle maintained at NDRI Karnalwas analyzed and the heritability of firstlactation traits was estimated using least squaresand time series adjustments for non-geneticfactors. A least squares model incorporating 10periods of three years each, 12 months and 10parities was used for analysis of data for all thetraits except for AFC (parity not included in themodel). From time series analysis of data, the exactperiods for various traits were formulated. Theexact periods for AFC, LTMY, L305DMY, LL, CIand SP were 4, 4, 6, 5, 7 and 6 years, respectively.The data was adjusted by the correction factorsevolved by both the methods and heritability wasestimated by paternal half sib method. A total of88 sires having 5 or more daughters wereconsidered to estimate heritability. Three sets ofdata were used to estimate heritability. Set-I haddata adjusted for periods (10 of 3 years each),months (12) and AFC as covariable. Set-IIincluded exact periods (3-7 years) for varioustraits estimated by time series analysis, months(12), AFC as covariable. The third set (Set-III)incorporated data adjusted by exact periods (3-7years), monthly indices and AFC as a covariable.

–– Dairy Cattle Breeding ––Moderate to high estimates of heritability ofvarious traits were observed for different sets ofdata. The heritability for AFC from Set-I wasmoderate (0.239 ± 0.094). The heritabilityestimates of this trait from sets II & III were stillhigher (0.335 ± 0.101 and 0.674 ± 0.138,respectively). The study indicated that time seriesmethod was more efficient for adjusting the datafor environmental fluctuations as compared toleast squares method and enhancing the sire/genetic variance in AFC.A trigonometric model was used to fit periodicfunction for various economic traits. The R 2values of fitting the above periodic function forvarious traits ranged from 35.04 (CI) to 96.31%(LTMY). These R 2 -values revealed that a largeportion of variation in these traits attributed tocyclical fluctuations was eliminated effectivelyin all the traits except for CI.Data on 681 Sahiwal cows having 2144 lactationrecords maintained at NDRI farm from 1965 to2006 was analyzed. A least squares modelincorporating periods (14 of three years each),months (12) and parity (9+) was used for analysisof data for pooled lactation traits. All the nongeneticfactors (months, periods and parity) werehaving significant/highly significant influenceon all the pooled lactation traits except for theeffect of month of first calving on lactation length.as compared to hand-milked buffaloes. Somaticcell counts were negatively correlated with themilk yield as well as the milk composition. Milkyield decreased by 7.2% at farm and by 4.57 % atfield as the milk SCC increased from 0.50-1.00x105 cells/ml to >1.50 x 105 cells/ml. The percentfat, protein and SNF in milk decreased by 11.30,5.09 and 3.59 %, respectively at farms and by 16.0,4.88 and 4.67 %, respectively at field as the SCCincreased from 1.50 x105 cells/ml under farm buffaloes.Improved feeding and management of dairyanimals: Through the supplementation ofsoybean cake in the ration of high yieldingcrossbred cows and buffaloes at the rate of 1 kgper cow per day during summer months, the milkproductivity of the milking herd was sustainedat a higher level.The effect of bottle feeding of milk and individualhousing on the growth and health performanceof buffalo calves was studied. The intake ofcolostrum during the first 5 days after birth washigher in calves fed through special calf milkfeeding bottle as compared to calves which werefed through pails as per the prevailing practice.The calves fed through calf milk feeding bottlegrew at a faster rate and had improved immunestatus resulting in lower incidence of healthproblem.10Modernized Dairy Production System in DairyCattle and Buffaloes for AugmentingProductive and Reproductive PerformanceThe studies were conducted on Murrah, Nili Raviand Surti buffaloes at institutional herds andfield conditions. Somatic cell counts weresignificantly higher (P

–– Dairy Cattle Breeding ––11the previous year. The average conception ratefor test bulls of IX th set was 33.05 % and theconception rate for proven bulls increased to 37.62% during the reporting period. The averageweights of female buffaloes increased. Averageage for initiating training of the young bulls andage at first collection of semen of the bulls wasestimated as 25.66 months and 28.11 months.Fifty nine more daughters were born during theyear out of which three daughters were from 3test bulls under VIIIth Set, 45 daughters were from14 test bulls under IXth Set and 11 elite daughtersfrom four proven bulls. A number of buffaloeswere also found pregnant out of nominatedmating during the period. During the periodtwenty five more daughters belonging to bulls ofVIth Set completed their first lactation milk yield.Conservation and Dissemination of superiorgermplasm: Twenty four thousand ninety ninedoses of semen were available at the center ofwhich 14250 doses were frozen from six test bullsof NDRI center. One thousand one hundred fiftydoses of frozen semen of various test bulls weresupplied to other centers and 574 doses of semensupplied to various dairy development agencies.The center proposed five breeding bulls and outof which one bull (Bull No. 5396) of NDRI centerwas selected for test mating under Xth Set.Evaluation of Buffalo bulls: The daughters’information on test bulls used in the center underIV th and Vth set was submitted for evaluation ofthe bulls. NDRI center contributed four bulls out of14 bulls evaluated in IV th Set. Proven Buffalo BullNo. 4090 of the center ranked second with a sireindex of 1946 kg an 10.44 % superiority. Out of 15buffalo bulls evaluated in the V th Set, NDRI Centercontributed five bulls and all the following five bullsof NDRI center including two proven bulls 4393and 4371 were evaluated as best five bulls underVth Set. Methodology for estimation of test daybreeding values in Murrah buffaloes using randomregression test day model was developed.Studies on Buffaloes (Field Unit)The total herd strength of registered females andthe breedable females at different centers was 5624and 4316, respectively. A total of 2061 AI’s wereperformed in the four centers with the maximumof AI’s being performed in the month of October(269) and the minimum in the month of June (99).As many as fifteen breeding bulls belonging to the9 th set were used for AI during the year. The bullwiseconception ranged between 26.7 and 60.0%with an overall average conception rate of 43.5%.The results of the PD done till December, 2006showed that conception rate was highest (47.5%)in the month of December and lowest (36.8%) inthe month of April, 2006. A total of 643 calves (318males and 325 females) were born at different fieldcenters during the period. The main calving seasoncommenced from the month of August andcontinued up to the month of December as themaximum calving took place during these months.Total live female progeny in the age group of 0-6months, 6-12 months and 1-3 years was 121, 54and 481, respectively.Studies on Genetic Persistency of MilkProduction in Murrah BuffaloesThe study was based on test day milk yields of441, 325 and 237 first, second and third lactationsin Murrah buffaloes. The least squares means forweekly test day milk yield (WTDMY) ranged from4.17 kg (first) - 11.14 kg (third) in first threelactations. Wood’s gamma function parameterswere estimated for predicting daily and WTDMY(R 2 = 96.19 – 99.18%) in first three lactations.Using Wood’s gamma function, the persistencyfactors for milk production (77.55 to 188.84) weredeveloped for ranking 32 Murrah bulls. The bullshaving low initial and peak milk yield but takenmore time to reach peak milk yield were foundmore persistent for milk production. Single traitrandom regression test day models (RRTDMs)were developed using three functions and thebest variances and covariances among randomregression coefficients were estimated usingLegendre polynomial function. Wilmink,Legendre polynomial and Schaeffer and Dekkersfunctions could be used for estimating test daybreeding values for milk yield (TDBVMY) in firstand third lactations. Wilmink function could alsobe used for estimating TDBVMY in secondlactation. Medium to high heritabilities (0.20 to0.59) were obtained for test day milk yields usingWilmink and Legendre polynomial functions inthree lactations. Murrah buffaloes could beselected on the basis of test day breeding valuesfrom 35 DIM onwards in first lactation generatedby Legendre polynomial function in RRTDM forbetter performance in subsequent lactations. TheGPM III (deviation of breeding values between10 th and 3 rd TD) was developed and found thebest method for estimating the genetic persistency(-234.93 to –190.49) using Schaeffer and Dekkersfunction. GPM III does not require the informationon lactation length and days to attain peak milkyield for evaluating the buffaloes and bulls in theorganized herd as well as under field conditions.

–– Dairy Cattle Breeding ––12Effect of Certain Milking Management Practiceson Milking Performance and Milk Quality ofBuffaloesThe study was conducted on Murrah buffaloes tofind out the effect of pre-milking udder and teatstimulation on milk yield, composition and milkingperformance and to study the effect of pre and postmilking teat dipping on milk quality and udderhealth of buffaloes. To study the effect of premilkingstimulation, 24 buffaloes under machinemilking were selected, out of which 12 were in earlystage and the remaining 12 in late stage of lactation.Pre-milking stimulation prior to attachment ofcluster resulted in significantly (P

–– Dairy Cattle Nutrition ––period. The average daily gain (ADG) wassignificantly higher (P

–– Dairy Cattle Nutrition ––14similar trend and it increased significantly withthe advancement in the stage of harvestingduring both the years. CP yield was the highestfrom CFPM-101 followed by FBC-16, HC-10 andthe lowest from HC-20, however, variation amonglater varieties was not significant. CP yieldincreased with the advancement in the stage ofharvesting. The NDF and total ash contents ofvarieties CFPM-101 and HC-20 were comparableat 100% ear initiation stage, but ADF content waslowest with CFPM-101 at the early initiationstage. Nutritional evaluation of bajra fodder(variety CFPM-101) was done by feeding it ad libto 6 male buffalo calves of similar age, for a periodof 21 days and then a digestibility trial of 7 daysduration was conducted. The palatability offodder was quite high and nutrient digestibilityexcept that of DM and CF were more than 60%. Itwas concluded, that bajra fodder (variety CFPM-101) could be grown in summer months toprovide nutritious fodder to the dairy animals.Evaluation of dual purpose wheat for grain andfodder production and the nutritive value of wheatfodder: A field study was conducted in split plotdesign with three varieties of wheat (VL-829, VL-616and PBW-343) in main plots and four treatments ofcutting for fodder and nitrogen application (no cut120 kg N, one cut 120 kg N, one cut 150 kg N and onecut 180 kg N/ ha) in sub plots replicated four times.The crop was sown on Nov. 11, 2005 in lines at aspacing of 22.5 cm between the rows using 100 kgseed/ ha. Wheat crop was preceded by maize grownfor fodder in Kharif season. Crop was harvested forfodder at 60 days after sowing, leaving stubble heightof 10 cm. The grain yield from varieties was 32.90,32.15 and 49.58 quintals/ ha in case of control crops(no harvesting for fodder at 60 days after sowing),however the grain yield in the respective crops aftertaking fodder at 60 days, irrespective of level of Napplication was 35.78, 35.08 and 52.84 quintals/ha, which showed that harvesting of wheat fodderdid not affect the grain yield in all the varieties underinvestigation. The grain yield of dual purpose wheatvarieties (VL-829 and VL-616) was lower (P

–– Dairy Cattle Nutrition ––15Influence of mustard oil supplementation onconjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of milkin buffaloes: A lactation trial was conducted tostudy the effect of supplementation of mustardoil on CLA content of buffalo milk. Fifteen earlylactating Murrah buffaloes of similar bodyweight were randomly divided into three groups.The group I animals were fed with groundnut oilcake (GNC) based concentrate whereas inconcentrate of group II animals, GNC wasreplaced with mustard oil cake on protein basisand the concentrate provided to group II wassupplemented with 2% mustard oil and fed togroup III. Green maize fodder and wheat strawwere fed to the animals in all groups and theratio of concentrate and roughage was around50:50 for an adaptation period of 30 days.Thereafter, a digestibility trial was conducted.Milk yield was recorded daily throughout thetrial. Total DMI (kg/d) and nutrients digestibilitywere similar in all the groups. Mean milk yield ofgroups I, II and III was 7.59 ± 0.10, 8.2 ± 0.09 and8.90 ± 0.15 kg/ day, respectively. Average CLAcontent (mg/g milk fat) in milk samples in groupsI, II and III, collected at fortnightly intervals afteradaptation period, was 6.17 ± 0.33, 8.12 ± 0.04and 19.50 ± 0.32, respectively. Addition of 2%mustard oil in the ration resulted in three foldincrease (P

–– Dairy Cattle Nutrition ––16and roughage (wheat straw) in the ratio of 60:40as per NRC (1989), were used as the donors ofthe rumen liquor. Effect of varying levels ofvirginiamycin (12, 15, 20 and 25 ppm Vg) to theration having varying concentrate to roughageratio (50:50, 60:40, 70:30 and 80:20) was evaluatedin vitro. The pH ranged from 6.73 - 6.83 and 6.69- 6.87 at 12 and 24 h of incubation, respectively.The pH of incubation media was higher at all thelevels of Vg than in control (P

–– Dairy Cattle Nutrition ––TMR, EFE (cellulase + xylanase, 50:50, w/w) wassupplemented @1.5g/kg (on the basis of in vitrostudy) and DM through the concentrate. MeanDMI (kg/d, kg/100 kg b. wt. and g/ kg W 0.75 ) werehigher in treatment group whereas there was noeffect on CP intake. The average daily milk yieldand 4% FCM yield during 90 days experimentalperiod increased (P

DAIRY CATTLE PHYSIOLOGY18Endocrinology of Growth in Dairy AnimalsFree and total plasma cortisol as influenced bybreed, age and sex of goats: The levels of freeand total plasma cortisol were measured in goatsin relation to age, breed and sex. Single bloodsamples were collected by venipuncture fromkids (n=90) and adult goats (n=97) to determinethe relationship of free and total cortisolconcentration in relation to age, breed and sex byEIA procedure. The free plasma cortisol thoughlower than that of total plasma cortisol, in younggoats (4 months of age group) was however, notsignificantly (P>0.05) different. In adult goats (12-40 months of age group) the free plasma cortisolwas significantly (P0.05) differentfrom that obtained in Alpine ´ Beetal goats (4months age group). In male goats (4 months agegroup) the free & total plasma cortisol wassignificantly (P

–– Dairy Cattle Physiology ––19by exogenous oxytocin administration. Milk letdown time decreased significantly (P

–– Dairy Cattle Physiology ––20of Burserelin Acetate 60 h post PGF 2áinjection.Fixed time A.I. was done, 72 h post PGF 2áinjection(n=10). In this group, 7out of 10 animals werefound to be pregnant.Protocol III - Administration of PGF 2áonpalpation of C.L. was followed by administrationof Burserelin Acetate and fixed time A.I. 72 hpost PGF 2áinjection. (n =13). In this group, out of13 animals 7 animals were diagnosed aspregnant. It can be concluded that the protocol –II was found to be better for fertility improvementin anestrus or repeat breeding buffaloes.Development of Simple Hormone AssayProceduresDevelopment and validation of a sensitiveenzymeimmunoassay for cortisol in bloodplasma of dairy cows: A study was undertakento standardize and validate a simple and highlysensitive enzymeimmunoassay (EIA) using thesecond antibody coating technique and thecortisol glucuronide-HRP conjugate as a labelfor determination of cortisol in blood plasma ofdairy animals viz. cows, buffaloes and goats.For the biological validation of cortisolenzymeimmunoassay, the blood samples werecollected by venipuncture from cows, buffaloesand goats at – 48 and – 24 h before and at 0, 12,24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120 & 132 h afterdexamethasone sodium phosphate (DexasoneÒ)administration in cows, buffaloes and goats.The cortisol EIA was carried out directly with20 l of fresh plasma (for free plasma cortisol)and also with 20 l of heat-treated plasma (fortotal plasma cortisol) after 1:5 dilutions withPBS. The cortisol standards ranging from 0.39to 200-pg/well/20 l were used and thesensitivity of the EIA procedure was found tobe 0.39 pg/well/20 l, which corresponded to0.02 ng/ml. Fresh plasma volumes for assayranging from 5 to 20 l did not influence theshape of the cortisol standard curve; however,a distinct drop in the OD 450was observed withhigher plasma volumes. In comparison withRIA, the EIA was at least four times moresensitive besides requiring five times lesscortisol antiserum.In cows, buffaloes and goats, the total, free andbound plasma cortisol before dexamethasoneadministration was significantly (P

–– Dairy Cattle Physiology ––21Impact, adaptation and vulnerability of cattle andbuffaloes to climate change: The milk productiondecline due to thermal changes was quantified fordairy animals based on linear relationshipsbetween THI and milk yield of Indigenous,crossbred cattle and buffaloes. The estimatesindicated that milk yield of cattle and buffaloeswould remain largely unaffected due to rise intemperature till the year 2020. However, further risein temperature due to global warming will putanimals to distress affecting their physiologicalfunctions and milk productivity in the years 2050/2080. The effects will be pronounced in north andnorthwest India and livestock of south, east andwest will be affected marginally.The aggregate productivity losses in India, dueto heat stress in dairy animals (taking into accountthe in-milk population in year 2003) were to thetune of 1.8 million tonnes, which was about2 percent of the total milk production in thecountry. In value terms, this amounts to Rs.2661crores that is nearly 2.3 percent of the value ofoutput from milk group.In order to reduce uncertainty in estimates ofenteric methane emission from livestock, methaneemission coefficients were developed forindigenous, cross bred cattle and buffaloes usingopen circuit method and expired gas collectionmethod. IPCC tier 2 methodology was used toestimate methane emission. The result indicatedthat total enteric methane emissions from dairyanimals were 7.36 Tg/yr. Buffaloes contributed3.48 Tg/yr, Indigenous cattle 3.17 Tg/yr andcrossbred 0.7 Tg/yr.Trends in climate change (Tmax, Tmin and Tavg)for Karnal, Hissar, Jhansi and Bangalore wereanalysed. The Tmax of Jan and June declinedover last ten years. The analysis of Jhansi (UP)data indicated that temperature at Jhansiregistered a decline except for July and Augustmonths. However, rainfall over several decadesremained similar with out significant variation.Temperature humidity index has been correlatedwith animal discomfort and productivity. The dairyanimals were comfortable up to 72, experienced mildstress from 72 to 78 but above that were severelydistressed. THI maps of India have been prepared.The reproductive functions of cattle andbuffaloes were negatively impacted by thetemperature rise particularly high Tmax fromApril to June. The rise in Tmax adversely affectedestrus symptoms and duration of estrous period.High temperature negatively impactedphysiological reactions and oxygenconsumption. Thermal exposure of animalsincreased cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrinein blood and also affected immunefunctions adversely. Heat shock protein (HSP-72) in the cells was increased due to exposure tohigh temperatures and duration of exposure, butprolonged high temperature and prolongedexposure limitedly induced HSP.Gene Expression StudiesProduction of competent donor cells from skinfibroblast of elite Sahiwal cattle for geneexpression or nuclear transfer studies: Thefibroblast cell lines were propagated from tissueexplants obtained from the ear pinna of Sahiwalcattle. These cell lines were analysed for variousparameters like growth curve, senescence, Lactatedehydrogenase assay, TNF- assay, Interleukin-6 assay. These parameters were analysed at everythird passage till fifteenth passage. Normalsigmoid growth curve was obtained. It wasobserved that 0.01% cells were senescent till ninthpassage, which increased to 0.1% when cellsprogressed to fifteenth passage. Viability of thecells was found to be ranging between 92-95%.Chromosomal profile was normal. Theconcentration of TNF- and Interleukin-6 wasfound to be below 312 pg/ml and 0.156 ng/ml,respectively in cell cultures. The LDH activity wasequal to that of negative control. At every thirdpassage, cultures were cryopreserved at -80º C.Pulsatility of LH in growing mithuns: Tocharacterize luteinizing hormone (LH) secretionpatterns in growing mithun (Bos frontalis), a semiwildruminant, six female mithuns (1 year old;BW: 145.5 kg) were maintained in a semiintensivesystem. Plasma progesterone (P 4) wasmeasured in twice-a-week sampling collected forsix weeks to assess ovarian status. This wasfollowed by a frequent sampling period. Bloodsamples collected at 15 min intervals for 9 h wereassayed for plasma LH. Luteinizing hormonepatterns consisted of pulses of varyingamplitudes. Luteinizing hormone pulsesoccurred at an average rate of 0.54/h (-5 pulses/9h). The rate did not differ among mithuns. Themean plasma LH levels were correlated with bodyweight (r=0.82; P

–– Animal Biotechnology ––addition, the mean plasma LH level and LHamplitude were positively correlated with bodyweight. It appeared that in contrast to cattle, fiveLH pulses per nine hours recorded in mithunswere not an indication of approaching puberty.Diurnal changes in blood metabolites and theirrelation to plasma growth hormone and time offeeding in mithun heifers (Bos frontalis): In astudy aimed to investigate diurnal changes, ifany, that occur in blood metabolites in relationto plasma growth hormone (GH) and feedingtime among mithun (Bos frontalis), blood sampleswere collected at hourly intervals during a 24 hspan from 6 mithun heifers (averaging 2.5 yearsof age and averaging 230 kg in weight) that werefed twice a day at 11.00 and 16.00 h. Sampleswere assayed for plasma GH and bloodmetabolites, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA),glucose, and alpha-amino nitrogen. The totalsampling period was divided into a 1)postprandial (after meal) period (period I:11:00to 21:00 h) and 2) interprandial period (periodII:22:00 to 10:00 h) and also into night (20:00 to05:00 h) and day (06:00 to 10:00 h) periods forstatistical analysis. Plasma glucose and alphaaminonitrogen levels increased (P

–– Animal Biotechnology ––23Gene expression studies in buffalo oocytes: Astudy was undertaken to understand themechanism of bi-directional communicationbetween the buffalo oocytes and surroundingcumulus cells during in vitro maturation processand to investigate the effect of different mediasupplements and follicle sizes on the relativeabundance of developmentally important genesviz. GDF-9, BMP-15, HAS-2 and Cx-43 during invitro maturation of buffalo follicular oocytes.These genes were hypothesized as having crucialrole for the oocyte-cumulus bidirectionalcommunication leading to the oocyte maturationduring IVM and thereby conferring the capacityof fertilization of the oocytes and further orderlydevelopment. Buffalo oocytes were collected fromovaries of slaughtered animals and the cumulusoocytes complexes (COCs) were cultured in TCM-199 medium supplemented with FSH, LH, EGFand IGF. A quantitative RT-PCR system wasstandardized to measure the transcriptabundance of these genes at 24 hr of maturationand also at different time intervals of 0,8,16 and24 hr. The quantitative expression data obtainedwas analyzed to ascertain the effect of individualsupplements on expression pattern of the genesunder study, the interdependence of oocyteexpressed genes (GDF-9/ BMP-15) with cumulusexpressed genes (HAS-2/ Cx-43) and also theirpossible role in bidirectional communication. Asa confirmation about their site of expression GDF-9 and BMP-15 were found to be expressed inoocytes only whereas Cx-43 was detected to be acumulus expressed gene in buffalo. However,very interestingly HAS - 2 was found to beexpressed in both oocytes as well as in cumuluscells unlike in many other species where it hasbeen reported to be a cumulus expressed gene.GDF-9 and BMP -15 were found to be downregulated after 24 hrs of IVM in large as well assmall follicle derived oocytes under gonadotropin(FSH/LH) stimulation indicating degradation ofthese transcripts at the end of IVM. But,contradictory to reports available in bovine HAS-2 was found to be down regulated after 24 hrs ofIVM in large as well as small follicles undergonadotropin (FSH/LH) treatment however, theyhad an upregulation trend upto 16 hrs of IVMsignifying that buffalo oocytes probably maturefaster than 24 hrs. Analysis of relative abundancelevels of GDF-9, BMP-15 and HAS-2 genesshowed that in the process of bidirectionalcommunication, GDF-9 and BMP-15 actsynergistically to maintain the expression ofHAS-2 in both large and small follicular sizecategories but this relationship was moreconclusive under gonadotropin stimulationthan with growth factors. Large and smallfollicle category oocytes responded differentiallyto EGF and IGF treatment with respect to GDF-9expression. EGF stimulation resulted inupregulation of GDF-9 in large follicular oocytesand downregulation in small follicular oocytes24 hr after IVM. On the other hand IGFstimulation down regulated the expression ofGDF-9 in large follicle and up-regulated in smallfollicle after 24 hr of IVM. Large and small folliclecategory oocytes responded differentially to LH,EGF and IGF treatment with respect to Cx-43expression but at different time intervals, itshowed no variation with control irrespectiveof supplement groups signifying that probablyits expression was physiologically important inmaintaining the gap junctional communicationbetween oocyte and cumulus cells which wasapparently not affected by any specificsupplements. The process of bidirectionalcommunication was found to be set in duringthe mid (16 hr) of IVM and in this regard thelarge follicular oocytes behave differently thansmall follicular oocytes. In small follicularoocytes apparently the bidirectionalcommunication process was interpreted aseither incomplete or absent. The expressionstatus of a set of 6 genes (Caspase, RASPA,GATABP, FSHR, LHR and NALP) wasinvestigated during oocyte maturation processin buffalo. The genes were successfullyamplified in buffalo oocyte prepared cDNAfollowing RTPCR and the qPCR parameterswere standardized. The modulation ofimprinting status of another set ofDevelopmentally Important genes is understudy. Information in this direction would helpin standardising the procedure for in vitroproduction of embryos in buffalo and would alsohelp in identifying important genes regulatingfertility in buffalo.

–– Animal Biotechnology ––24Buffalo gene mapping: The analysis of completeLH-b, FSH-b and FSH-R sequences was carriedout in different breeds of buffalo. For LH b gene, a461bp RT PCR product representing entirebuffalo LH b sequence was amplified whichrepresented 426 bp coding region of LH bcorresponding to 141 amino acid residue LH Betaprecursor. It was found that the buffalo LH b hadthe highest homology with other mammalsranging from 99% for bovine buffalo comparison(highest) and 78% homology with marmosetmonkey (lowest) at the nucleotide level. At theamino acid sequence level buffalo LH b sequencehad the 100% homology with sheep and goat(highest) and 68% with mermoset monkey(lowest). The unique amino acid residues, CAGY(34 th to 37 th amino acid residues), were foundconserved across different species which isreported to be responsible for binding to commonalpha subunit. Polymorphism study withrerspect to this gene revealed a total of 7 variantsin the LH b coding region across different breedsof buffaloes studied all representing the aminoacid substitutions at different positions of aminoacid sequence. For FSH b gene, total codingsequence of 410 bp cDNA product was amplifiedfrom buffalo pituitary gland extracted RNA. Oncomparison of the deduced FSH b sequence withthat reported earlier a nucleotide substitution wasdetected at position A132G (AY449463). The“CAGY” sequence of FSH b sub-units which wasessential for interaction with the a-sub-unit wasfound to be conserved in buffalo as in otherspecies. On comparison, it was observed that theglycosylation position was conserved in all theruminant species like, bovine, goat, sheep. Thedistribution of the 12 cysteine residues (at position3, 17, 20, 28, 32, 51, 66, 82, 84, 87, 94 and 104)which formed intramolecular disulfide bondsduring protein folding were conserved in buffalowith other species. A total of three different SSCPtypes were observed in the FSH â exon 2 and fourdifferent types in the exon 3. A total of eightmutations in the full coding region of FSH b weredetected. Five out of 8 mutations for FSH b weredetected to be responsible for amino acidsubstitution. Regarding FSH receptor gene, a totalof 2088 nucleotides and corresponding aminoacid sequence were worked out. On comparingthe deduced nucleotide sequence of buffalo withbovine (Accession no. L22319), a total of 26nucleotide substitutions resulting into 11 aminoacid changes at various positions were detected.The 22 cysteine residues which formedintramolecular disulfide bonds during proteinfolding were found to be conserved in buffalowith other species. Phylogenetic analysis of FSHreceptor gene showed that buffalo FSH-R hadmaximum proximity with the bovine followedby other ruminant like sheep.Characterization of prolificacy genes in farmanimals: The Booroola gene (FecB), the result ofa mutation (Q249R) in the BMPR 1B receptorgene, has allowed direct marker tests to bedeveloped for FecB mutation. A total of 122animals including 54 Mehsana buffaloes, 47Mehsana goat and 21 Garole sheep were testedto detect the single nucleotide polymorphism atBMPR 1B gene. DNA samples of these animalswere screened by allele specific polymerase chainreaction using two sets of allele specific primers.Touchdown polymerase chain reaction of allDNA samples were carried out by using bothprimer sets I and II. Single nucleotidepolymorphism at BMPR 1B gene was detected bystudying the presence or absence of allele specificamplified product. Two alleles were obtainednamely A (wild type) and G (Fec B mutant). TheGG genotype (Fec B mutant) was found to beabsent in Mehsana buffaloes and Mehsana goatsbut present in Garole sheep only. Chi-Square testrevealed the sample populations for three speciesstudied were not under genetic equilibrium. Thegenotypic frequencies in Mehsana buffaloes,Mehsana goat and Garole sheep for AA genotype

–– Animal Biotechnology ––were 0.60, 0.62 and 0.0, respectively, for AG genotypewere 0.40, 0.38 and 0.24, respectively and for GGgenotype were 0.0, 0.0 and 0.76, respectively.Similarly, the allelic frequencies for A and G alleleswere 0.80 and 0.20, respectively in Mehsanabuffaloes, 0.81 and 0.19 in Mehsana goat and 0.12and 0.88, respectively in Garole sheep. Thus, theresults indicated that Fec B mutant genotype GGwas found to be present in Garole sheep only whilewild genotype AA was predominant in Mehsanabuffaloes and Mehsana goat.Faster Multiplication of Superior Germplasmfor Development of National Milch HerdsProduction of embryonic stem cells: In a studycarried out to isolate and characterize buffaloembryonic stem (ES) cell-like cells from in vitroproducedembryos, inner cell mass (ICM) cellswere isolated either mechanically or by enzymaticdigestion from 120 blastocysts whereas 28morulae were used for the isolation of blastomeresmechanically. The ICM cells/ blastomeres werecultured on mitomycin-C-treated feeder layer.Primary cell colony formation was higher (P

–– Animal Biotechnology ––26(A) transgenic buffalo embryo developed to the blastocyststage after pronuclear microinjection with EGFP gene,(B) the same blastocyst showing green fluorescenceProduction of transgenic embryos: In studiesdirected towards production of transgenic buffaloembryos through microinjection technique, oocytescollected from slaughterhouse buffalo ovaries werematured and fertilized. Maximum number (61.2%)of presumed zygotes in which 1 (1PN) or 2pronuclei (2PN) were visible was aftercentrifugation at 14,000 g for 15 min at 16 hpi. Theproportion of cleaved embryos that developed tomorulae and blastocyst stages was similar for allthe groups. For non-injected control zygotes, thoseinjected buffer alone or for those injected buffercontaining 5 mg/ml DNA, the cleavage rate, theproportion of cleaved embryos that developed tomorulae or blastocysts was significantly different(P

–– Animal Biochemistry ––faster multiplication of selected genotypes andproduction of pharmaceutical proteins throughtransgenic animals production. Althoughsuccessful cloning has been reported in a numberof species including farm animals like cattle, goat,sheep and pig etc., lab animals like rabbit, miceetc. and endangered animals, there is no reporton production of cloned buffalo calves. Studieswere undertaken to optimize the conditions likeestablishing somatic cell cultures, evaluation ofoptimal culture media for nuclear transferredcloned buffalo embryos. Using 1765 denudedoocytes, 1088 oocytes were subjected toenucleation to form the cytoplasts. Using varioussomatic cells as nuclear donors, 794 reconstitutedoocytes were obtained. From the totalreconstituted oocytes, 51 embryos were obtainedwhich were cultured in vitro and cleaved tovarious stages of development. In total threehatched blastocysts were obtained. Varioussomatic cells, namely granulosa cells, cumuluscells and fibroblast cultures could be used asnuclear donors for the production of clonedembryos in buffalo.Biotechnological Interventions for Product andProcess Development of Functional FoodsIdentification and diversity of Lactobacillus spp.from fermented dairy foods: Lactobacillus spp.(Lactic acid-producing bacteria) were selectivelyisolated using a semi-selective Lactobacillusmedium, MRS agar at 37°C undermicroaerophilic conditions. The techniqueallowed growth colonies of Lactobacillus spp.without supporting the growth of any Gramnegative bacteria, yeast and molds. More thanone hundred forty presumptive Lactobacillusisolates were picked up from 5 different dahisamples. The dahi samples (Curd) were obtainedfrom organized firms (1) or unorganizeddairies (4). Decimal dilutions of these sampleswere plated with MRS medium and incubatedfor 48 h .The identity of the cultures was basedon characteristics of lactobacilli as presented inthe Bergey’s Manual of DeterminativeBacteriology, like morphology, Gram stain,growth at 40°C, catalase activity and fermentationof different carbon sources. All isolates werecatalase-negative, Gram positive rods. Thegenomic DNA was isolated from more than 50isolates to test the identity of these culturesby genus and species specific PCR. A total of 188isolates were preserved and primary screeningfor Lactobacillus was standardized by selectivegrowth in MRS media, Gram’s reaction andcatalase reaction. Biochemical characterization(Sugar fermentation), predicted species ofLactobacillus (L. acidophilus, L. rhamnosus, L. casei,L. plantarum, L. fermuntum, L. leichemani,).ANIMAL BIOCHEMISTRY27Functional Foods and Validation of HealthClaimBody slimming effect of conjugated linoleic acid(CLA) established: Intervention of CLA alone andalongwith skim milk powder (SMP) on body fatmetabolism and blood lipid profile was studiedin 5 week old male albino mice fed for 60 days.Body weight gain of mice on CLA (11.8 g ± 1.2)and CLA + SMP (9.2 g ± 1.1) diets was lower thanthat with control diet (13.5 g ± 2.4), despite higherfeed intake in former groups. Total fat pad masswas significantly less in CLA group (1.11 g ± 0.09)than that in control group (1.79 g ± 0.16) andinclusion of SMP in the diet enhanced the fatreducing effect of CLA. Feeding mice on CLAincreased the weight of liver, spleen and heartwhich was reverted by SMP. Adiposity index wasless on CLA (0.32 ± 0.02) and CLA+SMP (0.24 ±0.03) diets than that on control diet (0.61 ± 0.05)and the CLA+SMP diet was more efficacious inreducing adiposity index. Excretion of faecal fatwas higher on CLA diet (4.13 g ± 0.13) than thaton control diet (3.18 g ± 0.23). The fatty acidsynthase (FAS) activity (units / mg protein) inliver and retroperitoneal adipose tissue wassignificantly lower on CLA (0.81 and 1.06) andCLA+SMP (0.23 and 0.44) diets than that oncontrol diet (2.29 and 5.71). The activity ofcarnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT), the ratelimiting enzyme of mitochondrial -oxidation,increased 2.5-fold in epididymal fat pad on CLAand CLA + SMP diets. In skeletal muscle, onlyCLA + SMP diet was effective in stimulating CPTactivity (2-fold) in comparison with control diet.There was an increase in short chain fatty acidsand 16:0/16:1 ratio in mesenteric adipose tissueof CLA and CLA + SMP fed mice compared tocontrol diet fed mice.A study on influence of plasma lipid profile inmice on normocholesterolemic diet: Plasma totalcholesterol and VLDL+LDL-cholesterolconcentrations were similar in control, conjugated

–– Animal Biochemistry ––28linoleic acid (CLA) and CLA + SMP fed mice.Plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration wassignificantly higher in CLA fed mice than that incontrol group. There was no difference incholesterol and triacylglycerol (TAG) contents inaortic tissue among control, CLA and CLA+SMPgroups. The cholesterol and TAG contents (mg/g) in liver were greater on CLA (0.81 and 2.39)and CLA+SMP (0.88 and 2.07) diets than that oncontrol diet (0.47 and 1.43).Effect of dietary calcium on lipid metabolismand adiposity index studies: Effect of four dietarycalcium levels (low calcium, 0.2%; moderatecalcium, 0.6%; high calcium, 1.2% and high dairycalcium, 1.2%) on the body fat metabolism andlipid profile was studied in male albino rats (8weeks old) fed for 101 days. There was no effectof dietary calcium levels on body fat pad massand adiposity index. The faecal fat excretion wasincreased on moderate, high and high dairycalcium diets compared to low calcium diet. FASactivity was significantly decreased in liver onhigh dairy calcium diet and in retroperitonealadipose tissue on moderate, high and high dairycalcium diets compared to that in low calciumgroup. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity in liverand retroperitoneal adipose tissue significantlydecreased in moderate, high and high dairycalcium groups compared to low calcium group.Dietary calcium levels had no effect onepididymal adipose tissue and skeletal muscleCPT activity. There was a 77.6% and 88.1%decrease in liver mitochondrial -oxidation onhigh calcium and high dairy calcium diets,respectively, compared to that in low calciumgroup. There was an increase in short chain fattyacids in retroperitoneal adipose tissue of highdairy calcium group, compared to other threegroups.Dietary calcium decreases plasma cholesterol,triglycerides levels and atherogenic index inrats: Total plasma cholesterol and VLDL+LDLcholesterolconcentrations decreased withincreasing dietary calcium, and the high dairycalcium diet was most efficacious in decreasingplasma cholesterol concentrations. TAGconcentration decreased on moderate and highcalcium diets when compared with low calciumdiet. The atherogenic index was decreased by18.4%, 30.0% and 50.0% on moderate, high andhigh dairy calcium diets, respectively, whencompared to that with low calcium diet.Modulatory effect of fermented milk productson immune function: The fermented milkproducts were studied for their ex vivo immune,challenge and allergic responses. Five groups of15 mice each were fed with milk (M), dahi (BD4),yoghurt (Y), milk fermented with Lactobacillushelveticus (FM) and its cell free supernatant (CFS).Macrophage activity in terms of lysosomalenzymes ( -galactosidase, -glucuronidase) inperitoneal fluid and phagocytosis of yeast cellsby macrophages were determined on day 2, 5 and8 post-feeding. The lymphocyte proliferationindex and cytokines level in culturedlymphocytes were also determined. -galactosidase and -glucuronidase activity inperitoneal fluid was maximum on day 5 postfeeding in all groups. The CFS and dahi groupsshowed maximum -galactosidase (77.7 nmoles/h/10 6 ) and -glucuronidase (9.41 nmoles/h/10 6 )activity, respectively on day 5 post-feeding.Phagocytosis of yeast cells by peritonealmacrophages was maximum in dahi group (59%)followed by FM, CFS, Y and M groups,respectively. Phagocytosis activity was higheston day 5 in all groups and then declined on day8 post feeding. Augmentation in -galactosidase,-glucuronidase activity was highly pronouncedin FM and CFS groups. The production of Th1cell associated cytokines (IFN- and IL-2) werehigher in mice fed with fermented milk productsthan that shown by M group.Challenge studies using Salmonella enteritidiswere carried out in M, BD 4-, Y and FM groups ofmice fed for a period of 7 days. The animals werescarified on day 2, 5 and 8 post challenge. Studieswere carried out for measurement of IgA inintestinal fluid by ELISA and colonization ofpathogenic bacteria in intestine, liver and spleen.The colonization of Salmonella enteritidis in smalland large intestine and liver were significantlylower in FM groups than that in M group.Secretary IgA levels were higher in M group onday 5 and 8 than that on day 2 post-challenge.The ovalbumin (20 ug) and Al (OH) 3(2 mg) in avolume of 0.2 ml were injected intraperitoneallyin mice on day 0 and 14. Sera were collected frommice on day 7, 14 and 21 and total IgE andovalbumin-specific IgE were measured by ELISA.Spleen were removed and splenocytes werecultured for estimation of cytokines. Feeding offermented milk products to allergic mice causeddecline in total IgE levels. The reduction was morepronounced in dahi and yoghurt group andsimilar trend was observed for ovalbumin-specificIgE levels. The pattern of cytokine production byspleen cells, revealed an increased level of Th1and decreased Th 2 in FM group. The resultsrevealed that dahi had better immunostimulatory

–– Animal Biochemistry ––29potential in terms of phagocytic activity andlymphocyte proliferation index. The protectiveeffect of dahi against Salmonella enteritidi infectionwas also better than that of yoghurt. Theimmunoregulatory activity analyzed in terms oftotal IgE production was comparable in both theproducts. Fermented milk prepared usingL.helveticus and its cell free supernatant alsoshowed good immunomodualting property.Probiotic dahi as an alternative biotherapeuticagent for diabetes: The studies conducted atNDRI have already established preventive andcurative effects of probiotic dahi against diseasessuch as cancer and diarrhoea. As a sequel to this,the present study was undertaken to evaluate thesuppressive effect of probiotic dahi DI and DII onthe progression of diabetes and its complicationsin streptozotocin (STZ) and high fructose diet(HFD) induced diabetes in rats. The feeding ofprobiotic dahi (DI and DII) significantly delayedthe progression of both STZ and HFD induceddiabetes by 1 and 4 weeks, respectively. Moreover,feeding of dahi suppressed the elevation of bloodglucose, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA 1C),insulin, blood and hepatic lipids i.e. totalcholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein(LDL)-cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein(VLDL)-cholesterol and free fatty acids. Bothprobiotic dahi (DI and DII) showed lower levelsof oxidative stress markers such as thiobarbituricacid reactive species (TBARS) and higher levelsof reduced glutathione (GSH), activities ofsuperoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathioneperoxidase (GPx) and catalase in pancreas, liver,kidney, brain, eyes, intestine and red blood cells.Kidney function tests i.e. plasma urea, creatinineand uric acid were lower in probiotic dahi fedanimals. Significant decrease was observed ingluconeogenic enzymes i.e. phosphenolpyruvatecarboxykinase (PEPCK), glucose-6-phosphatase(G-6-Pase) and protein levels of peroxisomeproliferator-activated receptor- ã coactivator-1(PGC-1) and cAMP response element bindingprotein (CREB) in hepatic tissues of probiotic dahifed animals. Furthermore, the feeding of bothprobiotic dahi alone and in combination withstandard antidiabetic drugs (glimepiride,rosiglitazone and acarbose) exhibited lowervalues of HbA 1C, oxidative stress markers andlipids in blood and hepatic tissues. Kidneyfunction tests as well as gene expression of tumourgrowth factor- (TGF- ), vascular endothelialgrowth factor (VEGF) in renal and opthalamictissues, PEPCK, G-6-Pase and protein levels ofPGC-1 and CREB were lower in animals fed withprobiotic dahi and their combinations with thedrugs. This higher efficacy might be due to thehigher ability of L. acidophilus and L. casei toscavenge free radicals, to produce bioactivepeptides and oligosaccharides (prebiotics)during fermentation. It was inferred that probioticdahi DI and DII, suppressed the progression ofdiabetes and its complications alone and incombination with the standard antidiabeticdrugs. Out of two probiotic dahi, DI and itscombinations with glimepiride and rosiglitazoneproved to be superior to suppress the progressionof diabetes and its complications. Thus, probioticdahi could be included in daily meal as acomplementary therapeutic regimen which couldreduce the risk of diabetes and its complicationsin human beings.Immunomodulatory consequences of oraladministration of probiotic dahi in Mice:Presently there is a progressive increase inimmune mediated and gut related healthproblems such as allergies, atopic eczema,asthma, diarrhoea, inflammatory bowel diseaseetc. in Asian population. The consumption offunctional foods containing probiotics is knownto have immunomodulatory activity along withnutritional properties, thus could be used asvaluable strategy to control the physiologicalfunctions of the body and modulate immuneresponses in beneficial fashion. Keeping in viewof these facts, the aim of present study was todetermine the immunomodulatory consequencesof feeding probiotic dahi DI and DII in mice. Thefeeding of probiotic dahi DI and DII significantlyenhanced the non-specific immune response byincreasing the phagocytic activity as well aslysosomal enzyme activity of peritonealmacrophages. Moreover, the pre-feeding ofprobiotic dahi DI and DII for 2 and 7 days wassignificantly effective to ameliorate the Salmonellaenteritidis infection, by decreasing the S. enteritidiscounts in intestine, liver and spleen. The prefeedingfor 7 days was more effective in enhancingthe protective immune response against S.enteritidis than that of 2 days. The production ofanti-S. enteritidis antibodies in the intestinal fluidand cytokines i.e. interferon-gamma (IFN-ã),interlukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-6 in supernatant ofcultured splenocytes increased significantly inanimals pre-fed for 7 days with probiotic dahi DIand DII than those of milk and control dahi fedanimals. However, the levels of IL-4 decreased inprobiotic dahi fed animals.In addition, the feeding of probiotic dahi DI andDII effectively suppressed the allergic responsesin ovalbumin induced allergic mice. Probiotic

–– Animal Biochemistry ––30dahi DI and DII significantly decreased the totalIgE and ovalbumin specific-IgE in serum as wellas supernatant of cultured splenocytes. Thefeeding of probiotic dahi DI and DII alsoenhanced the production of IFN- and IL-2, whiledecreased IL-4 and IL-6 production. The feedingof probiotic dahi DI and DII for 28 days alsoincreased the mRNA level of IFN- in spleen andPeyer’s patches. However, a significant increasewas also observed in IL-2 mRNA level in Peyer’spatches of probiotic dahi DI and DII fed animalsand no significant effects were observed on IL-4and IL-6 gene expression in both tissues. Thefeeding of control dahi also exhibited moderateeffects, but no significant effects were observedin milk fed animals. Moreover, out of two types ofdahi, probiotic dahi DI was more effective inenhancing the immune response in a beneficialway. These results suggested that the feeding ofprobiotic dahi DI and DII enhanced both nonspecificand specific immune response especiallyTh1 immune response which may effectivelyreduce the risk of infection, allergies,autoimmunity and inflammatory bowel disease.On the basis of results of the study, it could berecommended that the daily consumption ofprobiotic dahi would enhance the immune powerin diseased as well as normal population to fightagainst various diseases.Molecular modeling of YGNGV-motifcontaining bacteriocin poration assembly: Thedeveloped GA based docking package wasadapted for cyclically symmetric homooligomerizationof protein structures. It was usedto generate transformation coordinates based onmaximizing non-bonded interactions betweentwo monomers. The leucocin A monomers werethen placed one after another usingtransformation coordinates to generate asymmetric cyclic homo-oligomer if any, with thelast monomer superimposed upon the first onewith root mean squared deviation amongcorresponding atoms less than 5 angstrom. Nomanual attempt was made to place any atomicgroups in specific environments. The results thusobtained showed that two anti-parallel stabledimers could be formed. In the first dimer, C-terminal amphiphilic alpha helix alongwithsome part of the N-terminal b-sheet was in contactwith each other. In the other dimer, the rest of theN-terminal b-sheet was interacting with eachother. In addition, a stable pentameric complexwith hydrophilic residues of the C-terminalamphiphilic alpha-helix region forming ahydrophilic channel was also observed. Theobtained dimers could be so arranged as to forma higher order oligomeric network of pores,similar to one predicted for ion channel structuresformed by cecropins, the antimicrobial peptidesproduced by silkworm species.Biotechnological Augmentation ofReproductionNitric oxide in relation to buffalo spermfunctions: Freshly collected washed buffalospermatozoa were in vitro capacitated in 0.5 mlcolumn (5X10 6 cells/ml) in presence of heparin(10 g/ml), hydrogen peroxide (25 mM) andMolecular model for poration assembly of leucocin A.Poration assembly is viewed from memberane surface (A),inside cell (B) and laterally (C).L-arginine (5 mM) Nitric oxide (NO) levelsmeasured as nmoles/10 8 cells, released in culturemedium showed linear increase at 0, 2, 4 and 6 hof incubation compared to control in range of 1.5(at zero h), 30 (at 6 h) in experimental and 0.5 and4 in case of control, respectively. The in vitrocapacitated cells were acrosome reacted inpresence of lysophosphatidyl choline (100 g/ml), progesterone (40 g/ml) and angiotensin II(200 M) as agonist. Significant increase in NOlevels was observed during acrosome reactioncompared to capacitation in all the treatments,and compared to control where little increasewas observed. Progesterone induced acrosomalexocytosis was associated with highest levels ofNO production followed by LPC andangiotensin-II. The Cattle, buffalo and goatseminal plasma (50 l/50X10 6 cells) were foundto exhibit NO production during capacitation andacrosome reaction, cattle seminal plasmashowing maximum effect. The elimination of Ca 2+from culture medium also decreased NOproduction during capacitation and acrosomereaction.

–– Animal Biochemistry ––31Functional identification of heparin bindingproteins of buffalo semen: The affinity purifiedheparin binding proteins (HBP) of seminalplasma were dialyzed using Tube O-dialyzer(Gentotechnology, Inc.). The dialyzed proteinsseparated on 10% SDS-PAGE were 10.9, 13.1,19.9, 26.9, 27.5, 32.4, 51.3 and 58.9 kDa. In orderto assign specific sperm functions to theseproteins, antibodies against HBP proteins arebeing raised after recovering the proteins fromgel, using GeBA flex tube-kit. Immunosuppressiveaction of seminal plasma was also studied byobserving its effect on phagocytosis of yeast cellinduced by mice peritoneal fluid macrophages.Lymphocyte proliferation index of mice culturedplenocytes was found to be 0.9, 0.64 and 0.53 inpresence of 60, 120 and 180 ìg of seminal plasmaprotein with 1.35 in control. The number of nonphagocytosedcells were more in presence ofseminal plasma proteins when peritonealmacrophages were incubated with yeast cells.Molecular cloning and sequencing ofcytochrome P450 aromatase gene in buffaloovary: The true anestrus is one of the mostimportant causes of anestrus condition inbuffaloes. The late maturity is due to latefunctioning of ovaries, in a state of true anestrum.One of predominant causes for true anestrum islow levels of ovarian estrogen that are essentialfor the development of dominant follicle andexhibition of estrus symptoms. The synthesis ofestrogens from androgens is catalyzed bycytochrome P 450 aromatase. CYP 19 geneencodes aromatase, which was considered aspotential candidate for regulating fertilityperformance. Therefore, partial buffalo CYP 19gene was cloned, sequenced and sequence wascompared with that of other species. Buffalopartial CYP 19 gene (866 bp) was cloned in pCRIIvector, using dual promoter TA cloning kit,custom sequenced and submitted to GenBank(Acc. No. DQ407274). Sequence analysis showed98, 97, 97, 91 and 88% homology with that ofcattle, sheep, goat, pig and human, respectively.This cloned cDNA corresponded to exons 6(partial), 7, 8, 9 and 10 when compared with thatof cattle sequence (Acc. No. Z32741). Similarly,partial cDNA (816 bp) corresponding exons 2, 3,4, 5 and 6 (partial) was cloned in pCRII vector.The plasmid containing insert was isolated usingQIAprep kit and PCR was performed to confirmthe presence of insert. In order to elucidate the 5’-untraslated region (5’-UTR) of buffalo granulosacell CYP 19 mRNA, 5’RLM RACE experiment wasperformed with total RNA isolated. The 5’RACEPCR products analysis on agarose gel showedthree CYP 19 transcript variants with different5’UTR. The custom sequencing of two transcriptvariants exhibited their size as 3 and 114 bases,respectively. The short 5’UTR (3 bases) of buffaloaromatase was unique finding in mammalianspecies and need further analysis for its existenceand functional importance. The common splicesite AG presented 40 bases upstream oftranslation site in 5’-UTR having 114 bases.Nucleotide blasting results showed that 5’-UTR(3 bases) is conserved 100% among buffalo, cattle,sheep and goat whereas only 40 bases of long 5’-UTR (114 bases) showed homology with that incattle (100%), sheep (80%) and goat (65%). These5’-UTRs may be driven by either promoter II fromdifferent transcriptional sites or by two differentpromoters and needs further elucidation. In astudy on aromatase mRNA expression ingranulosa cells isolated from different sizes offollicles, the expression was found significantlyup-regulated (P< 0.05) in granulosa cells fromlarge follicles.CYP 19 (aromatase P450) gene polymorphismin anestrus Murrah buffalo: Since aromatasehas been considered as potential candidate forregulating the fertility performance, it wasenvisaged to find out the CYP 19 genepolymorphism in normal cyclic, late matured andlate maturing / true anestrus Murrah buffaloheifers. The corresponding regions of CYP19exons (9), using single strand conformationalpolymorphism (SSCP) technique, were analyzedfor polymorphisms in lactating (n=20, age at firstcalving 35.45 ± 0.869 months of age), late matured(n=17, more than 42 months of age), and latematuring / true anestrus (n=20, more than 42months of age) animals. The animals wereselected after screening for two winter seasons.The heifers were considered late maturing or tureanestrus as they did not come to heat even oncethough they crossed the age of 42 months. Theanimals that showed estrus after 42 months eitherby treatment or by feeding Andhra Pradesh bajranapier (APBN), were categorized as late maturedanimals. It was found that there were undetectedlevels of estradiol in late matured and latematuring animals during screening period. Theanimal blood was collected and genomic DNAwas isolated by Flexi gene kit and also by amethod using household detergents. The CYP19exons were amplified using standard protocoland exon specific primers for exons 2-10. Thesewere further analyzed by SSCP, revealing thatthere were 4 allelic variants CYP19 gene in

–– Animal Biochemistry ––32Murrah buffaloes in present sample population.Two variants were in exons (2 and 9) and twowere in introns (3 and 7). The T/C heterozygoticcondition in exon 2 regulatory region of CYP 19gene, is very important finding. This is becausein normal lactating animals (group 1), it is TThomozygotic condition. The C at position 23adjacent to putative TATA binding element inexon 2, is –19 bp upstream of transcription startsite of one of the major aromatase transcriptsdirected by promoter II (PII) in buffalo granulosacells. It was reported that the ‘C’ in the same site(+18 bp in case of cattle CYP19 gene) was putativesignificant methylation site, which is underepigenetic regulation for suppressing theexpression of CYP19 gene during luteinizationof granulosa cells.The bufflao cytochrome P 450 (CYP19) cDNAhaving corresponding regions of coding exonswas cloned. Molecular cloning of CYP19 cDNArevealed 4th transcript variant having 206 basesof 5’-UTR directed by promoter 1.1 in buffalogranulosa cells of large follicle. In silco analysisof buffalo aromatase protein predicted that therewere no O-glycosylation sites but single N-glycosylation site, 16 phosphorylation sites andthree specific amino acids (Val 143, Val 201 andIle 268) exclusively in buffalo aromatase amongfarm animals compared. CPH 3D model of buffaloaromatase envisaged 13 helices, 7 strands and20 turns in substrate binding and heme bindingregions (242-491aa). New indigenous economicmethod for DNA isolation was developed byusing house hold detergents available in localmarket. Single strand conformationpolymorphism analysis of aromatase gene exonsin normal lactating (control), late matured andtrue anestrus / late maturing animals, revealed 4allelic variants in coding exons and introns thatdid not change the amino acid sequence ofaromatase protein.Follicular and luteal expression of insulin-likegrowth factor receptors in buffalo ovary: Theinsulin-like growth factors (IGFs) act as cogonadotropins,synergistically augmenting thestimulatory effect of gonadotropins onsteroidogenesis and play a critical role indetermining ovarian follicular fate andproductivity in farm animals. The biologicalactions of IGFs are mediated by IGF receptors(IGFRs). Although there are reports regarding thespatial and temporal expression of IGF receptorsin different species, no information is availableregarding the gene expression of IGF receptorsduring estrous cycle of buffalo. The study was anattempt in understanding the role of receptors inmechanism of follicular selection anddevelopment in buffalo ovary. The semiquantitativeRT-PCR technique usingglyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase(G3PDH) as a control gene was employed to findout the expression of mRNA encoding IGFreceptors (type I and type II) in intact follicles ofdifferent sizes, granulosa cells (GC) isolated fromsuch follicles and different post-ovulatorystructures, corpus luteum (CL) and corpusalbicans (CA) from buffalo ovary. Total RNA wasisolated using TRI reagent and reversetranscription reaction was carried out withrandom decamer and M-MuLV RT enzyme.Amplification was done using standardizedprotocol with specific primers of target gene (IGF-IR, IGF-IIR) and control gene (G3PDH). Theresults of relative abundance of mRNA (targetgene mRNA/control gene mRNA) encoding IGFreceptors in small (10 mm) intact follicles, revealedsignificant increase (P

–– Animal Biochemistry ––parameters showed decreased motility inhumans, having CYP 19 gene (coding aromatase)mutations. It was hypothesized that aromatasecould be used as marker of sperm quality,particularly in acquisition of motility. There isno information regarding the expression ofmRNA encoding cytochrome P450 aromatae inspermatozoa of farm animals including cattle andbuffalo. Hence aromatase mRNA expression wasstudied in ejaculated buffalo spermatozoa andto find out its relation with mass motility ofspermatozoa. Total RNA was isolated fromejaculated spermatozoa, graded by mass motility(+3 and 0) and spermatozoa separated by swimup technique, using semen of high mass motility(+3). The results showed that conventional RT-PCR could not detect aromatase transcriptwhereas it was achieved by nested PCR.Therefore, the later technique was used to comparethe expression of aromatase mRNA in motile andnon-motile spermatozoa. There was significantlyhigh expression (p< 0.01) in spermatozoaobtained from semen of high mass motility (+3)as compared to that in spermatozoa from semenof low (almost 0) mass motility. Similarly,significant higher expression (p< 0.01) ofaromatase mRNA was observed in spermatozoaobtained from high motile fraction as comparedto non-motile fraction of semen of high (+3) massmotility, separated by swim up technique. Thesimilarity between present results and that inhuman, suggested that aromatase expression inbuffalo spermatozoa could be used as marker forsemen quality, particularly acquisition of spermmotility.Cryopreservation of buffalo spermatogonialstem cells: Spermatgonial stem cells are uniqueamongst the adult stem cells because they cantransmit the parental genetic information to thesubsequent generations and are now beingrecognized and studied at the cellular level withrespect to their identification and proliferation.In order to isolate the spermatogonial stem cells,the testes were excised and decapsulated andsuspended in DMEM/F-12 containingcollagenase and DNase. The content wasincubated at 34 0 C for 15 minutes in a water bathand after three washes with DMEM/F-12medium, seminiferous cord fragments, mostlydevoid of interstitial cells, were again incubatedin DMEM/F-12 containing a cocktail ofcollagenase, hyaluronidase, trypsin and DNasefor 30 min. in water bath maintained at 34 0 C. Thedispersed cells were washed twice with DMEM/F-12 medium and filtered through 80 µm and 40µm nylon mesh. The cell suspensions werepipetted gently for several minutes and subjectedto centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 4 minutes. Thecells were allowed to sediment for a period of 2.5hrs., top loaded on a superpose column and 15ml fractions were collected at 5 min. interval. Thecells in each fraction were observed in phasecontrast microscope, for cells of similar size andmorphology and spun down at low speedcentrifugation and finally resuspended inDMEM/F-12 medium. The enrichedspermatogonial fractions collected were subjectedto differential plating to eliminate thecontaminating cells (Myoid and Sertoli cells). Thecells were incubated in DMEM/F-12 mediumcontaining 5% horse serum for 4 hours at 34 0 C.The Sertoli and Myoid cells attached to theculture plate and the spermatogonial cells, whichremain in suspension, were collected andwashed once again in DMEM/F-12. Thesequential enzymatic procedure standardizedwas found to be effective for both the isolation ofthe seminiferous cords and the preparation ofthe cell suspension containing thespermatogonial stem cells from the buffalo testis.Maximum number of cells in the initialsuspension after separation excluded the dyewhen stained with trypan blue. Buffalo testes weredissociated enzymatically and stained with 0.1µg/ml phycoerythrin conjugated CD9monoclonal antibody and incubated for 1 hr. inhumidified chamber and then observed influorescent microscope. CD9 antigen wasdetected on the spermatogonial stem cells. Similarstaining was also done at different time intervalsto detect the expression of CD9 on thespermatogonial stem cells. The observationshowed that CD9 were also detected on thespermatogonial stem cells at various timeintervals, which is 18.4 ± 2.5 at 0 hour anddecrease to 8.2 ± 2.3 at 96 hours of incubation.This decrease in the number of spermatogonialstem cells stained with CD9 monoclonal antibodywas correlated to the decrease in the number ofthe spermatogonial stem cells in the cellsuspension.33

DAIRY TECHNOLOGY34Development of Technology for theManufacture of Dietetic BurfiBurfi is the most popular ethnic sweet but its highfat and sugar content makes it unsuitable for obese,diabetic and those suffering from CVDs. Hence,attempts were made to manufacture dietetic burfiby reducing fat and completely substituting sugarwith artificial sweeteners. Screening of the suitablefat replacers and bulking agents followed bynecessary modifications in the process compatiblewith the compositional interventions led to thedesired product. The optimal levels of milk fat,WPC, sorbitol and maltodextrin were furtherstudied including different high potencysweeteners viz. sucralose, aspartame, neotame,acesulfame-k and saccharin. Sucralose gave themost preferred sweetness profile and excellentstability in the product. Shelf life studies revealedthat vacuum packaged dietetic burfi could be storedwithout spoilage for 12 days at 30°C and 40 daysat 5°C. Cost of production for dietetic burfi wasestimated to be Rs. 62.42/kg of product. About77% of the respondents rated the newly developedproduct as excellent or very good.Development of Technology for Production andShelf Life Extension of Brown PedaPeda is one of the popular khoa based sweets inIndia. Of the several varieties of peda available inthe market, brown peda is among more popularones because of its longer shelf life andcharacteristic caramel taste. The presentinvestigation was carried out to standardize themethod of manufacture of brown peda and also toexplore the possibility for its large-scaleproduction and enhance the shelf life at roomtemperature. The quality attributes of brown pedawere characterized on the basis of market surveyand samples of Mathura peda adjudged best onsensory evaluation basis. During preliminarytrials, it was observed that use of boora (sifted sugar)at khoa stage and heating the mixture helped tosimulate the characteristic brown colour andcaramel flavour. The final product formulationconsisted of a combination variables of milk fat at5.9% and sugar at 30% level on khoa. The chemicalcomposition of the optimized product was:moisture 13.26%, fat 16.15%, protein 12.56%,lactose 15.73%, sucrose 39.42% and ash 2.56%.Adoption of TSSHE for continuous khoaproduction and simulation of desired flavour andcolour by adding caramel at sugar blending stagecould help in producing brown peda on large scalesimilar to the standardized product. The shelf lifeof brown peda in cardboard boxes, modifiedatmosphere packaging and vacuum packagingwas found to be 20, 30 and 40 days at 30 ± 1 o C,respectively. Addition of 0.02% BHA and 0.01%BHA + 0.1% potassium sorbate to brown peda atfinal stage of processing and its vacuumpackaging increased the shelf life up to 50 and 60days, respectively, at 30 ± 1 o C.Production of Chhana and Chhana-basedSweets from Buttermilk Admixed with BuffaloMilkGood quality chhana and chhana-based sweetscould be produced from admixture of sweet creambuttermilk (SCBM) and buffalo milk. With theincreased proportion of SCBM in buffalo milk,there was significant (p

–– Dairy Technology ––35Development of Technology for Fruit Lassi withExtended Shelf LifeIn India, lassi made out of dahi is a widelyconsumed fermented milk beverage, popular inall parts of the country and has a great potentialin the domestic as well as overseas markets.However, problems like short shelf life, postacidification, whey syneresis, hinder themarketing of lassi. Accordingly, studies wereconducted for the production of fruit lassi withextended shelf life using biopreservatives.Mango lassi with extended shelf lifeThree variables i.e. milk fat; fruit pulp and sugarwere selected for optimization of mango, bananaand pineapple lassi. For further improvement ofconsistency of fruit lassi exopolysaccharideproducing (EPS + ) cultures were used alongwithpectin at different levels. The resulting producthad enhanced rheological and overall sensorycharacteristics. Further, aspartame was foundmost suitable as a sugar replacer in fruit lassi.The mango-lassi had the highest acceptabilityfollowed by pineapple and banana lassi. Use ofNisin and MicroGARD TM could extend the shelflife of mango lassi up to 30 and 50 days,respectively as compared to the control whichhad a shelf life of 15 days at 4 ± 1 0 C.The technology developed for manufacture of fruitlassi with extended shelf life appeared to haveconsiderable potential to facilitate commercialmanufacture and marketing of this popularfermented milk beverage as a health and dieteticfood. It would also offer an attractive alternative tocarbonated drinks in the beverage market.Development of Raabadi-like Cereal-BasedTraditional Fermented Milk Foods withExtended Shelf-lifeA process for sorghum based Raabadi-likefermented milk beverage was developed. On thebasis of sensory scores sorghum based fermentedbeverages made from skim milk and from sourbuttermilk (lassi) as source of milk solids werefound similar. Although the traditional productis prepared from sour buttermilk, yet keeping inview the suitability for industrial production andeasy availability, skim milk was selected as sourceof milk solids for development of proposedbeverage.Sorghum solids were added to skim milk in threedifferent forms viz. a) raw flour obtained frommilling sorghum grains, b) slurry obtained bygrinding of soaked sorghum grains and c) flourobtained after grinding of 24 h & 48 h germinatedand dried sorghum grains. These solids wereincorporated at two stages i.e. before fermentationand after fermentation. The use of flour fromgerminated grains (24 h) and its addition beforefermentation was selected on the basis ofsignificantly higher sensory scores in comparisonwith other forms. Using NCDC-167 starter culture@ 3%, the levels selected were 4.70 per cent flourof germinated grains and 69 per cent of water oncurd basis.In order to have stability in terms of cerealsedimentation and wheying off during storage,Carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) @ 0.05, 0.10 and0.15% and pectin @ 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6% of beveragewere added of which the last gave best product.The product contained TS 8.87%, fat 0.23%,protein 2.47%, and ash 1.32%, and had an acidityof 0.55% (LA) and viscosity 0.69 (cP). More than80% of the consumer respondents liked theproduct “moderately” to “extremely”, and about17% liked it ‘fairly”.Process Development for Mozzarella TypeCheese Using Skim Milk and Vegetable Oils/Fat ReplacersCholesterol-free Mozzarella-type cheese variantsfrom cow skim-milk or buffalo skim-milk wereproduced using vegetable oils and fat replacers.Vegetable oils studied were soybean oil,groundnut oil and sunflower oil, and fat replacerssuch as starch based Novagel and protein-basedSimplesse were studied employing directacidification. Cheese made from Simplesseresulted in superior stretching and meltingproperties. Amongst the coagulating enzymestried, the yield, moisture and TS, and fat recoverywere found to be higher in case of cheese madefrom Meito as compared to Fromase. ProcessedMozzarella Cheese was also evaluated for bakingproperties on pizza pie. The low-fat Mozzarellatypecheese having an enhanced shelf life with

–– Dairy Technology ––36excellent stretching, melting, textural and sensoryattributes would be highly suitable for healthconscious and different groups of consumers. Theprocess appears to have a considerable potentialto facilitate commercial manufacture andmarketing of this popular product to satisfy thepalate of the health conscious consumers, whileoffering an economical option for utilizing skimmilk.Development of Fiber-Fortified YoghurtA yoghurt formulation comprising added dietaryfibers, both soluble and insoluble ones, wasoptimized so as to get the most acceptable sensoryattributes in the product. An RSM experimentyielded a best solution in terms of the levels ofsoluble fibers such as gum acacia, inulin andpsyllium husk, and insoluble fibers such ascellulose and oat fiber. The textural attributescontributed by individual fibers provedcomplementary to each other with the result thatthe fiber-fortified product exhibited better body andtexture characteristics as compared to control witha similar milk solids level. Of various flavoringsstudied for compatibility in the sweetened fiberfortifiedyoghurt, pineapple flavour was mostacceptable, although it was not preferred to theunflavoured product. Growth of the cultureorganisms was not perceivably influenced by thepresence of fiber components in the product.Formulation of Table Spread with AddedFunctional IngredientsMany middle class urban consumers (75%) ofbread find butter (complement with bread) highlypriced apart from its poor spreadability, highsaturated fat and cholesterol content. This hasled to development of fat spreads having varyingamount of fat, moisture, protein and certainadditives to improvise their chemicalcharacteristics as compared to butter.A low fat table spread was formulated thatcontained specially designed lipid phaseconsisting of milk fat and vegetable oils withadded functional ingredients. The Gas Liquidchromatography analysis of lipid mixturerevealed that it contained 43.97%polyunsaturated fatty acid, -3 fatty acid(11.73%) and maintaining a ratio of -6/ -3 fattyacid as 1.67%. The table spread was preparedusing different levels of skim milk powder (SMP),whey protein concentrate (WPC) and processingtemperature. An attempt to incorporate dietaryfiber and Calcium was made in view of theirability to help in lowering blood serum cholesterollevel and Osteoporosis. The optimum levels ofvarious ingredients were determined throughCentral Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD). Thedesign was containing 50 experiments withdifferent combinations of ingredients. Theexperiments were conducted as per run ordergiven by the design experts. The responsevariables tested were colour, flavour, body andtexture, spreadability and overall acceptability.Optimization of the process was performed tomaximize all the response. The response valueof the most acceptable spread in terms of colour,flavour, body and texture, spreadability andoverall acceptability was 7.6, 7.72, 7.7, 7.9, and7.8, respectively. The product was subjected toshelf life studies and consumer acceptance. Thefinal product had a storage life of ten days atroom temperature and more than three monthsat refrigerated temperature. The product wasfound to be highly acceptable by more than 75 %of respondents.Studies on the Preparation of Shelf-stable LowlactoseConcentrated MilkShelf-stable low-lactose concentrated milk wasprepared using ultrafiltration process. Thestandardized process included standardizationof the fat of buffalo milk, adding stabilizer,forewarming, filterering, homogenisation, UF-DF concentration of buffalo milk, mixing thecalculated amount of sterilized powdered sugarand salts, heat processing and hot filling intosterilized polymer-coated tin-free steel cansunder hygienic conditions. The viscosity ofstandardized product was observed to be 10.82Poise at shear rate of 228.5 s -1 . On sensoryevaluation, the product scored 7.42 for flavour,7.58 for viscosity, 7.67 for colour andappearance, 7.58 for body and texture and 7.33for overall acceptability on 9 point Hedonicscale. The standard plate count of product wasobserved to be 725 cfu/g and yeasts and mouldsand coliforms counts were observed to be nil.The total cost of low lactose concentrated milkworked out to be Rs.24.67 per 400 g can.Formulation of a Direct-acidified Whey-basedBeverageLassi is a refreshing beverage generally made fromcurd by lactic acid culture by admixing sugar orsalt. The addition of lactic cultures lowers thepH of the product. The maintenance andpropagation of culture is a costly proposition.

–– Dairy Technology ––Accordingly, an attempt was made to develop alassi like beverage using paneer whey by additionof food grade acids.Preliminary trials helped to select levels ofhydrocolloids, viz., guar gum, CMC, and thetype of dietary fibre. Twenty experimentsplanned using the Central Composite RotatoryDesign (CCRD) were carried out and the effectsof different ingredients on sensory and physicalattributes were studied. The optimisedformulation in terms of product’s sensory andphysical attributes acceptability comprised0.28% guar gum, 0.20% CMC and 3.92% inulin.The optimised product contained 2.60% fat,5.35% lactose, 1.20% protein, 11.20% sucrose,77.60% moisture and 0.85% ash and showedan average viscosity of 20cP. The consumeracceptance rating of the lassi like beverage wasappreciable, around 96% of consumersshowing their preference for the beverage, with87% of consumers expressing their willingnessto buy the beverage. The shelf-life studies ofthe lassi like beverage revealed that the productwas acceptable for up to 10 days underrefrigeration. The cost of production of thebeverage was estimated to be Rs. 3.97 perserving (200 ml).Technology of Ready-to-serve and Ready-tobakePizza with Extended Shelf lifeAt present the shelf life of pizza is hardly one day.Its low shelf life is mainly due to microbial andphysico-chemical changes. Hence, a study wasplanned to increase the shelf life of pizza by usingmodified atmosphere packaging (MAP) technique.Two types of pizza samples namely baked (readyto-serve)and unbaked (ready-to-bake) werepackaged in high barrier bags (LLD/BA*/Nylon-6/BA*/LDPE) under four different atmospheresand stored at 7 ± 1 ºC. The studies revealed that theshelf life of pizza could be increased upto 45 days(a 300% increase) for ready-to-serve pizza and 15days (a 300% increase) for ready-to-bake pizza, at7±1ºC by using MAP technique.Ready-to-serve pizza after storage at 7 ± 1 °Cfor 15 days (air - atm 1)Ready-to-serve pizza after storage at 7 ± 1 °Cfor 45 days (100% CO 2- atm 2)37Ready-to-serve pizza after storage at 7 ± 1 °Cfor 45 days (100% N 2- atm 3)Ready-to-serve pizza after storage at 7 ± 1 °Cfor 45 days (50% CO 2: 50% N 2- atm 4)

–– Dairy Technology ––38R&D Support for Process Upgradation ofIndigenous Milk Products for IndustrialApplicationLow-fat rehydrable Gulabjamun: A convenienceformulation of Gulabjamun was developed withan additional objective of rendering the producthealth-wise more acceptable by substituting thedeep-fat frying step involved in the conventionalGulabjamun-making process with the ovenbakingapproach. This new process was furtherinvestigated for enhancing its acceptability interms of sensory attributes, uniformity of textureand colour & appearance, rehydration time &convenience, volume expansion, etc. includingdough-making process, ball size, lot size,compositional manipulations and bakingconditions.Attempts were made to fine tune the process formaking low fat gulabjamun which can be readilyrehydrated. Different variables were studied, viz.dough composition in terms of cereal, SMP andfat components; use of dough improver, cornflour, xanthan gum and sodium bicarbonate;dough mixing/kneading conditions (speed andtime); modification of baking pan design; ballcoating composition; and rehydration conditions(syrup concentration, temperature and soakingtime). An acceptable product could be obtained.The preliminary shelf-life studies indicated thatdue to a relatively high moisture content,hurdle approach would have to be adoptedtowards optimization of relevant parametersviz. water activity, preservative and modifiedatmosphere packaging (MAP) condition so thatmaximum shelf-life could be achieved. Vacuumpackaging of Instant Gulabjamun in flexiblepouches was not successful, as it resulted incrumpling of the product. However, theproduct could be nitrogen-packed in 5-plynylon bags, which was considered favourablefrom the product’s shelf life. Tray packagingwas conceived to be preferable to pouchpackaging of the product.Process development for long-life milk-cake:Shelf life studies on long life milk-cake werecarried out at ambient temperature. Theoptimized product was used for the storagestudies. The proximate composition of theproduct was: moisture-18.40%, fat-20%,protein-12%, Total sugar-47%, and ash-2.6%.All sensory attributes in the stored product viz.flavour, body & texture, colour & appearanceand overall acceptability, were foundacceptable (scores, about 7.0) at the end of twomonths of storage. After four months of storage,no oxidized flavour or rancid flavour wasobserved in the milk-cake samples indicatingthat the chemical deterioration of the productwas within limits. Microbiologically, theoptimized milk-cake was of a high quality as itcontained very low plate count (20 cfu/g),bacterial spore count (11 cfu/g) and yeast &mold count (13 cfu/g). At the end of fourmonths of storage, the plate count, spore countand yeast & mold count increased to 79, 48 and44 cfu/g, respectively, which were withinacceptable quality limits. Consumer responsestudy of the product showed that 71.8% of theconsumers rated the product as ‘very good’ to‘excellent’. Net cost of the developed milk-cakein 250 gram pouches and steel cans wascalculated as Rs. 26.74 and Rs. 33.86,respectively.Pollutants and contaminants in milk and milkproducts-drug residues: Two hundred andtwenty eight samples comprising of raw (122nos.), heat treated (77 nos.) and dried products(29 nos.) were procured from NDRI, Model DairyPlant (MDP), NDRI, Karnal and other reputedbrands from the local market. These samples wereanalyzed using charm 6602 system. An incidenceof antibiotic residues in 9.62% milk sample wasobserved at MRL Codex limits with individualpresence of b-lactam 3.07%, sulpha drug 0.87%,tetracycline 1.31%, amino–N 0.00%, amino–ST1.31%, macrolide 0.43% and multiple drugs2.63%. The antibiotic groups like ß lactam,tetracycline & amino glycoside–ST weredominating in NDRI milk whereas other groupslike sulpha drug and macrolides werepredominant in MDP milk. The multiple drugswere present in the range of 0.43% to 2.19%. Thepresence of antibiotic residues below MRL

–– Dairy Engineering ––(Codex) was in the range of 5.69%-10.95% of thesamples tested.Pollutants and contaminants in milk and milkproducts - pesticide residues and heavy metals:Milk samples (125) were collected from 14districts of Haryana for analysis of pesticideresidues and heavy metals. From each district, aminimum of 6 samples were collected andprocessed for the analysis of organophosphate(ACPCPP, CPP-me, DZN, DCV, DCP, DMT, FTN,MOX, MTN, MCP, POX, PTN, PRT, PMD, PFP,QNP, TCV), organochlorine (ADR, DER, ESF,EDR, HCR, DDT) pesticide residues and heavymetals (Cd and Pb). A total of 11 samples fromthe organized sector and 44 samples from theunorganized sector were analyzed. Out of the 55samples analyzed, mainly residues offenitrothion, chlorpyriphos, DDT and heptachlorwere above MRL.DAIRY ENGINEERING39Development of Equipment/Process/Packagingfor Upgradaition of Technologies forManufacture of Dairy ProductsSimulation and prediction of moisturepermeability properties of packaging materials:A computer programme was developed on “Net”for measurement and simulation of water vapourpermeability of packaging materials under varyingpackage-environmental interactions. It had threesub-programmes, the first programme evaluatedthe ‘water vapour transmission rate’ from thegravimetric data, the second programmedetermined the ‘package permeability coefficient’as the function of partial pressure differencebetween inside and out side the package and thethird programme predicted the “packagepermeability coefficient” as a function ofenvironmental temperature and packagecharacteristics using Arrhenius model. Everyfunction related to experiments on measurementand prediction of water vapour transmission rateand permeability coefficient of packaging materialwas assembled on a single platform for the sake ofuser friendliness of the software package.Continuous chhana making equipmentAutomation of continuous chhana ball makingmachine: The continuous chhana ball makingmachine, developed and patented by DairyEngineering Division was automated. It consistsof a chhana-kneading and a ball-forming unit. Thekneaded chhana discharged from the kneadingunit is cut into uniform cylindrical pieces. Thecutting operation is aided by an optical infraredproximity sensor with an electronic switch thatenables automatic cutting of chhana pieces ofuniform size whereby desired chhana balls areproduced for being fed to the continuous rasogollacooker under development in the Division.Continuous dewatering system for chhana:Continuous drum dewatering system wasdeveloped to prepare chhana. The unit wasdesigned in Dairy Engg. Division having acapacity to handle 250 lit. of milk per hr. Milkacidic coagulum is prepared through a PHE unitto condition the milk for obtaining best recoveryof solids. The coagulant is added inline and thecoagulation is obtained almost instantaneously.The coagulum is then passed through aperforated SS drum with suitable filter mediumto drain out whey. The curdled mass is collectedon a perforated tray which allows furtherdraining of free moisture. Thus, chhana of adesired moisture content is obtained through asimple system which may subsequently beintegrated with chhana ball making machine.Equipment for continuous burfi production:Three stage thin film heat exchanger wasdesigned and developed to undertake rigorousstudies for continuous production of Burfi. Theunit has provision to vary the scraper speeds toalter texture of khoa and a provision for sugardosing for inline production of Burfi.

DAIRY CHEMISTRY40Rapid Methods for Assessment of Chemical andMicrobiological Quality of Milk and MilkProductsDevelopment of method for estimation of ureain milk using ammonia sensing electrode: Amethod for estimation of urea in milk usingammonia sensitive electrode was developed.Urea, at neutral pH is degraded enzymaticallyinto ammonium ion. Ammonium ion remains inequilibrium with ammonia and virtually entireammonium ions are present as ammonia at pHgreater than 11. The response of ammoniasensitive electrode was recorded in terms of mV.There was linear inverse relationship betweenlogarithmic of urea concentration and mV.Quantitative recovery was observed in milksamples spiked with known concentration ofurea. The estimation of urea in milk was notaffected by salts present in milk as the electrodeis sensitive to ammonia gas. Comparative resultswere obtained between this developed methodand the method using DMAB reagent.A polarimetric method for estimation of starchcontent in milk products: The polarimetricmethod [ISO 6493:2000(E)] described formeasurement of starch content in animal feedingstuff was validated for its applicability in icecream,gulabjamun-mix and gulabjamun. Thedifference in optical rotation of filtrates obtainedafter partial hydrolysis of sample and 40%ethanol soluble fraction is the basis of estimationof starch in these products. Partial hydrolysiswas achieved by treating sample and ethanolsoluble fraction with 0.31 M HCl (boiling/refluxing). While recovery of starch in ice-cream,gulabjamun-mix was nearly quantitative, overestimation was noted in gulabjamun. The methodwas extensively validated in ice-cream in termsof recovery of different types of starches. Ingeneral, the recoveries of most starches were morethan 90%. Recoveries were very low for modifiedstarches and maltodextrin. The polarimetricmethod does not require any expensive reagentsand therefore, it is a cost effective method andcan be routinely used in the laboratories.Effect of heating on indigenous milk enzymeactivities: The study was carried out to delineatethe pattern and degree of heat inactivation of fiveenzymes alkaline phosphatase (ALP),lactoperoxidase (LPO), N-acetyl- -glucosaminidase(NAGase), xanthine oxidase (XO) andgamma-glutamyl transpepetidase (GGPT) in rawcow, buffalo and goat milk. Heat inactivation ofenzymes was done at termperatures aroundpasteurization temperature. Enzyme inactivationpattern can provide information on prior heattreatment of milk. D and Z-values (index ofenzyme inactivation) were calculated.There was large difference in the levels of theindividual enzymes present in raw milk of cow,buffalo and goat. The activity of the ALP, XO,NAGase and LPO was found highest in buffalomilk followed by cow milk and goat milk. On theother hand, GGTP activity was found similar incow milk and buffalo milk and least in goat milk.In all the three species, complete inactivation ofALP occured at temperature between 70 – 75°Cwhen milks were heated for 15 sec. XO wasinactivated completely when milk was subjectedto heating at 90°C for 15 sec. NAGase, althoughwas sensitive at temperature around 80°C, itscomplete inactivation required heating around90°C for 15 sec. LPO and GGTP are potentialenzymes for development of a test for assessingpasteurization of milk in the range of 78 to 80°C.Both the enzymes were virtually inactivated ataround these temperatures.The D-values indicated that at 70 o C, all theenzymes except ALP were stable. The D-valuesestimated for ALP at 70°C were around 2 secindicating that enzyme was quite sensitivearound this temperature. At 74°C, it was observedthat sensitivity of the other enzymes towards heatwas different in different milks. At thistemperature, results indicated that stability ofGGTP was high in buffalo milk or goat milk andleast in case of cow milk. XO and NAGase wereobserved to be more stable in buffalo milk,followed by cow milk and goat milk. On the otherhand, LPO was observed to be more stable in goatmilk with D-value of 37 sec. At 78°C, LPO, XO,NAGase were observed to be more stable in goatmilk followed by buffalo milk and cow milk.However, the stability of GGTP was observed tobe almost similar in milk of all the species studied.The calculated Z-values in ALP, GGTP, XO,NAGase were almost similar in milk of the threespecies indicating that the heat stability of theseenzymes was almost similar in all the threespecies. In case of LPO, the calculated z-valuewas much higher in goat milk (19°C) than buffalo

–– Dairy Chemistry ––41(12°C) and cow milk (7°C) which suggested thatthe LPO was more stable in goat milk.Comparison of natural and synthetic antioxidantsin extending the shelf-life of ghee: Effectivenessof natural anti-oxidants i.e. ascorbyl palmitate andcaffeic acid in preventing the oxidativedeterioration in buffalo ghee was studied.Ascorbyl palmitate and caffeic acid were added atfour different concentrations, i.e. 0.01, 0.015, 0.02and 0.025% in buffaloe ghee. Effect of BHAaddition @ 0.02% in ghee was also investigatedand compared with control ghee samples. All thebuffalo ghee samples were stored in air-tight glassbottles in hot air-oven maintained at 80 ± 1 o C. Gheesamples were analyzed at regular intervals i.e. 0,3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21 days for peroxide value,total carbonyl, free fatty acids and conjugateddienes. It was observed that addition of ascorbylpalmitate or caffeic acid or BHA delayed thedevelopment of peroxides in ghee samples whencompared with control ghee samples. It was alsofound that during entire storage period of 21 days,the control ghee samples showed a progressiveincrease in peroxide value from 0 to 19.5. Additionof ascorbyl palmitate and caffeic acid at 0.015, 0.02and 0.025% level did not allow the peroxide valueto increase up to a storage period of three days at80 o C when compared with control ghee. Theincrease peroxide value development in controlghee was found to be faster after 12 days of storageat 80 ± 1 o C. Ghee samples containing ascorbylpalmitate at 0.025% level showed lesser rate ofperoxide development when compared with gheesamples containing BHA at 0.02%. The peroxidevalue in BHA (0.02%) treated ghee samples wasfound to be 9.5 after 21 days of storage. Likewisethe ghee samples treated milk ascorbyl palmitateat 0.025% showed a peroxide value of 7.3 Bothascorbyl palmitate and caffeic acid at 0.025% levelwere found to be more effective than BHA while at0.02% level, ascorbyl palmitate was comparablewith BHA. Caffeic acid was found to be moreeffective than BHA even at 0.02%. Measurementof total carbonyls in control ghee sample showeda value of 13.1 µÌ/g ghee after 21 days of storage at80 ± 1 o C, whereas the development of totalcarbonyls in BHA treated samples was found tobe 10.4 µÌ/g after 21 days of storage. The totalcarbonyl content in ghee samples containingascorbyl palmitate at 0.02% level was found to be10.2% µÌ/g, which was comparable with BHA(0.02%) treated ghee samples. Addition of ascorbylpalmitate at 0.025% level to buffalo ghee showedtotal carbonyls as 9.9 µÌ/g. Likewise caffeic acidaddition to buffalo ghee at 0.025% showed the totalcarbonyls as 8.9 µÌ/g. Conjugated dienesformation in buffalo ghee samples containingascorbyl palmitate and caffeic acid individuallyat 0.02% and 0.025% level was found to be lesswhen compared to BHA (0.02%) treated as well ascontrol ghee samples. Similar trends were alsoobserved for free fatty acid development in ghee inrelation to effectiveness of these naturalantioxidants in buffalo ghee. These findingsrevealed that both ascorbyl palmitate and caffeicacid showed good anti-oxidative properties inretarding the oxidative rancidity in ghee whencompared with BHA.Preparation of polymer with imprints of vitaminA: Trace analytical methods for complex matricesrely on efficient sample enrichment techniquesand specific assays. A low selectivity or a lowcapacity for the target analyte often limits currentenrichment techniques. Development of newselective analytical methods and sampleenrichment techniques are, therefore, of broadanalytical interest. One technique that may finduse is molecular imprinting, which is used forthe preparation of phases with tailor madebinding sites. The phases can be prepared by thesynthesis of highly cross linked polymers in thepresence of a target template followed by removalof template. A polymer was prepared frommethacrylic acid (monomer) and ethylene glycoldimethacrylate (cross linker) in presence ofvitamin A. Benzoyl peroxide was used to initiatethe polymerization reaction and methanol wasused as solvent during polymerization. The molarratio selected to prepare the polymer was3:25:0.25:0.16 (monomer: cross linker: template:initiator). From the prepared polymer, template(vitamin A) was knocked off by treating it withorganic solvents (50:50 v/v acetonitrile andmethanol) . The preparation was evaluated forthe presence of vitamin A imprints by studyingthe binding characteristics of the polymer indifferent organic solvents and compared withpreparation made in absence of template (nonimprinted polymer). Imprinted polymer hadnearly 4 fold selectivity over non imprintedpolymer. Binding experiments showed thatbinding was 3 mg template/ 1g polymer in caseof imprinted polymer while it was 0.8 mg/1 g fornon-imprinted polymer. Further the bindingstudy was carried out in chromatographiccolumn (1 X 2 cm). Column was equilibrated with2:1 mixture of acetonitrile and water. Vitamin Awas dissolved in the same mixture and loaded tothe column. Elution was carried out usinggradient mixture of acetonitrile and water. The

–– Dairy Chemistry ––42resulted chromatographic profile showed thatelution of vitamin A from imprinted polymeroccurred only at higher concentrations ofacetonitrile while the elution took place at initialstage itself in case of non-imprinted polymer. Theabove studies confirmed the presence of imprintsin the prepared polymer. These preparations canserve dual purpose of being used as solid phaseextractor or matrix for column chromatographyand also would have profound applications indetermining the levels of vitamin A in milk andany other biological fluid.Nutritional and Therapeutic Aspects of Milkand Milk ProductsAntioxidant properties of casein and itsfractions: Whole casein and its fractions ( S 1-, -, k-) both from buffalo and cow milk, wereevaluated for their radical scavenging activity(RSA) against 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazil(DPPH); cation radical 2, 2’azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS + )and superoxide anion radical. DPPH radicalscavenging activity of casein and its fractions wasdetermined and expressed based on IC 50value(i.e. the concentration of sample required toscavenge 50% of the free radicals). There was asignificant (p k-casein. However, there was no differencein superoxide radical scavenging activitybetween cow and buffalo casein.Antioxidant properties of cheddar cheese atdifferent stages of ripening: Cheddar cheese wasprepared with and without adjunct cultures.Adjunct cultures (Lactobacillus casei andLactobacillus paracasei subsp paracasei) werescreened from thirteen different lactobacilli startercultures based on the basis of antioxidantactivities. The antioxidant activity was measuredusing different reagents viz 2, 2’-azinobis (3 ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), DPPH(2, 2’-diphenyl dipicryl hydrazyl) andSuperoxide. Antioxidant activity was expressedas trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC).The antioxidant activity of the whole cheese slurrywas higher as compared to skimmed cheeseslurry. The antioxidant activity of cheddar cheesewas dependent on ripening period. There was aABTS Radical Scavenging Activity of WSE ofCheddar Cheeselarge increase in antioxidant activity during 2 to4 months of ripening and subsequent ripeningup to 9 months resulted in a gradual decrease inantioxidant activity. The antioxidant activity ofcheddar cheese prepared with adjunct culturewas similar to cheese prepared in absence ofadjunct culture during entire 9 months ofripening period.Estimation and stability of low calorie artificialsweeteners in indigenous dairy products: Levelsof artificial sweeteners in dairy products viz. burfiand kalakand were optimized to achieve sweetnessHigh Performance thin layer chromatography of standardsucralose (A) Amino HPTLC Plate (B) Silica gel HPTLC plate

–– Dairy Chemistry ––43scores comparable to sucrose. The mostacceptable level of saccharin in burfi and kalakandwas 0.015%, acesulfame - K was 0.045 %,aspartame was 0.065% and sucralose was0.025%. Evaluation was based on 9 point hedonicscale.High performance thin layer chromatography of sucraloseand its hydrolysed products on amino HPTLC plates(sucralose - degradation at pH 1.0, 120 hrs, 62 °C)A method for isolation of sweeteners from dairyproducts was standardized. The products(flavoured milk / lassi / burfi / kalakand) wereblended, diluted with water and subjected toultrasonification. The suspension was treatedwith Careez solution for clarification and furthersubjected to solid phase extraction. HPLCmethods using reversed phase column werestandardized for separation and estimation ofartificial sweetners. Saccharin and acesulfame –K were eluted using 0.02M KH 2PO 4(pH 5.0) –Acetonitrile (97+3). Aspartame was eluted usingeluent A: 0.02M KH 2PO 4(pH 5.0) – Acetonitrile(97+3) and eluent B: 0.02M KH 2PO 4(pH 3.5)adjusted with 5% H 3PO 4– Acetonitrile (80+20)High performance thin layer chromatography of sucraloseextracted from product stored for different days(A) Amino HPTLC Plate (B) Silica gel HPTLC platefor further HPLC analysis. However, sucraloseanalysis was done over HPTLC (amino basedplates and silica gel plates) after Careezclarification.The recovery of artificial sweeteners saccharin,acesulfame - K, sucralose and aspartame fromdairy products (flavoured milk, lassi, burfi andkalakand) over HPLC/HPTLC were in the rangeof 88 - 99 %, respectively. Saccharin, 2-sulphobenzoic acid, aspartame,diketopiperazine and L-phenylalanine wereseparated by reverse phase HPLC at 200 nmand Acesulfame-K and acetoacetamide at220nm on C18 column. HPTLC analysis onSilica gel 60 was carried out for sucralose.Derivatization was done with sulphuric acid15% (v/v) followed by quantification with Bio-Rad Quantity one software. Detection limits forsaccharin and 2- sulphobenzoic acid were 10ng, acesulfame-K and acetoacetamide were 15and 20 ng, aspartame, diketopiperazine and L-phenylalanine were 30, 10 and 20 ng,respectively and of sucralose was 250 ng.HPLC chromatograms obtained on 0, 3 rd and 7 thdays of storage of lassi reported no extra peak otherthan saccharin, acesulfame K and aspartame inthe chromatograms. Also it was evident from therecoveries (90-98%) that saccharin, acesulfame Kand aspartame levels remained unchanged evenup to 7 days of storage thereby establishing theirstability during storage.HPLC chromatograms obtained on 0, 3 rd and 7 thdays of storage of flavoured milk reported no extrapeak other than saccharin and acesulfame K inthe chromatograms. Also it was evident from therecoveries (90-99%) that saccharin andacesulfame K levels remained unchanged evenup to 7 days of storage. However, in case ofaspartame, its level remained unchanged upto3 rd day of storage. On 5 th and 7 th days of storageaspartame recoveries were 75% and 62%,respectively, thereby indicating 25% and 38%loss. Degradation of aspartame was furtherevident from the HPLC chromatogram of 5 th and7 th day indicating appearance of new peak at 9.50minute, showing partial degradation ofaspartame to aspartylphenylalanine.Quantitative analysis of sample isolates offlavoured milk and lassi obtained on 0, 3 rd and 7 thdays of storage over silica gel 60 F 254HPTLC platesshowed charred spots of sucralose.

Quantification of these spots revealed thatsucralose level remained unchanged in dairyproducts during storage. Thus, it could be inferredthat sucralose remained stable duringpasteurization of flavoured milk at 90 0 C for 20min and also in lassi.DAIRY MICROBIOLOGY44Clean Milk Production, Post MilkingImprovement of Milk QualityDevelopment of a bacteriocin basedformulation for Mastitis therapy: Bactericidalpotential of three selected bacteriocins Lactocin,Pediocin and Enterocin was evaluated againstpredominant mastitis pathogens viz.,Staphylococcus aureus and Streoptococcus agalactiaestrains. Combinations of these bacteriocins werealso evaluated for their activity against thesepathogens in order to observe the synergisticeffect of such combinations. A combination ofPediocin and Enterocin (1:1) emerged as the mostpotent for the development of bacteriocin(s) basedformulation. Parameters for the optimalproduction of the two bacteriocins followed bytheir down-stream processing were standardized.A bacteriocin based formulation was preparedusing different additives such as analgesic/antiinflammatory salt, EDTA, a surfactant andevaluated in vitro for its efficiency against selectedmastitis pathogens.Development of in vitro test for detection oftoxigenicity in Bacillus subtilis as a milk bornepathogen: A total of 39 samples of fluid milk (8raw from vendors, 3 raw cow and 4 raw buffalofrom experimental dairy), different brands of 10market skim milk powders and 14 infant milkfoods were analyzed. Sixteen samples –1 (33.3%)cow milk, 1 (25%) buffalo milk, all 8 (100%) marketmilk, 4 (40%) skim milk powder and 2 (14%)infant foods yielded 38 (2, 2, 23, 9, 2, respectively)isolates of Bacillus subtilis. The cultures and theirfiltrates were studied for milk enterotoxicity andspoilage activities.Sixteen isolates (cow milk 1, buffalo milk 1, marketmilk 10, skim milk powder 3, infant milk foods 1)exhibited -haemolysis on bovine blood agar; 7isolates from market milk, 4 from skim milkpowder and lisolate from infant milk foodsshowed delayed plasma coagulase test; one cowmilk, one buffalo milk, 5 market milk, 4 powderand the 2 infant milk food isolates producedphospholipase C (lecithovitellin reaction) andnine haemolytic isolates tended to produceDNAse while TNase was not produced by anycultures. Three isolates –infant milk foods 1(phospholipase C positive) and 2 market milk(both haemolytic and one being phospholipolyticand coagulase positive also) gave suckling micereaction. Preliminary trial with cell fee culturefiltrates of all the isolates showed variable resultswith accessory pathogenicity factors; culturefiltrate from infant food isolate was positive forsuckling mice. The toxigenic and non toxigeniccultures and their filtrates produced little acidand caused proteolysis in terms of wheying off,off flavours, tyrosine and sialic acid releaseduring refrigeration but much more at 37 o C inpasteurized skim and whole milk. Tyrosine andsialic acid contents generally increased withincubation period. The increase at refrigerationwas slightly less. The inoculants sweet curdledmilk on > 4 d refrigerated storage. The reactionwas delayed in casein suspension with culturefiltrates as compared to the cultures.Identification of Feed Resources, theirEvaluation and Incorporation in the FeedingSystems of Dairy AnimalsIsolation and characterization of tanninolyticmicroorganisms and degradation of tannins invitro:The present study was aimed at isolation ofpotential tanninolytic bacteria and to observe theirefficacy under in-vitro conditions. A total of 36tannin-degrading bacteria were isolated fromrumen and faecal contents of cattle, sheep, goat,wild neelgai and deer. The isolates were identifiedas S. bovis biotype I (28%), Enterococcus faecalis (25%),S. bovis biotype II.2 (19%), S. gallolyticus (17%), S.bovis biotype II.1 (8%) and Enterobacter sakazakii(3%). Tannase activity was found in all the isolateswhile gallate decarboxylase activity was found inonly two isolates GF2 (E. faecalis) and GF4 (E.sakazakii). Seven isolates producing high level oftannase were selected for further analysis. IsolatesGF2 and GF4 were the most tannic acid resistantto 5 and 4%, respectively and were furtherconfirmed by species-specific PCR basedamplification targeting groES and 16S rRNAregion for GF2 and GF4, respectively. The sequenceof PCR product exhibited 97-98% homology withstrains of E. faecalis and E. sakazakii available atNCBI database. Tannase from isolate GF2 waspurified upto 25 folds and characterized to haveMol. wt. of 45 kDa and displayed optimum activity

–– Dairy Mircobiology ––at 40°C and pH 6.0. GF2 was able to degrade tannicacid into gallate, pyrogallol and resorcinol whileGF4 degraded upto pyrogallol only. Hence, GF2showed desirable curdling properties upto 2-3months of storage. For the development ofconcentrated inoculum for the preparation ofvarious fermented dairy products, suspendingmedium AM-1 was found to be suitable byincorporating in the centrifugal cells of differentlactic starters. Standardized concentratedinoculum showed desirable curdling propertiesupto 3 months when stored at 5°C in flexible sachet.Biotechnological Interventions for Product andProcess Development of Functional Foods45was used for in-vitro degradation studies withbabool pods. Under in-vitro conditions, isolate GF2resulted in a significant increase in IVDMD (65.7%)accompanied with significant reduction in levelof tannins (67%) at 72 hrs. However, changes inTVFA and NH 3-N and IVCPD were non-significantfor the isolate under in-vitro conditions.Development of concentrated inoculum of lacticcultures and its packaging in flexible sachet forpreparation of fermented dairy products: Tostandardize the preparation of concentratedinoculum for the preparation of various fermenteddairy products such as dahi, acidophilus milk,yoghurt and acidowhey soft drink, three methodswere tried which were 1) increase in total solidcontents in milk, 2) vacuum concentration and 3)centrifugation process. Among these processes,preparation of concentrated cell mass of lacticstarter by centrifugation process and with selectedsuspending medium AM-1 and AM-2 was foundto be good. Medium with gum acacia and otherconstituents improved consistency and curdlingcharacteristics of acidophilus concentratedinoculum (ACI) when packed in flexible sachetand stored at 5°C and 37°C. AC1 stored at 5°CDCI - Concentrated Inoculum for Dahi makingIsolation of antifungal bioactive proteins andpeptides derived from milk and theirapplication in biopreservation: Lactoferrin frombuffalo and cow colostrums was isolated andpurified using weakly acidic cation exchangerCM Sephadex C-50. and concentrated by freezedrying. The MIC of lactoferrin for test yeasts was25-75 g/ml and 25-250 g/ml, respectively forCLf and BLf. and for test molds were in the rangeof 25-125 g/ml (CLf) and 25-175 g/ml (BLf).Lactoferrin was fungicidal in nature against yeastand mold strains at 30 0 C in buffer. Lactoferrinhydrolysate was obtained by enzymatichydrolysis with porcine pepsin. The substantialMIC of LFH against all the yeast and moldcultures was in the range of 150-250 g/ml and50-150 g/ml, respectively. Casein fraction, S 1casein, was hydrolyzed with pepsin at 37 0 C for 4hr and cationic peptides were separated withcation exchange membrane MA100 (S100X). Themolecular weight of peptide was approximately3.5 kDa over SDS-PAGE. The peptides from S 1-Cn showed yeasticidal activity against yeastcultures with up to 2 log cycle reduction at 125g/ml. S 1-Cn peptides also showed antimoldactivity at a concentration of 50-100 g/ml inbuffer. The mode of action of bioactive milkproteins and peptides was studied by examiningthe change in morphology under microscopewhich revealed that these proteins and peptidesaffected the membrane potential resulting inleakage of the cytoplasmic contents in yeasts andinhibition of sporulation in molds. Effect of LPsystem on yeast and mold culture showed thatLP system was effective against molds but notagainst yeats.Antifungal substances produced by threestandard Lactobacillus cultures from NCDC(Lactobacillus collinoides NCDC 02,Lactobacillus casei NCDC 17 and Lactobacillusacidophilus NCDC 195) showed maximumantifungal activity i.e., zone of inhibition between17-20 mm. The conditions were optimized from

–– Dairy Mircobiology ––46maximum production of antifungal substance forthese three test cultures. Optimum time,temperature and pH for growth were 37 °C for 24- 48 hour at pH 6 - 7. The maximum production ofAFS started at late exponential growth phase andcontinued till early stationary phase. The crudeAFS was heat stable at 100 °C for 10 minutes, pH(4-8) stable and storage stable for 6 days atrefrigeration temperature. The AFS of 1-5 KDamolecular weight was proteinaceous andhydrohobic in nature. The effect of AFS andlactoferrin individually and in combination onpaneer was studied at the refrigerationtemperature. Shelf life of paneer treated withlactoferrin showed better results as compared toother peptides.Production and characterization ofproteinaceous antifungal substances (AFS)from Lactobacillus Spp: A total of 40 standardLactobacillus cultures were tested for theirantifungal properties against nine standardMicroscopic examination of LF treated cellyeast and molds. More than 90 % ofLactobacillus showed antifungal activity againstPenicillium camemberti and Penicillium roqueforti.Fifty to sixty per cent of Lactobacilii showedantifungal activity against Aspergillus niger andRhizopus oryzae. Less than 50 % of Lactobacillusshowed antiyeast activity. On the basis ofexhibiting maximum antifungal activity andproteinaceous nature of antifungal substance(AFS), three Lactobacillus cultures namely L.collinoides NCDC 02, L. casei NCDC 17 and L.acidophilus NCDC 197 were selected for theproduction, partial purification andcharacterization of AFS. All the three testcultures produced maximum amount of AFS at37°C for 48 hrs of incubation period and at theinitial pH of 6 – 7 of medium. The AFS of all theselected cultures were heat stable at 100°C for10 minutes and pH stable. The storage stabilityof the AFS was 6 days in both refrigerator(5 – 7°C) and in deep fridge (-20°C). The AFS ofLactobacillus was purified by TCA precipitation,dialysis, ultrafiltration and solid phaseextraction. It was hydrophobic in nature andits molecular weight was between 1 - 5 kDa.Agar spot assayAgar well diffusion assayLactobacillus cultures showing antifungal activity againstPenicillium roqueforti NCDC 170DNA fingerprinting of indigenous probioticlactobacilli: The present study encompassedisolation of indigenous lactobacilli and studyingtheir probiotic and functional attributes and usingDNA fingerprinting techniques (RAPD andribotyping) for their identification at strain level.Out of 30 faecal isolates, 22 were identified asLactobacilli strains by genus specific PCR assay.Further, they were confirmed to species level byspecies-specific PCR assay and identified asLactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus casei andLactobacillus paracasei. All the isolates weresubjected to various tests like pH tolerance, biletolerance, antimicrobial activity, antibioticsusceptibility, bile salts hydrolase assay,antioxidative properties and cell hydrophobicity.Lactobacillus plantarum strains showed goodprobiotic and functional attributes.RAPD profile of various isolated Lactobacillistrains were developed using 6-10 mer- arbitraryprimers. A total of 633 polymorphic DNA bandswere observed in 15 different Lactobacillus spp.Out of 6 primers, OPL-1 and OPL-2 primersgenerated good polymorphic and reproducibleRAPD banding pattern. POPGENE version 1.31software was used to study the geneticrelationship between the isolated Lactobacillus spp.The isolated Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacilluscasei and Lactobacillus paracasei showed threedifferent clusters in the dendogram generated byPOPGEN version 1.31 software (UPGMAprogramme). A ribotyping pattern of Lactobacillusstrains Lb36 and Lb37 was generated using16F27N and 16R1488 primers. The sequences ofLb36 and Lb37 showed 99 % homologues toLactobacillus paracasei strains after BLAST.

–– Dairy Mircobiology ––Survival and probiotic properties of Lactobacillusplantarum in fermented milk: The study wascarried out on probiotic attributes of an isolate ofLactobacillus plantarum (LP9) and its survivabilityand suitability as an adjunct in fermented milk(Lassi). LP9 survived in acid (pH ~ 1.0-3.0) andbile salt concentration of up to 0.3-0.5%. LP9showed antibacterial activity against mostcommon food pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes. Theisolate showed relatively good surfacehydrophobicity (37%) with n-hexadecane andxylene, and cell aggregation (31%). LP9 alsoshowed better or equally good antioxidativepotential in comparison to commercial probiotics.The fermented milk product (Lassi) developedusing LP9 as an adjunct alongwith dahi cultureshowed a reduction of nearly 3.5 log cycle of viablecount after eight days of storage of Lassi atrefrigeration temperature. The LP9 and dahiculture did not show any antagonistic effect againsteach other indicating their compatibility with eachother. The syrup concentration up to a level of 5%(w/v) supported the growth of LP9, however,higher concentration of 10-15% syrup inhibitedgrowth of LP9. The study suggested that the LP9isolate of Lactobacillus plantarum could be apromising culture to serve as a potential probioticadjunct culture in the functional and nutraceuticalfood for prophylactic as well as therapeutic uses.Improvement of shelf-life of dairy productsthrough the use of biopreservative: In order tocommercialize the food grade biopreservative forits use in dairy products, protocol for its preclinicalsafety evaluation was developed as pernational (DCGI) and international (OECD & USFDA) guidelines. A process for the production ofbiopreservative at industrial scale in a 100 literfermenter was standardized by using thefacilities at Unique Biotech Ltd. Hyderabad. Thiswould facilitate in the transfer of technology forcommercial production of the biopreservative.Probiotic potential of bacteriocinogenicEnterococcus faecium strains: Developments infunctional food science have targeted enhancingindigenous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) populationsin the form of probiotics, as opposed to oraladministration of exogenous strains. Among thevarious strains of LAB used as probiotics,Enterococcus strains too, have a safe history ofconsumption and are beneficial for human health.Two potent bacteriocin producing strains ofEnterococcus faecium KH 24 and FH 99 wereevaluated for their probiotic attributes in vitro andin vivo. These strains were able to survive the harshphysicochemical conditions i.e. low pH ofstomach, bile salts and pancreatic enzymes. Theirsurvival was further confirmed by feeding thesetwo strains to experimental animal models (mice)for two weeks. Bacteriocinogenic enterococci couldbe detected in faeces of mice fed with E. faeciumstrains showing their survival through the harshenvironment of the gut. Mice fed on dietsupplemented with probiotic organisms showedgain in their weights. Adhesion ofbacteriocinogenic strains to large intestine wasconfirmed by plating the intestines after washingand homogenization. Furthermore, hindrance byE. faecium KH 24 and FH 99 to adhesion bySalmonella enteritis was also studied by challengingthe mice post probiotic feeding. These strains werefound to hinder the adhesion by Salmonella in vivo.47E. faecium KH 24 E. faecium KH 99Bacteriocinogenic Enterococcus faecium isolated from intestine of mice fed with E. faecium KH 24 and FH 99High level expression of buffalo chymosin inPichia pastoris for application in cheese industry:A total of fifty recombinant clones obtained aftertransformation of P. pastoris with the buffalochymosin expression construct VKB-100 werescreened for expression of buffalo chymosin / milkclotting activity in small scale (10 ml). Milk clottingactivity was detected at different levels in the

–– Dairy Mircobiology ––48culture supernatant and cell pellet in these clonesafter 96 hrs induction with methanol. The time formilk clotting activity in the culture supernatantvaried from 8 min. to 62 min. with the recombinantclones. The corresponding values in the cell pelletranged from 48 min. to 69 min. The best milkclotting activity was detected in 1Bc500 with milkclotting time of 8 min. in culture supernatant and48 min. in cell pellet. The clone 1Bc500 was selectedfor optimization of production conditions in shakeflasks and fermenter and subsequent purificationof the buffalo recombinant chymosin. Themaximum production of buffalo recombinantchymosin by 1Bc500 occurred in BMMY wheybased medium supplemented with 1.5% casaminoacids after 96 hrs of methanol induction at 28 o C.The milk clotting activity in the culturesupernatant was achieved at 3.4 min in shake flaskand 100 seconds in the fermenter. The total milkclotting activity in the spent medium obtained after96 hrs in a 10 litre fermenter was 1000 units andtotal protein content was 474 mg with specificactivity of 2.10. The buffalo recombinant chymosinfrom the culture supernatant was purified tohomogeneity by DEAE cellulose chromatographyand FPLC using MonoQ. The expressedecombinant buffalo chymosin was detected onSDS-PAGE and ascertained by western blottingas shown in the following figures. Partiallypurified recombinant buffalo chymosin wassuccessfully used as a milk clotting enzyme in theproduction of Mozzarella cheese from buffalo milkand the quality of the cheese made withrecombinant enzyme was comparable with thatof cheese made with Meito rennet.1 2 M 1 21- 1BC5002- Bovine ChymosinWestern BlotSDS - PAGEDevelopment of molecular techniques foridentification and typing of indigenous probioticcultures: A total of 12 human faecal samples, 10human milk and 8 raw milk samples fromdifferent sources were used for the isolation oflactobacilli. Randomly based on colonymorphology, Gram staining and catalase test, 100colonies were picked up. Out of these, 52 wereconfirmed to be belonging to Lactobacillus genusbased on distinct 250 bp band when subjected togenus specific PCR assay using LbLMA1/R16-1. Twenty two PCR positive Lactobacillus isolateswere subjected to a battery of standard testsrecommended for determining their probioticattributes as per WHO guidelines. Although allthe isolates were able to survive at all the threepH levels i.e 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 for 1-3 hrs, theirtolerance levels were different. The potential acidtolerant isolates were LbI-1, LbI-14, LbI-23 andLbI-28. Lactobacillus isolate LbI-28 was not onlyable to tolerate but also could grow at these bilesalt concentrations. Only four out of 22 isolatesnamely LbI-1, 14, 23 and 28 exhibited a moderatelevel of BSH activity as indicated by denseprecipitation of the sodium tauro-deoxycholate.Maximum hydrophobicity (37.3%) towards n-hexadecane was recorded with LbI-28 followedby LbI-14 (35.3%), LbI-23 (33.7%) and LbI-2(33.4%). All the isolates demonstratedappreciable anti-oxidative properties andsignificantly reduced the level of free radicalunder in vitro conditions.The Lactobacillus isolates were also subjected tospecies specific PCR assays previouslydeveloped in Dairy Microbiology Division. Allthe 22 isolates could be identified as Lb. casei (4),Lb. paracasei (15) and Lb. plantarum (3). The entire16s rRNA gene in three of the isolates wassequenced after amplifying using primers namely16F and 16R. The sequence analysis showed thatLb-10 belonged to Lactobacillus rhamnosus whereasLb-36 and Lb-37 belonged to L. paracasei.Cloning, expression and production of haemeproteinsby yeast in fermenters for combatingnutritional iron deficiency : Cloning andexpression of human lactoferrin in Saccharomycescerevisiae / Pichia pastoris: Human LactoferrincDNA (2.2 kb) synthesized by RT-PCR using RNAextracted from human mammary gland tissue /neutrophils was cloned in E. coli using eitherpGEMT-easy / pDrive vectors. The completenucleotide sequence revealed that the hLf cDNAcomprised of 2136 nucleotides. After confirmationof the identity of few recombinant hLf clones withdesired inserts by PCR and restriction digestion,the selected clones namely G_Un3A, G_RNA6,G_HBR2 and G_hLfBN (Neutrophils) were gotcustom sequenced. The complete full lengthnucleotide sequence and the deduced amino-acidsequences of human lactoferrin were comparedwith the previously known nucleotide sequencesavailable in the NCBI gene bank. As per this

–– Dairy Mircobiology ––49sequence alignment data, human lactoferrinsequence of G_Un3A, G_RNA6, G_HBR2 andG_hLfBN derived from this study had a high levelof homology (99%) with those reported by otherresearchers.For expression of human lactoferrin cDNA in S.cerevisiae, it was subcloned in Saccharomycesexpression vector. Based on PCR and restrictionpatterns, six of the selected recombinant clones,phLfRNA6/2/3 and phLfBN1/2/3 were gotsequenced using Gal1F and V5CtermR primersfor in frame insertion of human lactoferrin. Twoof the constructs were transformed into competentcells of uracil negative Saccharomyces cerevisiae andtransformants were selected on minimal mediumi.e SC – U. The transformants of S. cerevisiae werepicked up in SC-U medium and incubated overnight at 30 º C under shake conditions. The cellpellet was prepared and subjected to lysis usingglass beads for the presence of pYEShLfconstructs. Almost all the transformantsharoboured the pYES expression plasmid. ThePCR amplification of minipreps using above hLfspecific primer pairs resulted into amplificationof 2.2 kb product specific for full length cDNA.After confirmation of plasmid construct of humanlactoferrin cDNA in S. cerevisiae by PCR andrestriction digestion, recombinants were screenedfor the expression of human lactoferrin. Therecombinant protein (human lactoferrin) wasinduced by addition of 2% galactose in SC – Umedium. Both the cell pellet and supernatantwere tested for expression of human lactoferrin.The cell lysates on 10% SDS-PAGE showed aband of approx. 78 kDa at same place as to nativelactoferrin. Recombinant hLf was expressedintracellularly as confirmed by western blottingas shown below.Lanes: 1, Native human lactorerrin; 2, Blank; 3, BSc 3(UIS), 6hrs; 4, BSc 3 (IC), 6 hrs; 8, BSc 3 (IC), 4 hrsExploring propionibacteria as a potential sourceof vitamin B12 and functional probioticingredient in a dairy based nutraceuticalformulation: A total number of 52 cultures wereisolated from 40 samples of milk and milk productscomprising raw milk, cream, Swiss Cheese,processed cheese and dahi (domestic and marketsamples) using selective media e.g. Yeast ExtractLactate Agar, and Ammonium Sulphate LactateAgar alongwith Propionibacteria GrowthSupplements and antibiotics.On the basis of morphological and biochemicalcharacteristics, 22 cultures were tentativelyidentified as Dairy Propionibacteria. With the helpof Genus-specific primers from the 16S-23S rRNAintergenic spacer regions for dairypropionibacteria, molecular level characterizationis going on for above-mentioned isolates.Besides, the estimation of Vitamin B12 in milk wasstandardized using immunosorbent method.Commercially available ELISA kit developed forquantitative estimation of vitamin B12 in fortifiedfood, feed and vitamin products was applied formilk samples. The values of vitamin B12 in cowmilk, buffalo milk and goat milk were 4.91 ± 0.40,21.68 ± 2.69 and 3.91 4.91 ± 0.26 ppb, respectively.Optimization of exopolysaccharide productionby Lactococcus lactis: The study was carried outto determine the environmental and culturalgrowth conditions affecting EPS production byLactococcus lactis subsp lactic (NCDC 191), a strainof indigenous origin through a series ofexperiments employing various combinations,determine optimum conditions with the help ofresponse surface methodology and estimate EPSproduction under optimum conditions. Thedeproteinised whey was used as fermentationmedium. An experimental design comprising ofincubation temperature, pH, level of glucose, levelof casein hydrolysate as factors was designedand responses were measured in terms of EPSproduction, absorbance, viscosity and platecount using response surface method. A greatvariation in EPS production was observed thatranged from 0 to 153.39 mg/l. The highest EPSproduction was achieved when the cultures wereincubated at 25 0 C in deproteinized whey mediummaintained at 6.8 supplemented with 1.0% Caseinhydrolyzate and 10 mg of glucose. However, noproduction was observed at incubationtemperature of 40 0 C, pH 6.2, casein hydrolyzateand glucose concentrations of 1.5 and7.5%respectively. The coefficient of determination (R 2 )was found to be 0.73, 0.91, 0.75 and 0.75 for EPSproduction, absorbance, viscosity and platecount, respectively. The adequacy of this model

–– Dairy Mircobiology ––50for further analysis was possible since R 2 wasgreater than 0.70.The predicted response givenby the design expert was as follows: EPSproduction 127.42 mg/l, absorbance of 0.604,viscosity 26.28 cP and plate count 2.7X 10 7 cfu/gat incubation temperature of 25 0 C, pH of 5.6,casein hydrolysate and glucose concentration of1.04 % and 9.08 % respectively. These valueswere compared with actual values and found tobe non significant at 5 % level. The outcome ofthis study could be used for scale up of EPSproduction in a fermenter, purification andcharacterization of crude EPS, and further studyof functional attributes in food systems.Development of microbial based ‘on- farm’rapid kits for the detection of antibiotic residuesin raw milk during production and processing:A comparative field survey during the period2006-07 was carried out on incidence of antibioticresidues in milk using AOAC approved charm6602 system and developed lab kit. A total of 196samples of raw, heat treated and dried productswere procured from cattle yard, ExperimentalDairy & Model Dairy Plant (MDP) at NDRIKarnal. An incidence of 25.00 % at > MRL levelwith presence of individual antibiotic groups likebetalactam (3.06%), sulpha drug (4.59%),tetracycline (1.02%), amino-N (0.0%), amino-ST(7.14%) & macrolide (2.06 %) was observed(Fig-1). The presence of multiple drugs was alsoobserved in 7.14 % samples. The incidence ofantibiotic residues was higher (19.38%) in milkcollected from Cattle Yard & Exp Dairy whencompared with Model Dairy Plant (5.61%). Thepresence of betalactam, tetracycline, and aminoST group was predominantly higher in milkprocured from Exp. Dairy–Farm Milk. However,sulpha drug and macrolide group were foundpredominantly in MDL milk. Survey was alsocarried out at < MRL level.Germination and outgrowth of activated sporesinto vegetative cells was established within 2.30-3.0 hrs of addition of germinant and milk insporulation medium incubated at 64°C. Newlydeveloped sporulation medium” seeded withspores of B. stearothermophilus and colourindicator was inoculated with 20 ± 5µl ofreconstituted milk without antibiotics (control) /or with antibiotic milk containing germinantmixtures (55 ± 5 mg)s in 1.5 ± 0.1 ml of milk heatedto 100 ± 1*C for 2-3 minutes) & incubated at 64°Cfor 2.30 - 3.0 hrs periods. The change in colour ofthe medium from purple to yellow was used as acriterion for semi quantitative detection ofantibiotic residues in milk. The process can beused successfully for different types of raw milk(cow/buffalo/mixed), heat treated fluid milk(skimmed, toned/double toned/standardized/full cream) & dried products (SMP/partiallyskimmed milk powder/full cream powder, babyfoods etc).Development of Block and Real Time PCR kitsfor Multi-pathogen detection for application indairy industry: Different Real Time PCR SYBRGreen assays were carried out for E. coli O157:H7 ATCC (35150) and Listeria monocytogenesATCC (15313) on Smart Cycler real time PCRinstrument (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, California). Inall the assays, SYBR Premix Ex Taq Kit by Takara(Takara Bio Inc. Japan) was used as permanufacturer’s instructions. The fluorescentsignals were measured once in each cycle at theend of the extension step. C Tvalues were basedon primary curve analysis with defaultbackground subtraction. The melt curve analysisin all the assays was performedfive cycles later of thresholdvalue, with the heating ofamplified product from 65ºC to95ºC at a rate of 0.2ºC/sec. Inthe assays for E. coli O157: H7,different primer pairsdesigned for PCR viz. uidR,flich 7, uidR and flich 7multiplex, stx1, stx2, stx1 andstx2 multiplex, rfb, eaeA, andMK1/MK2 were used to checkfor their specificity in RealTime SRBR green PCR assays.C Tvalues for these assaysalongwith meltingtemperatures (ºC) were 22.71and 88.73, 23.12 and 83.9 and

–– Dairy Economics, Statistics & Management ––87.66, 19.63 and 87.58, 19.74 and 84.17, 17.94and 87.26, 17.47 and 84.05 and 86.38, 18.34 and87.27, 16.13 and 83.71, 21.95 and 82.3 and 84.11,respectively. In the reactions where melting curveanalysis showed two values, either there wasmultiplex reaction or assaysnecessitating furtherstandardizations of reactionparameters. A standard curveto quantify unknown DNAconcentration was alsogenerated using 50, 40, 30, 20and 10 ng DNA concentrationwith stx1 primers. The meltingcurve analysis showed almostidentical melting temperaturei.e. (~84.4ºC) but different C Tvalues as expected. A straightlinegraph was plotted for thestandard curve with r 2 value of0.959. Out of all the primerstested, stx1 and stx2 primerswere found to be specific asonly one melt curve specific forstx1 primerseach set of primers was generated as has beenshown in the following figures.For Listeria monocytogenes, real time PCR assaysbased on primers targeting 16S rRNA, hly geneand multiplex reaction using 16S rRNA and hlygene, were carried out. The C Tvalues for theassays were 13.67, 14.18 and 14.18. The melt curveanalysis showed melting temperature (ºC) of88.53, 88.52 and 88.52.Nutritional and Therapeutic Aspects of Milkand Milk ProductsImmunomodulatory effect of oraladministration of milk fermented withLactobacillus helveticus in mice: The study wasconducted to investigate the immunomodulatorypotential of Lactobacillus helveticus-fermented milkin comparison to dahi prepared by mixed dahistx2 primersSYBR Green based RT-PCR for detection of E. coli 0157:H7 using stx1 / stx2 primersculture under in vivo conditions. This was doneby evaluating non-specific as well as specificimmune responses. In non-specific immuneresponse study, animals were divided into threegroups and were fed dahi (D), L. helveticusfermentedmilk (FM) and its cell-free supernatant(CFS) for a period 2, 5 and 8 days. Feeding of L.helveticus-fermented milk and its cell freesupernatant showed comparable immuneresponse in terms of increased lysosomal enzymesand phagocytic activity. In the intenstinal fluid, -glucuronidase and - galatosidase activitiesincreased till 5 th day, thereafter a declining trendwas observed in all the three groups. Humoralimmune response was studied by challengingwith Salmonella enteritidis. Animals were fed onfermented milk products (D/FM/CFS) for 7 daysbefore challenge. - galatosidase activity wasmaximum in dahi in comparison with fermentedmilk and cell free supernatant whereas, -glucuronidase activity was more in CFS fed mice.Secretory immunoglobulin-A (s-IgA) againstpathogen showed similar response in all thethree groups.DAIRY ECONOMICS, STATISTICS & MANAGEMENT51Returns to Investment on R&D of CrossbreedingTechnology in HaryanaCrossbreeding technology has been adjudged tobe superior to indigenous breeds in terms of milkproduction. Nevertheless its adoption has notmoved in an anticipated pace even after makingconsiderable investment on R&D in the past. Thepresent study clearly indicates that returns frominvestment on this technology has beensignificantly higher and hence more concertedefforts are needed in future.In order to determine the economic surplusgenerated from the adoption of crossbreedingtechnology, the parameters estimated were

–– Dairy Economics, Statistics & Management ––52decrease in cost of milk production, adoption rate,total milk production from cow and theexpenditure of crossbreeding program. The timeseries information was developed on theseparameters for the period from 1966 to 2003. Theanalyses were done separately for Eastern andWestern regions of the state because agro-climaticconditions of these regions resulted intodifference in level of adoption of crossbreedingtechnology, their average productivity andaverage cost of production and price of milk,which would ultimately make difference in therealization of benefits from crossbred technology.The figures were aggregated to arrive at state levelvalue. Adoption of crossbred technology in thestate increased from 2.01% (1966) to 46.84%(2003). The adoption rate differed significantlybetween Eastern Region and Western Region. Itincreased from 3.23% in 1966 to 58.28% in 2003in the Eastern Region while the adoption ratewas lower in the Western Region i.e. 1.14% in1966 to 32.64% in 2003. Nevertheless, the growthrate per annum in adoption of crossbredtechnology was faster (10.15%) in the WesternRegion than in the Eastern Region (7.98%).Another important parameter in estimation ofeconomic surplus due to crossbreedingtechnology is the cost reduction per unit of output(milk). Only variable cost of milk production wasused to estimate decrease in per unit cost of milkproduction from crossbred cow over theindigenous cow. The overall percentage reductionin variable cost per litre of milk was observed inthe range of 22% to 28% due to adoption of thetechnology. The economic surplus was estimatedusing Economic Surplus Model from 1969 to 2003keeping a research benefit lag of three years. Themodel used for ex-post studies required estimatesof commodity specific price elasticities of demandand supply, which were taken for milk equal to1.13 and 0.42, respectively from the past study byRadhakrishna and Ravi (1990).In the absence of any reliable source, theexpenditure rate on crossbreeding program in thestate in different years was arrived at bymultiplying the number of ArtificialInseminations by the cost per insemination. Thiswas compared with the economic surplusesgenerated to determine the returns to investment.The net present value (NPV) of economic surplusso generated by the crossbreeding technology inthe state was Rs. 389 million estimated at 8% rateof discount. The economic surplus generated inthe Eastern Region was more than three timeshigher than that in Western Region due to betterproductivity and higher rate of the adoption ofcrossbred in the former region. The surpluseswere shared among producers and consumersin the ratio of 73:27. The cost benefit ratio wasobserved to be 1: 6.17 leading to internal rate ofreturn (IRR) to be 94%. The study estimatedsignificantly higher returns to investment onR&D of crossbreeding technology in the state,which emphasized upon continuation ofcrossbreeding program with more systematicefforts and selective approach.Economic Analysis of Milk ProductsManufacturing Units in HaryanaThe Haryana state is classified into two agroclimaticzones viz., Eastern and Western zone(NARP classification).Karnal district from the Eastern zone and Hisarand Rohtak districts from the Western zone wereselected randomly. Data from 40 milk productsmanufacturing units from Eastern Zone and 21milk products manufacturing units from Westernzone were collected. As per the objectives of thestudy, the required primary data on the economicaspects was collected during 2005-06 from theowners of the milk products manufacturing units.The analysis of data revealed that the averagetotal investment by the ice-cream manufacturesin Eastern zone was made to the tune of Rs.4,96,450, which was lower than that in theWestern zone (Rs. 9,29,267). The highestinvestment was worked out on machineryfollowed by small equipments and furniture andfixtures in both the zones. The average investmentof creameries was worked out to be Rs. 43, 806 inEastern zone and Rs. 30,572 in Western zone.The highest amount of investment was made onmachinery followed by small equipments andfurniture and fixture in both the zones ofHaryana.

–– Dairy Economics, Statistics & Management ––53The cost of manufacturing a litre of ice cream wasworked out and varied for different varieties ofice cream between Rs. 18.68 to Rs 22.89 in Easternzone and between Rs. 24.70 to Rs. 29.32 inWestern zone. The variation in the cost ofmanufacturing was mainly due to the variationin the price and quality of different types offlavours used in different varieties of ice cream.The raw material cost was the highest in the totalcost of manufacturing ice cream, which, rangedfrom 81 to 84 per cent. The share of variable costswas worked out in the range of 97.16 to 97.68 percent and the share of overhead expenses rangedfrom 2.32 to 2.84 percent in different verities ofice cream. The total cost of manufacturing onekilogram of Ghee, Butter, Paneer, Dahi and Khoa inthe Eastern zone was worked out as Rs. 93.89,Rs. 60.19, Rs. 70.81, Rs.14.37 and Rs.56.81,respectively. The creameries in the Western zonewere manufacturing only Ghee from the creampurchased from milk vendors. The cost ofmanufacturing Ghee was worked out to be Rs.137.59/kg. The profitability of dairy products wasthe highest in case of Ghee (59.77 %) followed byKhoa (49.62 %) and the lowest in Paneer (20.03 %)in Eastern zone. The returns from Ghee in westernzone were only 16%. All the productsmanufactured by the units were absorbed in themarkets and gave returns. It was inferred thatthere is a wide scope for increasing income,creating employment opportunities for the ruraland urban masses by infusion of investment inmilk processing units.Economics of Milk Marketing in Jaipur Districtof RajasthanThe study examined production, consumptionand marketing efficiency of different milkmarketing channels in Jaipur district. Theprimary data from 80 milk producing households,10 consumers, 8 vendors, 5 halwaies and 3contactors were collected. The study highlightedthat except marginal deviation of the medium herdsize category, the marketed surplus increasedwith increase in herd size category. It wasobserved that 45% retained milk was convertedinto ghee and remaining 35% and 20% consumedas liquid milk and converted into curd,respectively.The unorganized sector was dominating andcollecting 77.77% of the total marketed surpluswhereas in organized sector, milk producer’sco-operatives societies procured only 20.23%of total marketed surplus. The producer’sshare in consumer rupee was highest in directsale of milk to consumer due to absence of milkmarketing agencies. The producer’s share inconsumer’s rupee (where milk marketingagencies involved) was observed highest andthe price spread was lowest in case ofchannel- Producer-Halwai-consumer, andhence, this channel was considered to be themost efficient where milk-marketing agenciesare involved.Among different milk marketing agencies, milkvendors were preferred by the households as theypicked up milk from their door step and gaveadvance/loan to the producers as and whenrequired. There was special preference forHalwaies to sell milk because of maintaining agood relation with households. The householdspreferred to sell milk to the dairy cooperativesocieties and the direct consumers because theygot higher prices.Economics of Milk Production and Analysis ofTechnological Change in Dairying in SouthTripuraThe present study was undertaken to examinethe economics of cattle milk production, thecontribution of technological change in milkproduction and the system of input procurementand output disposal by the cattle keepers in SouthTripura.The average per day net maintenance cost of acrossbred cow and local cow was Rs. 27.95 andRs. 20.80, respectively. The variable expensesaccounted for a dominant share of above 80 percent in net maintenance cost. The maximumexpenditure was incurred on concentrates.Although the dairy farmers gave only about 1 to1.6 kg concentrate to the local and crossbredanimals, respectively; sizeable expenditure onthis item (50 to 57 percent of the net cost) resulteddue to high average prices of concentrate (Rs10.11) in the region.The average cost of milk production fromcrossbred worked out to be Rs. 9.40/litre whilefor local milch cows, it was Rs.19.26/litre, thatwas more than twice the cost for crossbred cattle.A crossbred cow, on an average, yielded a netreturn of Rs. 24.50/day, that was a margin of46.5% over the value of milk produced by theanimal. In case of local cow, the gross returns ofRs.19.08/day were not sufficient to cover thegross maintenance cost of Rs. 20.83/day,however, the returns were able to cover the totalvariable expenses incurred by the farmer.

–– Dairy Economics, Statistics & Management ––54The study of input and output procurementsystem indicated that nearly 95 percent of thesample households were depended on commonproperty resources (CPRs) for collecting greengrasses. The prime source of dry fodder washomegrown paddy straw. The concentrates werebought from the private shops in the nearbyprimary markets or petty traders in the village itself.The utilization pattern of milk on the samplehouseholds indicated high level of marketparticipation and very little retention of milk forconsumption. The liquid milk was marketeddirectly by the farmers to the consumers or sold tothe vendors and tea shops. The most preferred modeof milk disposal by the farmers was the nearby milkmarket. The price received by the farmers in thesemarkets was much higher than venues of milkdisposal and hence about 61% of the total milkmarketed by the sample households was sold there.The study concluded that strategies aimed atcrossing nondescript cattle with superiorgermplasm should be intensified by theconcerned State departments in the economicinterest of the farmers since the net cost of milkproduction from crossbred cows was nearly halfof the same from local cow. Given the observedproductivity differences of about 150% betweencrossbred and local cattle, crossbreeding wouldmean increasing milk production. Increasedsupply at lower cost of production will keep themilk prices within the reach of average consumer.The contribution of technological component inhigher milk production for crossbred cows wasabout 68% thus propagation of crossbreeding inthe region had the potential to ensure reasonablereturns on investment. However, the breedingpolicy in the region should not be excessivelybiased towards crossbreeding, as farmersmaintained only local adult male animals in thecattle herd to meet their draft power requirements.Consumer Preferences and Demand for ValueAdded Dairy ProductsIndian dairy industry is undergoing majortransformations. With the rise of milk productionand processing, the demand for milk and milkproducts have been shifting from products fromunorganized sector, which do not ensure quality,to value added dairy products with guaranteedquality. Now the consumers are more concernedabout health and nutrition, which has furtheropened future opportunities to add value in termsof developing dairy products to specific needs.The present study worked with this hypothesisof shift in demand from products of unorganizedsector to value added dairy products.An analysis of expenditure pattern on milk andmilk products and especially on VADPs revealedtrends in change in demand structure. The extentof expenditure on these products depended onoccupational status, education level and socioeconomicbackground of people, food habits, etc.Karnal city of Haryana was selected purposelyfor the study because urban areas are theconsumption centers of milk and milk productsand provide ample opportunity for shift indemand in favour of VADPs. The city wasdivided into two parts-urban estate and nonurbanestate. One ward was selected randomlyfrom each estate. From these wards, a sample of80 households was selected through a clustersampling. Both tabular and functional analyseswere used to arrive at the results.In the study, it was observed that the per capitaexpenditure on food items decreased and nonfooditems increased with the increase of percapita total expenditure. More than half of theper capita expenditure on milk and milk productswas made on value added dairy products. Theincome elasticity of liquid milk and packed milkwas less than one whereas for ghee & butter, itwas more than one. The factors like per capitatotal expenditure and education score of the headhad significant effect on demand for VADPs. Thenutritional value and freshness/ puritydetermined the consumer preferences for valueadded dairy products.Economics of Milk Production and MarketedSurplus in Imphal West District of ManipurThe present study worked out resource useefficiency in milk production and marketedsurplus in Imphal West district of Manipur. Atotal of 80 milk producing sample householdscomprising of 42 small (1 animal), 31 medium (2-3 animals) and 7 large (4 and above) were selectedrandomly. A substantial difference was observedin feeding pattern between crossbred and localcows in milk. On an average, a local cow in milkwas fed 4.85 kg of green fodder, 5.89 kg of dryfodder and 1.21 kg of concentrate per day. Thecorresponding figures for a crossbred cow in milkwere 20.77 kg of green fodder, 9.62 kg of dry fodderand 6.34 kg of concentrates.The herd average per day in local cow andcrossbred cow was 1.15 litres and 6.45 litres,respectively. The milking average for local cow

–– Dairy Economics, Statistics & Management ––55was 1.59 litres per day, which ranged from 1.47litres on medium farms to 1.71 litres on smallfarms. Whereas, a crossbred cow in milkproduced on an average 9.91 litres of milk perday which was the highest (10.42 litress) for largeand the lowest (9.62 lits) for small category. Netreturn from a local cow in milk was Rs. 4.27 perday while from a crossbred cow in milk, it was ofRs. 48.70 per day.The maintenance cost per day per milch localcow and per milch crossbred were Rs. 22.89 andRs.72.95, respectively. The regression coefficientsof expenditure on green fodder and concentratewere found positive and significant for crossbredcows. Concentrate was used optimally andefficiently while green fodder was not usedefficiently in the study area. Of the total milkproduced, marketed surplus accounted for 96percent.An Economic Analysis of Milk ProductionSystems in New Alluvial Zone of West BengalThree distinct major milk production systems wereidentified both in rural and urban areas of North24 Parganas district in New Alluvial zone of WestBengal. The crossbred cow based and crossbredcow+ buffalo based systems were common in boththe areas. Out of these, CB+buffalo basedproduction system was found more economicalin the study area. Concentrates for CB cows anddry fodder in local cows were used optimally inrural area while green fodder and dry fodder wereboth used optimally for buffaloes in urban area.The total gain in milk output due to change intechnology i.e. (crossbred cow over local cow) wasabout 270 per cent of which 60 per cent was due totechnology (breed) and the rest was due to feedinputs and labour inputs.Majority of the farms rearing various bovinespecies were found operating with more than 85per cent technical efficiency in differentproduction systems both in rural and urbanareas. Overall, the farms across variousproduction systems could increase their existingmilk production by 15-25 per cent from theexisting level of inputs through achieving fulltechnical efficiency both in rural and urban areas.Better management of milch stock and higherinvestment in dairying plays an important rolein increasing the technical efficiency of dairy farmand thereby, increasing the milk output andreturns from milk production.Comparative Study of Cost of Milk Productionon organized FarmA target of doubling the milk production by 2015is possible only if organized farming will be takenon large scale. For this, efforts must be made tobring about substantial increase in productivityto the tune of 12-15 kg for crossbred, 5-8 kg forindigenous cows and 8-12 kg for buffaloes. Inorder to achieve this, scientific dimensions todairy farming have to be added by establishingorganized dairy cattle units of different sizes.Keeping these issues in mind. The study wasconducted at micro level at an organized farmwith specific objectives of estimation of cost ofmilk production of different breeds of cattle andbuffalo as well as working out the gap betweenavailability and requirement of green fodders.The sample size constituted of 105 zebu milchcattle (Tharparkar: 9 and Sahiwal: 96), 33 KaranSwiss (KS), 154 Karan Fries (KF) and 115 Murrahmilch animals.The milking average for zebu, KS, KF and Murrahwas found to be 6.63, 10.68, 12.35 and 7.26 kg,respectively where as the herd average was 4.2,7.5, 10.2 and 5.15 kg, respectively. The feed andfodder cost was the highest proportion of the totalcost (66.36%) in KF while it was the lowest inzebu. The labour cost constituted 22.88, 19.95,17.43 and 22.94 percent of gross cost for zebu,KS, KF and Murrah, respectively. The grossmaintenance cost per day was found to be highestfor KF (Rs.73.66) followed by KS (Rs. 64.36), MU(Rs. 59.54) and zebu (Rs. 52.87). The weightedaverage gross maintenace cost per day forcrossbred was found to be Rs. 72.23. The net costof milk production was found to be highest forzebu (R. 12.20) followed by Murrah (Rs. 10.94),KS (Rs. 8.26) and KF (Rs. 7.01). The FCM and SNFcorrected per unit cost of milk production wasfound to be Rs. 11.12, Rs. 8.58, Rs. 7.41 and Rs.6.16 for zebu, KS, KF and Murrah, respectively.A comparison with earlier study showed that thecost of producing a litre of milk in case of zebuincreased nearly 20 times over the period of nearlyfour decades. Taking another study as base showedsubstantial increase in maintenance cost per day ofmilch animals by 13, 17, 35 and 33 percent in caseof zebu, KS, KF and Murrah, respectively over aperiod of half decade. The green fodders were foundsurplus in November, December, January andFebruary whereas it was deficit in the months ofApril, May and June on the farm.

DAIRY EXTENSION56Mobilization for Group Actions for SocioeconomicDevelopment in Model Village - AnAction ResearchParticipatory rural appraisal survey was carriedout in the selected village with the help ofmultidisciplinary team of the scientists to find outproblems related to the production system. Theseproblems were prioritized based on PRA techniqueand were solved through group approach fordissemination of improved dairy farmingtechnologies. Based on the identified problems viz;poor reproductive & productive efficiency of thecows and buffaloes, imbalanced feeding, lack ofgreen fodder throughout the year especially duringlean periods, heavy infestation with ecto and endoparasites and occurrence of F.M.D. and H.S. in thevillage, various technological interventions likemineral supplementation balanced feeding &concentrate preparation, AI for breed improvementand on farm trials on improved fodder varieties ofhybrid Bajra, Maize, Berseem and Oat wereintroduced. It was found that only 20% farmers werehaving awareness about the feeding of mineralmixture to their animals. There were only 7%farmers who fed mineral mixture to their animalsbefore the survey of the study area. Later on, thepercentage of farmers increased from 7% to16%.Very few farmers (10%) were practicing AI in cowsregularly while about 30% followed the practiceoccasionally. There were very few cases of AI inbuffaloes. After technological interventions, thispercentage increased by about 10.5%. Farmers ofstudy area started to prepare the concentrate withthe available local resources after providing theappropriate knowledge through group discussionsfollowed by method demonstrations. Further, it wasalso found that deworming practices in cows andScientists of NDRI, Karnal as well as IGFRI, Jhansi (U.P.)interacting with the Dairy Farmers of an adopted village ofNDRI, Karnal, during a fodder demonstration programme.buffaloes were adopted by only 24.5% farmers.Remaining farmers either did not follow the practiceor followed it only occasionally. It could beconcluded that group approach was more effectivethan individual approach for dissemination ofimproved dairy farming technologies. It issuggested that a Campaign at national level shouldbe initiated for endo and ecto parasite control, toprovide clean water to animals, vaccinations andfeeding of mineral mixture for keeping the animalin good health. Most of the problems could be solvedthrough the adoption of these improved techniques.The Extent of Entrepreneurship among DairyFarmers of PunjabThe study was undertaken to assess theentrepreneurial ability among the dairy farmersof Punjab. Data was collected from the trainees ofthe Entrepreneurship Training Programme, DairyTraining Centre and Dairy DevelopmentDepartment, Punjab. Majority of the respondentsbelonged to the middle age group, 39% wereengaged in dairying as their main occupation, 59%owned 3-5 milch animals. Majority of therespondents perceived dairying as a profitableenterprise (91%). Only a minority of the farmershad low level of knowledge in animal breeding(21%) and animal feeding (13%). Majority hadmedium level of knowledge about animalmanagement (48%) and health care (51%). Majorityagreed that entrepreneurs enjoyed an esteemedposition in the society. A large section of thefarmers had high level of aspiration concerningdairying as, 96% wanted to increase their incomeand assets through dairying and 73% wanted theirfamily members to take up commercial dairying.Sixty one percent opined that information aboutthe viability and feasibility of technologies wasrequired for making realistic decisions. Most ofthe farmers had medium to high level of risk takingability, 81% agreed that to avoid greater risk, morethan one type of animal should be kept and 99%felt that calculated and moderate risk should betaken. The innovativeness and managerial skillsalso ranged from medium to high level. The dairyfarmers of Punjab showed medium to high level ofentrepreneurial ability.Human Resource Development in Dairying inModel Dairy Village, Lalukheri – An actionresearchThe study was conducted during the year (2004-2006) in the Model dairy village Lalukheri, of

–– Dairy Extension ––57Muzaffarnagar district in U.P. The study revealedthat majority of the respondents felt training onArtificial Insemination (94%), veterinaryhealthcare and first aid (90%), diseasemanagement of cattle and buffaloes (82%),scientific dairy farming (78%) followed bypackaging of fresh milk and value addition (74%)as their specific needs for improvement ofknowledge and skill in dairying. The farmerswere mobilized by conducting awareness camps,extension campaigns, lectures by subject matterspecialists, personal interactions, groupdiscussions at the village level and at NDRI, visitto dairy development agencies, skill andknowledge were imparted through training onpreparation of balanced cattle feed, calfmanagement practices, management of Endo andEcto parasites, management of heifers,management of pregnant animals, sheltermanagement, housing, nutrient enrichment ofavailable fodder resources, clean milkproduction, chilling, pasteurization, andpackaging of milk, cultivation of fodder crops,group mobilization and leadership developmentetc., at the study area and, at NDRI, Karnal. Themost effective HRD tools for imparting knowledgeand skill were demonstration (92%), progressivefarmers – farmers interaction (90%), exposurevisits to commercial dairy farms owned by fellowfarmers in other places (92%) field days (98%)extension campaigns (79%) followed by farmers– experts meet at the research Institutes (58%).Dairy Micro-enterprise Management amongWomen entrepreneurs of Andhra PradeshWoman is transformed economically, sociallyand politically, managing her own family, herown future, her own fate with the help of the microenterprises. Micro-enterprises have emerged as areal boon for the poor. Dairy micro-enterprise issustainable and financially viable dairy unit,which will generate income and self employment,where the production of milk and its productswill be the key activities to generate income on asteady daily basis for resource poor households.In this back drop, the present study wasconducted in Andhra Pradesh as it has half ofthe Self Help Groups existing in the country thatis about 3.66 lakhs covering nearly 50.09 lakhrural women. As the micro-entrepreneursconstitutes major income generating sources forthese women, 120 women micro- entrepreneurswere taken from the 18 villages of the selectedthree districts i.e. West Godavari, Rangqa Reddyand Visakhapatnam. The data was collectedpersonally through interview schedules. The datarevealed that only education, family support,financial support had the significant relation withthe managerial abilities. Age, innovativeness andsocio-economic status had no significance inknowledge and impact. Among differentactivities of management, respondents had themore controlling abilities followed by evaluation.The micro-enterprises had a greater impact onthe improvement in the personal aspects of thestatus followed by social and economic aspects.Among the financial constraints, getting creditdue to unnecessary and stipulations ofconditions was expressed as a majority constraintby 78% of the respondents. About 96% of therespondents expressed the bad marketingfacilities as a constraint followed by competitionin the local markets. Lack of consulting andcounseling services was considered as a majorconstraint by 81% of the respondents, where as83% expressed stress as a major constraint.Multi-Dimensional Impact of Women DairyCooperative Societies on Beneficiaries inHaryanaThe study was conducted in Rothak andKurukshetra district of Haryana, taking intoaccount 120 members selected from 15 WomenDairy Cooperative Societies and 60 non-membersfrom the surrounding areas of selected villages.The data was collected through a interviewschedule and analyzed through appropriatestatistical methods. In order to determine anysignificant difference between members and nonmemberson the basis of social, economic,psychological and technological parameters, ‘z’test was applied. It was observed that there wasno significant difference on the basis of socialparticipation, whereas, decision making ofmembers was found to be highly significant overnon-members. Regarding the economic aspect,no significant differences were found on the basisof herd size, milk consumption, female and childemployment generation between members andnon-members, whereas, significant differenceswere found in case of other economic variables,viz., annual income, investment, maleemployment generation, milk production, milksale and material possession. It can be concludedthat lack of loan facilities was expressed as themajor constraint by most of the members and nonmembers.However, other constraints such aslack of educational programmes on dairy, lack ofregular training programmes and inadequate input supply by the society and difficulty in gettingconvinced regarding the fat percentage of milkrecognized as the major constraints. On the basis

–– Dairy Extension ––58of the above results, it was observed that WDCShas an important role to play in womenempowerment. It helps in the economic and socialdevelopment of rural dairywomen by makingthem socially and financially more strong.Status of Clean Milk Production at Field Levelin Rajasthan : A Comprehensive StudyA study was conducted on the Clean MilkProduction (CMP) with the objectives to assess theknowledge, adoption and communicationbehaviour of dairy farmers regarding CMP andrelationship of milk quality with its antecedentcharacteristics. To meet these objectives, four milkunions of Rajasthan Cooperative Dairy Federation(RCDF) were selected from Alwar, Bhilwara,Bikaner and Hanumangarh. To analyze the milkquality, samples were collected from three levels ofmilk collection viz., pail, DCS and dock in cooperativesystem and tested at respective unions’ laboratory.The data was collected by organizing trainings,group meetings and personal contacts. The studyrevealed that majority of dairy farmers was havingmedium knowledge and adoption regarding CMPpractices. Most of the farmers were using friends,neighbours, milk route supervisors as sourceswhereas, group meetings and discussions, DCS andeducational tour were used as channel ofinformation for CMP practices. As per ISO standardsRCDF stands at ‘Very Good’ at pail, ‘Good’ at DCSand ‘Fair’ at dock level, respectively. Lack ofincentives on CMP was perceived as very seriousconstraint by all the farmers.Knowledge Management for Improving CleanMilk Production Practices among LandlessDairy Women of Haryana through InteractiveMultimediaThe study was conducted in Karnal andNilokheri blocks of Karnal district in Haryana. Atotal of four villages, two villages from each ofthe two blocks were randomly selected. A total of21 landless dairy women were selected randomlyfrom each village to have a total of 84 respondentsfrom the four selected villages. The householdswere selected on the basis of herd size. Bothquantitative and qualitative methods were usedfor data collection.Based upon the quantitative analysis, it was foundthat personal traits like education, experience indairying and mass media exposure were foundto be highly significant with the knowledge levelof respondents. As far as the overall knowledge(K 1) level of respondents about clean milkproduction (CMP) practices was concerned, asizeable number i.e. 42.85% were in low category,followed by 34.52 and 22.61% in medium andhigh categories, respectively. They had poorknowledge regarding the shape of the milkingpails, cleaning of udder with luke warm waterprior to milking and routine examination toensure disease-free animal. Most of the farmersdid not know the bad effect of the milk taken fromsick animals, which were on drugs. Based on thefindings on existing level of knowledge andinformation need assessment, an InteractiveMultimedia (IM) package was designed,developed and tested for its effectiveness inknowledge gain among the respondents. It wasfound that almost half of the respondents haveattained high knowledge category after exposureto IM. It was also observed that there wasapproximately i.e. 78.06% gain in overallknowledge about CMP. Based upon t-test, it couldbe ascertained that multimedia based learningwas found to be highly significant (p

–– Dairy Extension ––59interactivity. Considering the importance of theInternet utilization, an exploratory study wasconducted among 120 students of NDRI, Karnal,Haryana, by applying stratified proportionaterandom sampling technique. The study revealedthat a majority (48.34%) of the Internet usersbelonged to 20-25 years age group. Among them,80.50% respondents were males. Regardingoverall Internet utilization pattern, majority(68.34%) belonged to medium category, while anequal percentage of respondents (15.83% each)were found to be heavy (high) & less (low) users.Regarding the effect of Internet on overallperformance of the respondents, majority of themfelt and agreed strongly that Internet providedfacilities to retrieve latest information, and it alsofacilitated to have an improved system ofcommunication. Major constraints faced by therespondents were inadequate availability ofInternet facilities, slow functioning of Internetserver, variation in charges demanded at differentcyber cafes, and lack of Internet training.Regarding the suggestions for effective utilizationof Internet services, respondents suggested thatInternet facility can be provided at individuallevel, and a sort of “live- link” between differenteducational institutions library catalogues. Inaddition, the respondents also wished to havetraining regarding Internet usage. The findingsof this study could be useful for the people sittingon top of the hierarchy to formulate effectivestrategies on exploitation of Internet services.Study of Perceived Training Needs of the DairyEntrepreneurs of Murshidabad District (WestBengal)All round development of dairy sector demandsentrepreneurship in the areas of production,procurement, transportation, processing, valueaddition and finally marketing of dairy and otherlivestock products. Without the knowledge andskill no one is able to adopt latest technologiesfor dairy development. Only training can helpthe dairy entrepreneurs to boost up theirknowledge, skill, attitude and value for making abetter dairy enterprise for a better living. Thestudy was undertaken with the objective toidentify the perceived training needs of dairyentrepreneurs to know the adoption level of dairyentrepreneurs in relation to improved dairyfarming practices, to study the relationshipbetween socio-economic characteristics of dairyentrepreneurs with perceived training needs.Murshidabad district of West Bengal wasselected for the study. Two blocks were selectedrandomly and 64 entrepreneurs were alsoselected randomly from the selectedentrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs’ adoption indexin the study showed that majority of therespondents fall in medium adoption rangewhereas majority of the respondents (70.31%)belonged to medium training needs category. Ageand family size were positively and significantlycorrelated with perceived training needs.Education, social participation, land holding,mass media exposure, extension contact,economic motivation and risk preference werenegatively and significantly correlated with theperceived training needs. Whereas, milkproduction, milk consumption, milk sale andherd size were positively but non-significantlycorrelated with the training needs.Role of an NGO in Socio-economic Upliftmentof Tribal Farmers of Shevaroyan Hills of TamilNaduThe study was conducted in selected Shevaroyanhills of Tamil Nadu state. The NGO named as“Athma Shanti” was selected. For the economicdevelopment of tribal people to cross the povertyline, package of services were provided by theGovt. In this field, the NGOs are also playing agreat role for dissemination of modern technologyamong the farmers which can be ascertained fromthe growing realization of the important role thatvoluntary organizations are playing in socioeconomicdevelopment of the tribals in differentparts of the country. Twenty NGO personnelalong with sixty beneficiaries were taken fromthree randomly selected villages covered by theNGO thereby making total eighty respondents.The findings of the study revealed that majority(61.66%) of tribal farmers was in young age groupand most of them (40.00%) had primary education& fell under medium educational status (56.66%).Majority of the tribal families belonged to nucleartype family (58.33%), had marginal land holding(63.33%), medium herd size of 3 to 5 animals(43.33%), medium level of religious belief (65.00%),social participation (71.66%), mass mediaexposure (61.66%) and contact with extensionagencies (60.00%).Most of the tribal respondentswere using hybrid seeds (35.00%), chemicalpesticides (40.00%), followed crop rotation (53.33),practiced A.I of animals (31.67%), fed colostrum tonew born calves (63.33%) and additional feedingto pregnant animals (51.67%). Majority (56.66%)of the tribal farmers vaccinated their animalagainst F.M.D and contacted veterinary surgeon(48.33%) when animal fell sick, had separateanimal shed (51.67%), washed udder before

–– Dairy Extension ––60milking (75.00%), and buried the carcass (78.33%).Majority (51.66%) of the tribal farmers respondedthat the NGO were playing medium level of role.Family education status, income, socialparticipation, mass media exposure and contactwith extension agencies were positively andsignificantly correlated with the role performanceof the NGO personnel. Majority (75.00%) of theNGO personnel perceived “poor purchasingpower of tribals” as one of the major constraintsfollowed by “insufficient fund”, “illiteracyprevailing among tribals”.Perception of Farmers Regarding DairySamachar : A Feedback Study in District Karnal(Haryana)The study was conducted in three blocks of districtKarnal. These blocks were selected purposively toinclude a large section of the readers of DairySamachar, the quarterly magazine published inHindi, for the dairy farmers by the Dairy ExtensionDivision, NDRI. Data was collected personallywith the help of an Interview Schedule. The studyrevealed that all the readers had been reading thismagazine for more than ten years.Majority of the readers (52%) belonged to middleage group. Most of the readers had education levelabove graduation (34%), medium family size(52%), medium Family Education Status (68%),medium social participation (58%), medium sizeof land holding (50%) and medium herd size(64%). Dairy Samachar was perceived to be‘medium effective’ by most of the readers (46%).The content was found to be ‘easy in reading’,with medium understandability for majority ofthe readers (58%). Readers preferred to devotemaximum reading time to articles on animalmanagement followed by milk productiontechnologies. Major constraints faced by thereaders were untimely delivery followed byinadequateness of illustrations, incompletenessof messages and presence of technical and otherdifficult terms.A Study of the Training Needs of DairyDevelopment Assistants of Selected States ofNorthern IndiaDuring the study, it was found that in Karnal(Haryana) 49 Veterinary Doctors,126 VeterinaryLivestock Development Assistant (VLDAs) inSirmaur (Himachal Prdesh) 27 Veterinary Doctorsand 115 Veterinary Pharmacists, in Patiala(Punjab) 52 Veterinary Doctors and 138Veterinary Pharmacists and in Dehradun (UttraKhand) 30 Veterinary Doctors,27 VeterinaryPharmacists and 45 Livestock Extension Officerswere working during the study period.The analysed data indicated that in Dehradundistrict, out of the selected respondents (N=50),18 per cent were below the age of 40 years ascompared to 52% who were in the age group of41 to 50. It was found that equal number of therespondents (20%) were looking after 7-10 villagesNearly 60% were catering to the needs of the Dairyfarmers in more than 11 villages in theiroperational areas. Twenty eight per cent of therespondents in this district were found interestedin undergoing training upto 7 days whereas 40%were interested for a training of 7-15 days.Regarding the training needs, it was found that14% and 8% were found very serious and stronglyinclined respectively towards attending atraining programme on identification of the elitecattle and buffalo. Regarding training of ArtificialInsemination (A.I.) in cattle and buffalo, it wasfound that 44% of the total respondents werestrongly inclined for undergoing the training. Itwas observed that 56% of the respondents werenot interested to have training on making mineralmixtures whereas in the area of various diseases,their diagnosis and treatment 48% of therespondents showed high interest.The analysed data indicated that in Karnaldistrict the selected respondents were coveringupto 7 villages and all of them were foundinterested to undergo training. Majority of them(54%) favoured any month for organizing thetraining programme and 60% preferred to havetraining at NDRI. It was found that 30% of theVLDAs of Karnal were interested to have trainingon growing green fodders round the year whereas,48% were not interested to learn the ureatreatment of straw. Majority of the respondents(70%) was interested to have training on treatingrepeat breeding animals.Majority of the respondents (56%) of Sirmourdistrict was below the age of 40 years and 26%each were covering 7-10 or more than 10 villages.Thirty per cent of them never had training. Sixtytwo per cent of them were found interested to havea training of 7-15 days training at NDRI, Karnal.It was found that the 34% VLDAs of Sirmaurdistrict of Himachal Pradesh never usedtelevision whereas, 48% seldom used it forattaining information whereas 52% of the totalVLDAs of this district, seldom used newspaperas source of information. It was interestingly

–– Southern Regional Station, Bangalore ––found that majority of the respondents (78%) neverconsulted other VLDAs. It was found that 32, 18,12% of the respondents were found slightly,moderately and highly interested to have atraining on feeding to the dairy animals basedon their milk production.Forty two per cent respondents covering 7 villagesof Patiala district never received training. Majorityof them (70%) showed interest for having trainingupto 7 days. Fifty eight per cent showed interestin having training in NDRI. Fifty eight per centshowed serious training need regarding A.I. indairy animals. Only 24% had serious trainingneeds regarding manufacture of UMBB andmineral mixture. Majority of the respondents 62%were not interested to have training on ureatreatment of straw. Fifty eight per centrespondents showed keen interest in havingtraining on treatment of dairy animals and 54%were interested more on training in treatment ofrepeat breeders. Majority of them 70% were notinterested to have training on growing differentcrops round the year.SOUTHERN REGIONAL STATION, BANGALORE61Faster Multiplication of Superior Germplasmof Region Specific Breeds of Cattle andBuffaloes through InterventionCharacterization and evaluation of MalnadGidda cattle: The mean age at first calving inMalnad gidda cattle was found to be 52.33 ± 1.06months. These native cattle are low producerswith an average daily yield of 0.92 ± 0.06 kg /dayand an average lactation length of 259.65 ± 4.57days. Comparative DNA fingerprintingemploying 10 oligonucleotide random universalprimers was carried out in Malnad gidda,Punganur and Vechur breeds of cattle ofSouthern India.Cultural, Social and Anthropological Aspects ofPromoting Region Specific Dairy DevelopmentPerformance and management practices ofbuffaloes reared by tribal community: Theaverage milk yield of the buffaloes reared bygavli tribes was 1 kg per day, the lactation lengthwas 260 days and inter calving period of 27months. The mortality was very high due todiseases like HS, FMD, respiratory problems andworm load besides poor feeding. Thirty fivedifferent samples of forest tree leaves / grasseswhich were consumed by the animals werecollected and analysed for nutrient composition.The crude protein of these samples ranged from2.5 to 21.2% on DM basis. The PCR – RAPDanalysis indicated higher values of averageband sharing frequencies and lower MAPDvalues between Gavli and Pandarpura buffaloesindicating that migratory Gavli buffaloesprobably originated from Pandarpura buffaloes.Improved feeding, housing and disease controlwere recommended for improving theproductivity of these buffaloes.Biotechnological Augmentation of Growth,Lactation and Fertility in Dairy AnimalsEffect of inclusion of taurine in semen extender:Introduction of taurine buffer into the genital tractof the repeat breeder cows just prior to AI hadshown good results in terms of conception.Including taurine in the extended semen did notyield satisfactory results. Saving the naturaltaurine of semen by treating neat semen withglycine before extending it showed good resultsin in-vitro experiments.Development of Equipment/Process/Packagingfor Upgradation of Technologies forManufacture of Region Specific Dairy ProductsDevelopment of cheese pickle: Standardized therecipe of Cheese Pickle. Paneer and Cheese canbe used as the base material for the pickle,however paneer was considered better thancheese for pickling. Hardening of cheese/paneerwas observed during storage. Use of rennet orNaOH did not help in softening. The pickle hada shelf-life of four months.Individual quick freezing of Dharwar Peda andRasogolla for enhanced shelf life: Trials werecarried out on individual quick freezing ofRasogolla using liquid nitrogen. During storage,changes in rheological properties were monitoredand compared with non-IQF Rasogolla. The IQFRasogolla showed slightly higher hardness andchewiness values during storage compared tonon-IQF Rasogolla. Trials were carried out onIQF of Dharwad Peda using liquid nitrogen andpolystyrene as packaging material. The IQFDharwad Peda possessed very hard body, whileon thawing the original characteristics wererestored. However, the typical sugar coating on

–– Southern Regional Station, Bangalore ––62the surface of Dharwad Peda disappearedbecause of moisture.Process optimization for production of naturalfruit flavoured milk drinks: Banana (Pacchabalevariety) and canned mango fruit pulp (Raspurivariety) were selected for the study. Attemptswere made to incorporate clarified banana juiceinto milk for production of natural bananaflavoured milk. The use of 20% banana juice and5% sugar in 1.5 X TM (Toned milk) was found toproduce acceptable quality. Attempts were alsomade to incorporate clarified Mango juice intomilk for production of natural mango flavouredmilk. Use of 20% of mango juice resulted in betteracceptability of the product.Factors influencing flavour characteristics inmilk: Flavour is one of the most important factorsinfluencing the consumer preference for aparticular brand of milk. Milk can undergoflavour defects during storage, either pre-or postpasteurizationand due to microbial orbiochemical changes. The control and/orprevention of such flavour defects is of importanceto dairy industry.The study was undertaken to understand thereasons for flavour changes during cold storagefor raw as well as pasterurised milk. Studies onpasteurized samples were conducted usingstandardized milk, homogenized milk and fullcream milk. The change in acidity, pH, FFA level,acid soluble tyrosine content, SPC, proteolyticcount and lipolytic count during storage ofpasteurized milk at 4, 7 and 10°C beyond 24 and48 h were evaluated. The samples were alsoassessed for their organoleptic score after storageat varied temperature and time interval.Although, there was slight increase in acidity anddrop in pH when standardized pasteurized milksamples were stored at 7° and 10°C for 48 h, suchchanges appeared to have no influence on flavourcharacteristics of milk. A significant increase inFFA content, acid soluble tyrosine content, SPC,proteolytic count and lipolytic count was noticedwhen homogenized and full cream pasteurizedmilk samples were stored at 7° and 10°C beyond24 hrs. Such samples had comparatively lowerflavour score. These observations suggested thatthe microbial proteases and lipases could beresponsible for the lower organoleptic score,noticed in homogenized and full cream milksamples after storage.Active packaging techniques of kunda andchhana podo: Packaging films PE/EVOH/PEand 4 ply laminate (PE/PET/foil/PET) with theOTR values of 0.4cc/day/atm/m 2 and 0.2cc/day/atm/m 2 at 30°C were selected for activepackaging of the products. For sorption studies,Kunda and chhana podo samples were exposed todifferent relative humidities, ranging from 11 to97% at 30°C, using various saturated saltsolutions. The results showed that moisture inkunda and chhana podo were in equilibrium witha humidity environment of about 84% and 95%,respectively. The sorption data will be useful forshelf life prediction. The water activity of kundaand chhana podo lies between 0.65 and 0.95.Quality evaluation of Basundi marketed inBangalore city: Thirty six samples of Basundiwere collected from the market of Bangalore cityfrom different outlets and analysed for grosscomposition, physico-chemical characteristics,presence of additives, sensory characteristics andmicrobial counts. The samples contained on anaverage 7.89 – 16.08 % fat, 6.38 – 9.81 % protein,8 – 12.57 % lactose, 13.91 – 16.33 % sucrose, 1.15– 1.76 % ash, 16.35 – 23.86 % MSNF and 40.78 –56.17 % TS. The average values for pH, acidity,specific gravity, viscosity, hydroxymethyl furfural(HMF) and free fatty acids (FFA) were 6.47, 0.481% LA, 1.15, 72.59 cP, 8.85 ìmol/lit and 1.39 ìeq /ml, respectively. Out of 36 samples six containedstarch while none of them contained vegetablefat. The colour of the most of the Basundi samples(66.67%) was yellow, while 22.22% and 11.11%of the samples were dull white and brown incolour, respectively with different intensity. Theyellow colour was a definite case of additive otherthan natural ingredients. Many samples alsocontained large flakes of suspended pieces ofchhana, paneer and malai. The flavour of thesamples collected was found to be artificial.Microbiological quality of the market sampleswas also found to be poor since the SPC rangedfrom 1, 91, 250 – 25, 08, 750 cfu / g. In general, theBasundi sold in Bangalore market wascategorized as fair to poor in sensory quality.Effect of the factors influencing syneresis inyoghurt on composition of chakka: Thedifferences in the rate and extent of whey drainagefrom yoghurt and the yield and composition ofchakka obtained as a result of the differences inthe heat treatment given to milk and the rate andextent of acid developed during fermentationwere studied. Based on syneresis and rate of whey

–– Southern Regional Station, Bangalore ––63separation, a pH of 4.0 – 4.2 which correspondedto an acidity of 0.83-0.90% i.a. in yoghurt, wasfound suitable for chakka production. Comparedto the pasteurised milk yoghurt, draining of wheywas slower and practically less whey could beseparated from boiled milk yoghurt. From a litreof cow milk, 705 ± 3.9 ml whey could be separatedwhen the heat treatment was pasteurisation; thecorresponding volume was 572.8 ± 6.5 ml whenthe milk was boiled. The higher retention of wheyincreased the yield of the product from boiledmilk. While pasteurised milk chakka had a meantotal solid content of 31.09%, the total solidcontent of boiled milk chakka was 25.80%.Pasteurised milk chakka was more firm and hadhigher consistency than the correspondingproduct from boiled milk. Of the milk solids,69.7% was retained in chakka from boiled milk,while, 54.5% was retained in the product frompasteurised milk. Boiling of milk resulted in aproduct failing to meet the total solid requirementof 30% under Prevention of Food AdulterationAct, when cow milk containing 3.5% fat and 8.5%SNF was used. SNF level of cow milk will beincreased suitably to meet the total solidrequirement of chakka when the traditionalboiling of milk was employed in chakkaproduction.Process technology and quality of concentrateddahi for use in culinary products: The study wasconducted to standardize the process technologyfor the preparation of concentrated dahi withextended shelf-life. The suitability of suchconcentrated dahi for the preparation of dahi basedculinary foods was also studied. Since dahi basedculinary foods are usually made with sour dahi,different cultures viz., LF-40, CH and yoghurtwere tried for producing dahi with high acidity.High acidity and desired firmness andconsistency in dahi could be obtained by usingyoghurt culture. Dahi thus prepared was heatdesiccated to different concentrations.Concentration to 3:1 showed optimal attributeswith regard to flavour, body and texture.Homogenization of milk helped to reduceMaillard browning in concentrated dahi.Concentrated dahi was also prepared fromconcentrated milk with 23 % total solids for whichLF - 40 culture was found to be more suitable asagainst CH and yoghurt cultures. Utility ofconcentrated dahi for the preparation of dahibasedculinary foods like kadhi, kalan and kichatiwas evaluated. The products prepared usingdesiccated dahi had sensory quality similar tothe traditionally prepared ones. However, theproducts prepared with concentrated dahi madeby fermenting concentrated milk did not have thedesired sourness. Concentrated dahi was packedin multilayer flexible pouches and kept in boilingwater bath for 20 min. Such heat treatmentresulted in excessive whey separation andrubbery coagulum in the concentrated dahiprepared by fermenting concentrated milk.However, the heat desiccated dahi was stable tothe heat treatment and therefore, was subjectedto evaluation of shelf-life at 30°C. The physicochemical,sensory and microbiological analysisrevealed that the product could be kept well for45 days at 30°C.R&D support for process upgradation: Carrothalwa is one of the common desserts served withlunch and dinner. The quality of carrot halwavaries widely and its shelf life is only 2-3 days atambient temperature. The ingredients forproduction of a good quality carrot halwa wereoptimized and the technology was standardized.Attempts were made to increase the shelf life bysterilization process. The carrot halwa heat treatedat 121°C for 10 min showed a shelf life of 4 weeksat room temperature. Higher heat treatment wasfound to affect the colour and other physicalcharacteristics of the product.Nutritional and Therapeutic Aspects of Milkand Milk ProductsDevelopment of viable technology for probioticdahi: Characterized lactic ferments for theirsurvival to gastrointestinal environment i.e. pH.,bile salt and multiple drug resistance. Theseferments possessed antimicrobial activity againstfood spoilage and pathogenic microbes.Quality of market ice creams: Samples of icecream sold in Bangalore city were collected andanalysed for their chemical and microbiologicalquality. A total of 31 samples belonging to threedifferent categories-branded, unbranded fromhotels & restaurants and unbranded sold byvendors – were analyzed following standardprocedures.Marked differences existed in the quality of icecream among the three categories. Of the brandedice cream samples tested, 63.3% conformed to PFAstandards in all respects, while 54.5% satisfiedthe standard prescribed by Bureau of IndianStandards. In this category, 90.9% of the samplessatisfied the microbiological quality standards.Thus, the failure to meet the standards wasmainly due to chemical parameters, especiallylow fat content. Only 20% of the samples of the

–– Southern Regional Station, Bangalore ––64unbranded category from the restaurant met thelegal quality requirement. These samples satisfiedthe BIS standards too. No sample collected fromvendors met the chemical quality requirementespecially due to low fat content. Thirty per centof the samples satisfied microbiological qualityrequirement.About 10% of the samples tested positive forstarch, though it was not stated in the label of theproduct. Of the total samples analyzed, 6.45 percent were phosphatase-test positive. In both thecases all but one of the samples which failed,belonged to the category of unbranded ice creamsold by vendors. No fat adulteration wasobserved in any of the samples.Rapid Methods for Assessment of Quality ofMilk and Milk ProductsAssessment of physico-chemical properties ofghee: Analysis of commercial samples of gheefrom the Southern States showed that while mostof the branded samples met the quality standards,many unbranded samples showed sub-standardphysico-chemical characteristics due toadulteration. As the tests for physico-chemicalcharacteristics usually fail to detect theadulteration of ghee with palm oil, a simple testwas developed for this purpose.Environmental Aspects of Dairy DevelopmentTreatment of dairy plant effluents: Ananaerobic-aerobic combination reactor fortreatment of dairy effluent was designed andfabricated after ascertaining best volumetric ratioof 1:2.3 between them. Input dairy effluent feedwas synthesized and standardized to provideCOD load in the range of 400 to 2500 mg/l. Afterdevelopment of about 30% biomass in thereactors, the performance of the reactor wasevaluated at HRT and organic loading in therange of 16-34 hrs and 5 to 10 kg. COD/cum/day, respectively. After 30 hrs of treatment, CODremoval efficiency stabilized at 97 %. Thisindicated savings on energy requirement whencompared to activated sludge method, which ispopular and adopted for dairy plant effluentswith HRT 60 to 70 hrs.Models for Integrated Rural DevelopmentFocused on Dairying for Various Agro-ClimaticZonesEconomics of mechanization of dairy farms:The information on dairy farm machanizaitonwas collected from 89 dairy farms located inthree States in Southern India and two in theneighbouring States. In general investment onmachines in dairy farms was very negligible.More than 77% of the farms had less than 10%investment on machines. In most of the cases,machines were grossly under utilized. Thefrequently used machines were wheel borrow(36% ), water pump (33%) and milking machines(31%), followed by chaff cutters. It was observedthat mechanization enabled to save someexpenditure on labour besides saving time.Owing to under utilization of machines andrelatively small herds, the mechanization addedto production cost. To make mechanization costeffective, efforts must be made to increasecapacity utilization of machines and promotinglarge dairy herds.Development of Database for StrategicPlanning at National and International LevelPerformance and utilization of migratoryMurrah buffaloes: During a survey, it was foundthat Hyderabad city received on an average 100Murrah buffaloes from Rohtak / Jind tract andanother 100 which were mostly of Jaffrabadi andMehsana breeds from Maharashtra/Gujarat tractper day. It was observed that 90% of farmers inHyderabad maintained these buffaloes for onelactation and then disposed them off forslaughter. Highly congested housing and poorbreeding services rendered most of the animalsnon pregnant. In Hyderabad, around 500-800buffaloes were sold for slaughter every week inorganized markets, besides many others sold inun-organized markets. Average procurementprice at Hyderabad worked out to be about Rs32000. While, farmers of coastal Andhra paideven higher price. The buffaloes here survivedfor 2-3 lactations because of better managementand then land up in slaughter houses.Marketing of bovines: During the survey, it wasobserved that Karnataka hosted more than 206Cattle Fairs in which more than 15 lakh, primarilybullocks gathered. The Fair have varying durationof two days to sixty days. In the cattle fair nearBangalore (Ghati Subramanya Swamy Cattle Fair),about 50,000 cattle gather across 150 acres of land.The temple provides basic amenities of water andelectricity. Cattle from sourrounding districtsgathered at the fair. The price of bullocks rangedfrom Rs.10,000 to Rs.1,20,000 per pair. Themarketing systems followed were buyer – sellerand buyer – middlemen – seller.

EASTERN REGIONAL STATION, KALYANI65Shelter Management SystemStudies on the management practices of ruraldairy cattle for clean milk production in EasternIndia: The relevant secondary information wascollected from the Milk Union Office, HaringhataBlock Head Quarters, BLDO and GramPanchayat Office for selection of survey villages.Based on the secondary information, two villagesi.e. Narayanpur, a dairy co-operative village andAyeshpur, a general village were selected for thedetail study.Survey schedule for complete enumeration ofvillages was prepared for selection of householdsand cows in the light of the objectives. Completeenumerations were conducted in the two selectedvillages. Based on complete enumeration, detailsurvey was conducted on 50 selected householdsin two villages on housing environment, milkingmanagement practices, animal health includingudder, etc.Regarding udder health status, it was observedthat 77.5% cows had regular udder shape and22.5% cows had pendulous udder. The cowshaving healthy udder were 80%. Teat length ofcows varied from 3 – 7 cm. A high proportion ofcows (82.5%) having teat end turn upward(normal) followed by flat teat end (10%) & invertedteat end (7.5%). Milk excretion was foundapparently normal in majority of the cows(87.5%).53.8% sheds were cleaned regularly. Sanitarydrainage channel were not followed by majorityof the dairy farmers (86.5%). Cattle shed havingtile roof and brick floor were in majority (59.6%and 51.9%, respectively). The majority of cattlesheds (59.6%) were surrounded by shady trees and65.4% cattle sheds were having good ventilation.Most of the cattle shed floors (69.2%) maintainedproper sloping. Cleanliness of the milker animalsparticularly udder, milking pail and milking placewere noticed in majority of the cases.Collection of milk samples from the 40 selectedrespondents was started at monthly intervalw.e.f. February, 2006 for quality analysis. TillJune, 2006, total 200 milk samples were collectedfrom the 40 selected respondents in two villages.Cows with pendulous udder shape had acidityon higher side (0.14% to 0.22%) in some casesthan the cows with regular udder shape.Time required for reduction of methylene bluedye in the milk samples was half an hour in 4%samples, 1 & 2 hour in 8%, 2.5 & 3 hour in 11 %,3.5 & 4 hour in 14 % and 4.5,5 hours & above in63% samples, respectively.Nutritional Requirements of High ProducingDairy Cattle and Buffalo Under In HouseRearing SystemNutritional status of high altitude dairy animalsin Eastern Himalayan Region : Dairy cattlenutrition survey was carried out in West Kamengand Tawang districts in Arunachal Pradesh ondairy cattle, feeding practices, milk production,management practices, milk marketing, etc.Similar information was collected on Dzomo(Yak X Cattle) as well. Basic informationregarding the study area was collected. Samplesof feeds and fodder actually fed to the dairy cattle/Dzomo by the farmers were collected andanalyzed for nutrient composition. The proteinand energy deficiency in dairy cattle and Dzomowas worked out.The protein and energy deficiency in dairy cattlein eastern Himalayan region as compared to ICARstandard was worked out. Overall, around 72%cows covered under this survey suffered fromprotein deficiency. For 29% of animals thedeficiency was only marginal. However, 31%animals showed moderate deficiency and 12%animals showed acute deficiency. Around 82%cows covered under this survey suffered fromenergy deficiency. For 17% of animals thedeficiency was only marginal. However, 40%animals showed moderate deficiency and 25%animals showed acute deficiency. Most of theanimals were found to have deficiency in bothprotein and energy as compared to ICARstandard. However, energy deficiency was moresevere than protein deficiency.The protein and energy deficiency in Dzomo ineastern Himalayan region as compared to ICARstandard was worked out. No protein deficiencywas observed in 15% animals. Marginaldeficiency (up to 15%) was observed in 40%animals and around 19% animals were proteindeficient by 16-30% level. Severe proteindeficiency (above 30%) was observed in around26% animals. Only 5% animals were found tohave no energy deficiency. Marginal deficiency(up to 15%) was observed in 5% animals whereas,

–– Eastern Regional Station, Kalyani ––around 66% animals were energy deficient by16-30% level. Severe energy deficiency (above30%) was observed in around 24% animals.The results obtained in the present study willthrow some light on the present dairy scenarioand existing feeding practices of this region.Constraints of feeding were analyzed andsuggestions to improve the existing feedingpractices were recommended, which shoulddefinitely help in formulating future strategy toimprove the dairy scenario of the region.Biotechnological Augmentation of Growth,Lactation and Fertility in Dairy AnimalsIn vitro production of cattle embryo in co-culturesystem with different tissue culture media: Thestudy was undertaken in cattle to study theefficiency of three different methods of oocyterecovery from cattle ovaries. Slaughter houseovaries were collected and brought to thelaboratory within 3-4 h. The oocytes were collectedfrom the ovaries by three different methods viz.aspiration, puncturing and slicing method. In thestudy, total 417 cattle ovaries were collected and586 oocytes were recovered in different grades.The maximum number of A grade oocytes wasrecovered by puncturing method (27.93%)followed by slicing method (23.05%) andaspiration method (20.69%). In slicing method,highest percentage of B grade oocytes wererecovered (27.16%) followed by puncturingmethod (25.23%) and aspiration method (25.00%).Aspiration method showed the highest recoveryrate in C grade oocyte (32.76%) followed bypuncturing method (31.53%) and slicing method(30.45%), but there were no significant differences.In totality slicing method showed the highestrecovery rate per ovary i.e. 1.75, whereaspuncturing method showed the lowest recoveryrate per ovary (1.04). From the above study, it couldbe concluded that slicing method was the bestoocyte recovery method among the three studiedmethods.production and all followed traditional methodof chhana production. One kg chhana wasproduced from 5 kg – 5.5 kg cow milk. Milkprocurement price for chhana production rangedfrom Rs. 9 – Rs.10 per kg. Some vendors usedvegetable oil at the time of let down of cattle/buffalo which affected the quality of chhana.Gross cost of Chhanna/ kg was found to be Rs.69.05 and Rs. 48.44 in Nadia and Burdwandistricts, respectively. Sale price of channa variedfrom Rs. 50 – Rs.60 per kg. Buffalo milk was notavailable for chhana production. It was furtherobserved that winter season was the most suitablefor chhana production in terms of quality andquantity. The cost of consumable items per kg ofChhana production was estimated as Rs.1.84 forwood/coal/gas, Rs.0.63 for electricity, Rs.0.09 fordetergent and Rs.0.05 for seed material,respectively.Cultural, Social and Anthropological Aspects ofPromoting Region Specific Dairy DevelopmentStudies on sustainability of buffalo dairyproduction system: Studies carried out onsustainability of buffalo dairy production systemrevealed three types of dairy farms (small-6-10,medium-70-80 and large one (>1000) in ruralvillages. Shelter system in small dairies was madeup of bamboo and thatch structure with brick orkutcha floor (sand) while, medium and the largedairy farms had shelter with brick/ concrete floorand concrete mangers for water and fodder. Roofof shelter was made up of brick tiles and cementpillars. The effective water drainage was found66Development of Database for StrategicPlanning at National and International LevelsEconomics of chhana production in rural areasof West Bengal: Survey on chhana making andmarketing was carried out in some villages ofBurdwan and Nadia district of West Bengal.Among the interviewed farmers, 88 % belongedto marginal farmers and rest were landlesscategory. It was revealed that 40% chhanaproducers having parental business of chhanaChhana processing in rural conditionsonly in medium and large dairy farms, whilesmaller ones lacked it and were unhygienic.However, in all the 3 types of buffalo dairy farms,number of animals kept in shelter was more thanthe available space. The buffalo keeping patternwas either head- to- head or tail-to-tail. Small dairy

–– Eastern Regional Station, Kalyani ––farms animals were being fed chiefly paddy strawmoistened with concentrate mixture, but buffaloesreared in medium and large dairy farms, receivedgreen fodder like maize, oat, mustard and MP- chariMilk production trend of the rural buffaloesin chaffed form. During lean season, concentrate@ 1-2 kg/ day/ animal was offered, but was alsobeing fed as a routine practice. The average milkyield varied from 4.1 to 9.9 kg/day during lactation,while peak milk yield averaged 12.0 to 13.6 kg in45- 60 days of lactation. In medium and large dairyfarms, peak milk yield of 18.0 to 19.0 kg/day wasalso recorded.The milk yield of buffaloes significantly variedbetween the farms (P

3 TECHNOLOGIES ASSESSED AND TRANSFERREDDairy Cattle Breeding• The germplasm of the genetically superiorprogeny tested proven sires is being used onelite females for production of high-pedigreedyoung bulls. This is also being supplied todairy development agencies and dairy farmersfor bringing about genetic improvement.68• Sire’s and paternal grandsire’s breeding valueis relatively more reliable pedigree informationwhich could be used for selection of youngdairy bulls for future breeding apart fromdam’s and paternal grand-dam’s 305-day milkyield.• In KF, LSQ and BLUP methods were almostequally efficient while in Sahiwal DFREMLwas most efficient for evaluation of sires.• Peak yield alone could be used for predictionof 305-day milk yield with around 60%accuracy in Friesian crossbred (KF) cattle andcould be used as a predictor for prediction of305-day milk yield of Friesian crossbred cattleunder field conditions.• An alternate to radio isotopic (33P) approach,the technique of silver staining was appliedfor micro satellite markers.• Hansa Test Serum (HTS) was produced andsupplied on demand to various Dairies, Cooperativesocieties and Milk Federations todetect admixing of buffalo milk in cow milk.Dairy Cattle Nutrition• Bypass fat technology was assessed and foundbeneficial for the productivity of high yieldingcows.Dairy Cattle Physiology• A total of 78 buffaloes from villages viz. Kutail,Pundrak and Narukheri with a history ofanestrus/repeat breeding condition for at least6 to 7 months were selected to test the efficacyof ovsynch protocol for estrus induction andfixed time AI. All animals were subjected tofixed time AI at 12 and 24 h post second GnRHadministration. Pregnancy was confirmed byper rectal palpation. Out of 64 buffaloes (forwhich data is available) it was found that 43animals were pregnant (67%) after thetreatment either at fixed time AI or atsubsequent estrus.Buffalo not conceived for 5 years belonging to Mr. SureshPal, S/o Mr. Mahiram, Village - Pundrak was treatedwith ovsynch and declared pregnantAnimal Biochemistry• A technology developed on probiotic dahinamed Acido-bifidus dahi was submitted toNRDC, New Delhi for transfer this technologyto dairy industry.Dairy Chemistry• Technology for “Calcium Enrichment of Milk”was transferred to Bihar State Cooperative MilkProducers’ Federation Ltd. (COMFED), Patna.Dairy Technology• Technology of Whey-Tomato soup wastransferred to M/S Gongol Sahkari DugdhUtpadak Sangh, Paratapur, Meerut, a unit ofPradeshik Co-operative Dairy Federation Ltd.(U.P).• Technology of Whey-Tomato soup wastransferred to M/S Haryana DairyDevelopment Co-operative Federation Limited,and the product was launched successfully inthe market.Dairy Engineering• The prototype equipment for continuousmanufacture of paneer was transferred toM/s AMUL, Anand, for its up-gradation andcommercial exploitation.• A mechanized system for continuous productionof chhana balls was transferred to M/s AMUL,Anand for its scale-up and commercialapplication. The system consists of a kneaderand a hollow cylinder for ball making. Kneaderis designed based on extruder operation, whileball former converts chhana pieces into ballthrough an eccentric drive mechanism.

4 EDUCATION AND TRAINING69NDRI Deemed university offers academicprogrammes both at under-graduate and postgraduatelevels in the field of Dairy Science andTechnology with highly qualified faculty and wellequipped modern laboratories. The courses havebeen so designed as to provide broad based aswell as specialized training in dairying. Thefollowing courses were offered by NDRI DeemedUniversity during the academic session 2006-07.B.Tech. (Dairy Technology): This degreeprogramme offers intensive training inprocessing and quality control of milk and milkproducts; and engineering aspects of milkprocessing plants.Masters/Ph.D. in Dairying: The Institute offersMasters/Ph.D. in Dairying in the followingdisciplines: i) Dairy Microbiology; ii) DairyChemistry; iii) Dairy Technology; iv) DairyEngineering; v) Animal Biochemistry; vi) AnimalBiotechnology; vii) Animal Genetics andBreeding; viii) Livestock Production andManagement; ix) Animal Nutrition; x) AnimalPhysiology; xi) Dairy Economics; and xii) DairyExtension Education.EnrolmentsAdmissions to B.Tech. (DT) and Masters inDairying programmes were made on the basis ofAll India Combined Entrance Examinationsconducted by ICAR. Doctoral candidates(including in-service candidates) were admittedon the basis of Entrance Examination conductedby NDRI. The number of candidates admitted indifferent programmes during the academicsession 2006-07 is given below:CourseCandidatesAdmittedB.Tech. (DT) 21Masters in Dairying 81Ph.D. in Dairying 60Foreign Students: NDRI attracts students fromvarious developing countries for post-graduateand doctoral programmes. At present, there are8 Ph.D. students from Sudan, Iran and Ethiopiain the disciplines of Animal Genetic & Breeding,Dairy Cattle Nutrition and Livestock Production& Management and 2 M.Sc. students from Iranand Nepal in Dairy Technology and AnimalGenetic & Breeding. Foreign currency to the tuneof US $ 20,000 was earned towards theInstitutional Economic Fees from the foreignstudents.Award of Degrees: During the period underreport 21 B. Tech. (Dairy Technology), 64 Mastersin Dairying and 40 Ph.D. in Dairying studentswere declared eligible for award of degree.Scholarship and FellowshipsMasters and Ph.D. students admitted during2006-07 session were awarded Institutescholarship at the following rates in accordancewith the prescribed rules and regulations.Institute ScholarshipsM. Sc. (Dairying) : Rs. 5040/- per month fortwo years plus Rs. 6000/- per annum ascontingency.Ph.D. (Dairying) : Rs. 7000/- per month forthree years and Rs.10,000/- per annum ascontingency.Ph.D. (In-service) : Rs. 1000/- per month forthree years and Rs.10,000/- per annum ascontingency.ICAR Junior Research FellowshipM.Sc. Dairying : Rs. 5760/- P.M. (For NonVeterinarians) and Rs.8000/- per month(For veterinarians) for twoyears and Rs. 6000/- perannum as contingency.ICAR Senior Research FellowshipPh.D. : Rs. 8000/- per month(Non Veterinarians) for 1 st and 2 nd year andRs. 9000/- for 3 rd yearand Rs. 10,000/- perannum as contingency.Ph.D. : Rs. 9500/- per month(Veterinarians) for 1 st and 2 nd year andRs. 10,000/- for 3 rd yearand Rs.10000/- perannum as contingency.Ph.D. : Rs. 1000/- per month for(In-service) 3 years and Rs. 6000/- perannum as contingency.

–– Education and Training ––National Talent ScholarshipThe National Talent Scholarship (NTS) @Rs.800/- per month is being awarded to the B.Tech. Students by ICAR on merit provided thatthe University/Institute is located outside thestate of his/her domicile.Other scholarships offered to B.Tech (DT)students are: M/s Nestle India Ltd., Dr. L. C.Sikka Memorial Trust, Dr. D. SunderasanMemorial, Bhogi Bhai and Shishila Ben MehtraTrust, Dr. I. S. Verma Memorial, Alumni SilverJubilee Scholarship, Dr. P. BhattacharyyaMemorial Trust, M. M. Malik Memorial and RanjitSingh Memorial Scholarship.Students Activities• 6 th Convocation of NDRI Deemed University washeld on 21 st April, 2006. Hon’be Union Ministerfor Agriculture, Shri Sharad Pawar Ji graced theoccasion as Chief Guest. Shri Bhupinder SinghHooda, Chief Minister of Haryana, Dr. ArvindSharma, MP, Karnal, Ms. Meena Mandal,Minister, Govt. of Haryana, Dr. Mangala Rai,Director General, ICAR, Dr. V.K. Taneja, DDG(AS), ICAR were also present on this occasion.Career Guidance, Training and Placement CellThe placement Cell provides career guidance,training and placement services for the passingout students in various disciplines of the DeemedUniversity. B.Tech. (DT) and Masters in Dairyingstudents were provided employment in reputedorganizations through campus interviews.Meetings of Academic Council and its StandingCommitteesNDRI Student being awarded degree during 6 th Convocation• Students of NDRI Deemed Universitycelebrated the Vasantotsav-2006 duringFebruary, 2007. Dr. Sushil Kumar, Director,NDRI graced the occasion as Chief Guest.• 23 rd meeting of Academic Council was held on19 th April, 2006.70Academic Council Meeting in progress• 34 th , 35 th and 36 th meetings of StandingCommittee on Faculty, Students Problems andDiscipline were held on 17 th Aug., 2006 and23 rd Nov., 2006, respectively .• 57 th Meeting of Standing Committee onCourses, Currucula and Academic Affairs washeld on 16 th Jan., 2007.• 31 st and 32 nd meetings of Standing Committeeon Scholarship, Financial Assistance andAcademic Progress were held on 25 th May, 2006and 14 th August, 2006, respectively.Punjabi folk dance being performed by the students ofNDRI Deemed Uniersity during Vasantotsav - 2007• "Reverie 2007" Inter-University Youth Festivalof NDRI Deemed University was organizedduring March, 2007 in which students fromvarious universities participated. Dr. SushilKumar inaugurated the festival. NDRI DeemedUniversity, the host team was judged asWinner team.• Mr. Arul Murugan, M., Ph.D. scholar (AnimalBiochemistry) was awarded “CommonwealthSplit-site Doctoral Scholarship-2006” at theRoyal Veterinary College, University ofLondon for a period of one year.• Ms. Sapna Jarial, Ph.D. scholar (Dairy ExtensionEducation) availed DAAD Fellowship atGermany for a period of sixteen months.

5 HONOURS / AWARDS• NDRI bagged the Best Annual Report Award2005-06 of Indian Council of AgriculturalResearch. Dr. Sushil Kumar, Director, NDRIreceived the Award from Director General,ICAR, Dr. Mangala Rai on 16 th July, 2007, atthe Annual Meeting of Directors of ICARInstitutes held from 16 th -18 th July, 2007 at NASCComplex, New Delhi.• Dr. B. S. Prakash, Head, Dairy CattlePhysiology Division, NDRI, Karnal wasconferred “Dr. Heinrich-Baur Award 2006”for his research on MethodologicalDevelopment of Sensitive Hormone Analysisand studies on the Physiology of Reproductionand Lactation of the Indian water buffalo, theYak and Mithun by the Faculty of Centre ofFood and Life Science of the TechnicalUniversity of Munich, Germany. The Awardcarried a cash prize of Euros 5000 alongwith acertificate.• Dr. Latha Sabikhi, Sr. Scientist, DairyTechnology Division, NDRI, Karnal waspresented the “International ProfessionalWomen Opportunity Award” consisting of acertificate and a “Gold Medal” by theConsorzio Ricerca Filiera Lattiero-Casearia(CoRFiLaC), Italy.Dr. Sushil Kumar receiving the trophy of Best AnnualReport award for the year (2005-2006) fromDr. Mangala Rai, DG, ICAR• Dr. Vinod K. Kansal, Head, AnimalBiochemistry Division, NDRI, Karnal wasawarded “Dr. P. G. Nair Award” foroutstanding research contribution in dairyingfor the period during 1996-2000.• Dr. K. S. Kadian, Senior Scientist, DairyExtension Division was conferred with “YoungScientist Award – 2007” for his outstandingcontributions in the field of ExtensionEducation by the Society of ExtensionEducation, Agra at 4 th National ExtensionEducation Congress 2007 during 9 th -11 th March,2007 at Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi VishwaVidyalaya, Jabalpur (M.P.).• Mr. M. Arul Murugan, Ph.D. Scholar in thediscipline of Animal Biochemistry wasawarded the “Commonwealth Split–SiteScholarship”, tenable at Royal VeterinaryCollege, University of London, U.K., for aperiod of one year from October, 2006.71Dr. V.K. Kansal receiving "Dr. P.C. Nair Award" fromSh. Bhupinder Singh Hooda, Chief Minister Haryanaduring convocation held on 21st April, 2006• Dr. B. S. Prakash, Head Dairy CattlePhysiology Division, NDRI, Karnal wasconferred the “Prestigious Recognition Award(2005-2006)” for his significant contributionsin the field of Animal Sciences by The NationalAcademy of Agricultural Sciences at VIIIAgricultural Science Congress held inCoimbatore from 15 th – 17 th Feb., 2007. Theaward carried a cash prize of Rs. 50,000, acitation and a silver medal.• Dr. S. Singh, Principal Scientist, DairyTechnology Division, NDRI, Karnal wasawarded “Emeritus Scientist FellowshipAward” for two years for his project entitled,“Diversification of Products from BuffaloMilk for Maximization of Profitability” w.e.f.15 th May, 2006.• Dr. Alok Jha, Sr. Scientist, Dairy TechnologyDivision, NDRI, Karnal was awarded“Norman Borlaug Fellowship” under the Ino-US Knowledge Initiative programme (2006).• Dr. S. Kulkarni, Principal Scientist, wasconferred with Fellow of Association of FoodScientists and Technologists (India) – 2005in recognition of his ‘multifacetedcontributions to food science and technology’.at 18 th Indian Convention of Food Scientists

–– Honours/Awards ––72and Technologists held at Hyderabad 16 - 17 thNov., 2006.• Dr. R. K. Malik, Principal Scientist, DairyMicrobiology Division, NDRI, Karnal wasnominated to take charge as “Honorary DAADAdvisor” for 2006-2009 for his outstandingcommitment and leadership in promotingIndo-German relations in education andresearch at a felicitation ceremony at theEmbassy of the Federal Republic of Germanyon 4 th May, 2006.• Dr. Rajan Sharma, Sr. Scientist, DairyChemistry Division, NDRI, Karnal was invitedas a Technical Assessor by the NationalAccreditation Board for Testing andCalibration Laboratory (NABL), New Delhi forthe audit of (i) FARE labs, Gurgaon, from 12 th-13 th August, 2006 and (ii) Mother Dairy TestLaboratory, Mother Dairy Foods ProcessingLtd., Delhi from 3 rd -4 th Nov., 2006.• Dr. A. K. Chakravarty, Sr. Scientist, DairyCattle Breeding Division, NDRI, Karnalappointed as Member of the Editorial Board,“Indian Buffalo Journal” published by IndianSociety for Buffalo Development.• Dr. R. S. Manik, Sr. Scientist, AnimalBiotechnology Centre, NDRI, Karnal wasappointed as Consulting Editor for the Journalof Maharashtra Agricultural Universities,Pune for the year 2006-07.• Dr. R. K. Swain and Dr. (Mrs.) Harjit Kaur,Principal Scientist, Dairy Cattle NutritionDivision received “Best Paper Award” on theirpaper entitled “Influence of Dietary Proteinon Growth, Certain Blood Metabolites andMetabolic Hormones in Crossbred Calves”published in Ind. J. Dairy and Biosciences.• Ms. Anju Kurien, M.Sc. Scholar, Dr. KishanSingh, Principal Scientist, and Dr. A. K.Puniya, Sr. Scientist, Dairy MicrobiologyDivision, were conferred with “Second Prize”by the Association of Food Scientist andTechnologists (India) for their poster entitled“Sensory Evaluation Studies on SynbioticPrepared using L. acidophilus and Inulin”presented during the 18 th Indian Conventionof Food Scientists and Technologists, held atHyderabad on 16 th – 17 th November, 2006.• Dr. S. K. Nayak, Ph.D. Scholar, Dr. S. Arora,Sr. Scientist, Dr. R. B. Sangwan, Sr. Scientist,Dr. J. S. Sindhu, Principal Scientist and Dr. G.S. Sharma, Principal Scientist, DairyChemistry Division were conferred “BestPaper Award” by the IDA (EZ) for their paperentitled “Effect of Chemical Phosphorylationof Water, Oil and Calcium Binding Propertiesof Buffalo Milk Proteins” published in IndianJournal of Dairy Science, 2005, during XXXVDairy Industry Conference at Kolkata from 23 rd– 25 th Nov., 2006.• Dr. R. C. Chopra, Principal Scientist, DairyCattle Nutrition Division, NDRI, Karnal wasawarded “Best Paper Award” for his paperentitled “HACCP Principles for Tropical DairyFarming” published in Indian Dairyman byIndian Dairy Association during XXXV DairyIndustry Conference, held at Kolkata from 23 rd-25 th November, 2006.• Dr. Aruna Chhabra, Principal Scientist, DairyCattle Nutrition Division, NDRI, Karnal wasawarded “Best Paper Award” for her paperentitled “Mineral Status of Indian Feeds andFodders : A Review” during XXXV DairyIndustry Conference held at Kolkata on 23 rd -25 th November, 2006.• Dr. R. S. Manik, Sr. Scientist, AnimalBiotechnology Centre, NDRI, Karnal wasnominated as a referee for the selection of “BestArticle” published from 2002 to 2005 in theJournal of Maharashtra AgriculturalUniversities, Pune.• Dr. A. K. Chauhan, Sr. Scientist, DairyEconomics Statistics & Management Division,NDRI, Karnal and Dr. T. R. Kundu, Professorand Dean of Colleges, Kurukshetra University,Kurukshetra were conferred the “Second BestPaper Award” for their paper entitled “Impactof New Dairy Farming Technology onEmployment and Income of rural householdsin Haryana”, published in Indian J. of DairySciences by Indian Dairy Association duringXXXV Dairy Industry conference held atKolkata from 23 rd - 25 th November, 2006.• Dr. Mahendra Singh, Sr. Scientist, ERS,Kalyani was awarded “Second Best PaperAward” by the Indian Dairy Association inthe IDA Conference held at “Swabhumi”,Kolkata from 23 rd – 25 th Nov., 2006• Mr. C. Palit, Ph.D. Scholar and Dr. Dharam Pal,Principal Scientist, Dairy Technology Division,NDRI, Karnal were presented “Second Best

–– Honours/Awards ––Paper Award” for their paper entitled “Studieson Mechanized Production and Shelf LifeExtension of Burfi” published in IndianJournal of Dairy Science by Indian DairyAssociation at XXV Dairy Industry Conferenceheld at Kolkata on 23 rd November, 2006.• Dr. A. K. Mohanty, Sr. Scientist, Mr. M. APradeep, M.Sc. Student, Animal BiotechnologyCentre, NDRI, Karnal H. Yu, Ph.D. Scholar,University of California, Davis and Dr. A. J.Fisher, Associate Professor, Dept. of Molecularand Cellular Biology, University of California,Devis were awarded the “Best Poster Award”at “International Symposium on EmergingTrends in Genomic & Proteomic science” heldat National Institute for Research inReproductive Health at Mumbai from 15 th -18 thOctober, 2006.• Ms. Malvika Malik, Ph.D. Scholar, Dr. A. K.Puniya, Sr. Scientist and Dr. Kishan Singh,Principal Scientist, Dairy Microbiology Division,NDRI, Karnal were awarded “Best Poster Prize”at National Conference on “Food and NutritionSecurity: Food and BiotechnologiesInterventions” at Sant Longowal Institute ofEngineering and Technology, Longowal from22 nd -23 rd March 2007.• Dr. Gopal Sankhala, Sr. Scientist, DairyExtension Division, Dr. D. S. Sohi, PrincipalScientist, ATIC, Dr. Shiv Prasad, Sr. Scientist,Cattle Yard, Dr. Sohanvir Singh, Sr. Scientist,Dairy Cattle Physiology and Dr. J. P. S.Chauhan, Principal Scientist, Dairy ExtensionDivision, NDRI, Karnal were awarded “BestPoster Presentation Award” during HindiDiwas-2006 at NDRI, Karnal.• Dr. S. K. Tomer Sr. Scientist, Dairy CattleNutrition Division, NDRI, Karnal received“Best Poster Award 2006” for his Hindi posterduring Hindi Pakhwara at NDRI, Karnal.• Dr. D. K Thompkinson, Principal Scientist,Dairy Technology Division, NDRI, Karnal wasawarded the “Second Best PosterPresentation Award” at National Seminarorganized by Dairy Technology Society ofIndia at ERS-NDRI, West Bengal.• Mr. J. Kumar, Ph.D. Scholar and Dr. V. K.Gupta Principal Scientist, Dairy TechnologyDivision, NDRI, Karnal were awarded“Second Prize” for their poster during XXXIVDairy Industry Conference, Bangalore, 24 thNov., 2005.• Dr. S. Chinnadurai, Sr. Scientist, DairyExtension Division, NDRI, Karnal wasawarded “Second Prize for PosterPresentation” at REIF Interface organized byDairy Extension Division, NDRI, Karnalduring 6 th -7 th Feb., 2007.• Dr. S. Arora, Sr. Scientist, Dr. B. K. Wadhwa,Principal Scientist, Mr. H. Gawande, M.Sc.Scholar, Dr. V. Sharma, Sr. Scientist, Dr. V.George, Ph.D. Scholar, Dr. G. S. Sharma,Principal Scientist, Dairy Chemistry Divisionand Dr. A. K. Singh Scientist (SS) DairyTechnology Division were conferred with“Best Poster Award” presented during XXXVDairy Industry Conference at Kolkata from 23 rd– 25 th Nov., 2006.• Dr. S. K. Kanawjia, Principal Scientist, DairyTechnology Division Dr. S. Arora, Sr.Scientist, Dairy Chemistry Division, Dr. D. K.,Thompkinson, Principal Scientist, and Dr.S. Singh Principal Scientist, DairyTechnology Division were conferred with“Second Best Poster Award” duringNational Seminar on Prospects andChallenges of Manufacturing OrganicIndigenous Milk Products for Export Marketorganized by DTSI and ERS of NDRI, Kalyaniat Kolkata from 26 th – 27 th Nov., 2006.• Dr. S. K. Tomer, Sr. Scientist and Dr. J. P.Sehgal Principal Scientist, Dairy CattleNutrition Division received “Second Prize”for their poster presentation in Hindi on 15 thSept., 2006 at NDRI, Karnal.• Mr. A. Roy, Dr. S. K. Jha, Sr. Scientist, Dr.Gopal Sankhala, Sr. Scientist, Dairy ExtensionDivision were awarded “The Third Prize forPoster Presentation” at NDRI, Karnal on theoccasion of “Research-Extension-Industry-Farmers Interface for dairy development”, heldat NDRI, Karnal during 6 th -7 th Feb., 2007.73

6 RESEARCH COLLABORATIONSThe scientific competence and excellence ofpast performance in conducting variousresearch programmes attracted funds fromvarious organizations/agencies. The Institutemaintained close liaison with variousorganisations to exchange information andacquired current and advanced knowledge inbasic and applied fields of Dairy Science.Linkages with International/National AgenciesArea Project/PI Sponsoring Agency74Recombinant Chymosin High Level Expression of Buffalo Chymosin DBTin Pichia Pastoris for Application in CheeseIndsutry (V. K. Batish)Reproduction Characterization and Mapping of Fertility DBTAugmentationRelated Hormone/Hormone Receptor Genesin Buffalo (S. L. Goswami)Recombinant Lactoferrin Cloning, Expression and Production of DBT/NCLHaemeproteins by Yeast in Fermenters for CombatingNutritional Iron Deficiency (Sunita Grover)Molecular Genetics Identification of Quantitative trait loci in the National FellowshipGenome of Indigenous Breeds of Cattle andBuffaloes and their Propogation through MarkerAssisted Selection (B. R. Yadav)Multiplication of Establishment and Maintenance of Buffalo Embryonic DBTSuperior Germplasm Stem Cell Lines (M. S. Chauhan)Diagnostics Development of Block and Real Time PCR Kits for Ministry of FoodMulti-Pathogen Detection for Application in Dairy Processing IndustriesIndustry (Sunita Grover)Farm Level Kits Development of Microbial based “On Farm” Ministry of FoodRapid Kits for the Detection of Antibiotic Residues Processing Industriesin Raw Milk during Production and Processing(Naresh Kumar)Tissue Culture Production of Competent Donor Cells from Skin DBTFibroblasts of Elite Sahiwal Cattle and GeneExpression/Nuclear Transfer Studies(N. Anand Laxami)Probiotics Development of Molecular Techniques for DBTIdentification and Typing of Indigenous ProbioticCultures (V. K. Batish)Probiotics Exploring Propionibacteria as a Potential Source of DBTVitamin B 12and Functional Probiotic Ingredient in aDairy Based Nutraceutical Formulation (S. K. Tomar)Animal Nutrition Increasing the Anticarcinogenic Potency of Buffalo DBTMilk by Enhancing its CLA Content through DietaryModification (A. K. Tyagi)Animal Nutrition Mitigation of Methane Emission through Rumen DBTManipulation for Increased Productivity inBuffaloes (S. K. Sirohi)Animal Nutrition Evaluation of Cellulase and Xylanase (Exogenous DBTFibrolytic Enzymes) as Feed Additives for Growthand Milk Production in Ruminants (S. S. Thakur)Animal Nutrition Evaluation of Milk Replacer for Crossbred and ACE International,Buffalo Calves (A. K. Tyagi)New DelhiAnimal Nutrition Evaluation of Monensin Supplementation on Eli Lilly Asia Inc.,Methane Emission (S. K. Sirohi)BangaloreDevelopment of Development of Probiotic Dahi for Immune System DBTProbiotic foodModulation Cholesterol Lowering and AnticarcinogenicAttributes (V. K. Kansal)Development of Development of Probiotic Dahi having Ministry of FoodProbiotic Food Protective Potential against Intestinal Processing IndustriesCarcinogenesis (P. R. Sinha)

–– Research Collaborations ––Linkages with State Agricultural Universities/State Departments/Other ICAR Institutes/IndustriesArea Project/PI Collaborating AgenciesIndigenous Milk Network Project on R&D Support for “Process SMC College of Dairy Science,Product Technologies Upgradation of Indigenous Milk Products for AAU, Anand; WBUAFS,Industrial Application” (G. R. Patil)Mohanpur (WB); SRS, BangaloreProgeny Testing of Network Project on Buffaloes (A. K. Chakravarty) CIRB, Hisar; PAU, LudhianaMurrah Buffaloesand CCS HAU, Hisar; IVRI,Bairelly; NDAUT, FaizabadSahiwal Sire Evaluation Identification and Multiplication of Sahiwal Govt. Livestock Farm,Germplasm (R. S. Gandhi)Lucknow, Govt. CattleBreeding Farm, Drug,Chhattisgarh; College ofVeterinary Science andAnimal Husbandry, Durg;Shri Gaushala Trust, BhiwaniEnvironmental Impact Adaptation and Vulnerability of Indian ICAR (Network Project)PhysiologyAgriculture to Climate Change (R. C. Upadhyay)Endocrinology of Development and Validation of Hormone Principles NRC on Mithun,Mithun by EIA in Mithun (Bos Frontalis) and its Application Jharna Pani, Nagalandfor Growth Studies (B. S. Prakash)Endocrinology of Yak Studies on Endocrine Status of Yak during different NRC on Yak, Dirang,Stages of Growth (B. S. Prakash)Arunachal PradeshGenetic Characterization Genetic Characterization of Buffalo k-Casein Locus in NBAGR, Karnalof Buffalo BullsMurrah Bulls (A. K. Chakravarty/V. S. Raina)Feed Production Cattle Feed Production from Selective Seaweeds of AP CessIndian Coast (S. N. Rai)Milk Enzymes Development of Simple Enzymatic Tests for AP Cess, ICARMonitoring Heat Treatments in Milk and Milk Productsunder Pasteurization Conditions (Rajan Sharma)Economics Economics of Channa Production in Rural Areas of WBUAFS, KolkataWest Bengal (Lotan Singh)Cattle Nutrition Nutritional Status of High Altitude Dairy Animals in NRC on Yak, Dirang,Eastern Himalayan Region (A. Chatterjee)Arunachal PradeshClean Milk Production Studies on the Management Practices of Rural WBUAFS, KolkataDairy Cattle for Clean Milk Production in EasternIndia (P. K. Roy)Reproductive Physiology Development of Estrus Synchronization Protocols NRC on Mithun,in Mithun (Bos Frontalis) for Fixed TimeJharnapani, NagalandInsemination (B. S. Prakash)Tissue Culture Optimization of Gene Transfection in Skin Fibroblast NBAGRCells of Sahiwal Cattle for in vitro Expression(N. Anand Laxmi)Development of Dairy Development of Commercial Scale Unit of Continuous M/s Amul, Anand/Equipment Paneer Making Machine (S. P. Agrawala) Indian Dairy MachineryCorp., AnandDevelopment of Dairy Development of Commercial Scale Unit of Continuous M/s Amul, Anand/Equipment Rasogolla Ball Making Machine (Ruplal Chaudhary) Indian Dairy MachineryCorp., AnandRumen Manipulation Rumen Microbial Manipulation for Mitigation of NAIP, Bangalore; IVRI,Methane Emission and Productivity Enhancement in IzatnagarDairy Animals (A. Santra)75Mr. Ian Wright, ILRI Representative for Asia Region, NewDelhi inaugurating the exhibition stall' on the occasion of"Research–Extension–Industry–Farmers Interface for DairyDevelopment", organised by Dairy Extension Division,NDRI, Karnal during February 6-7, 2007

7 EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN ANDMAINSTREAMING OF GENDER ISSUES• Women in Agriculture Day was celebrated atKVK on 4 th December, 2006. A total of 200 ruralwomen from 9 villages participated. On thisoccasion, ten rural women/Extensionfunctionaries were honoured for theiroutstanding contribution / participation in thearea of Agriculture, Vermiculture, AnimalHusbandry and Home Science.• A three week training programme on“Machine Embroidery” was organized for13 women at KVK, NDRI, Karnal.• A training programme of 32 days duration wasorganized on “Stitching of Ladies Garments”for 20 women trainees in an adopted village ofKVK, NDRI, Karnal.• Twelve training programmes were organisedon “Preservation of Fruits & Vegetables,Preparation of Tomato Ketchup & Milkbased Sweets, Child Care & Nutrition andKitchen Gardening & its Importance” for the347 women from KVK adopted villages.• Two training programmes on “Preservationof Fruits & Vegetables and Preparationof Milk based Sweets” were organized for72 women extension functionaries by KVK,NDRI, Karnal.'Women in Agriculture Day' celebrated at NDRI• A programme on “Women Empowerment” wasorganised in village Arjaheri, Block Nilokheri,District Karnal in which 60 farm-women andrural girls were explained about the variousactivities of the KVK through which they cangenerate income and employment. On this day,the practical demonstration on making anduse of vermicompost was also organized inthe village.• Two training programmes on “Scientific DairyFarming” were organized for 22 rural/farmwomenof Karnal district and 10 women of Self-Help Groups sponsored by DRDA, Bhiwani(Haryana) at KVK, NDRI, Karnal.• Seven training-cum-exposure visits wereorganized by KVK for beneficiaries fromdifferent blocks of district Sirmaur, Mandi &Chamba (Himachal Pradesh) under RashtriyaSangh Vikas Yojna. During these visits 108 offarm-women and girls from these district wereexplained and shown the relevant worksrelated to scientific dairy farming under hillyregion perspective.76Members of a Self - Help Group (SHG) formed in an adoptedvillage of Karnal, through the efforts of scienctific personnelof Dairy Extension Division, NDRI, Karnal• A training programme of three days durationon “Vermicompost Making & its Importancein Organic Farming” was organized for11 rural women at KVK, NDRI, Karnal. Mostof the rural women trained have adopted thistechnology and they are using vermicompostin their own fields.• An exposure visit of KVK activities wasconducted for 36 farm-women from 8 villagesof Karnal district. These participants weremembers of Self-Help Group, Janshakti MahilaVikas Sangthan, Madhuban, Karnal.• Twenty-nine farm-women and other girls werespecially imparted training on Paneer making.Repeated trials were conducted on usingvarious prevalent methods of paneer makingand by using citric acid.• A special training programme of three daysduration on “Sustainable Mixed Farmingcomprising of dairying and crop production”was organised for the 30 farm-women fromAmbala, Yamunanagar, Rewari, Panchkulaand Mahendergarh district of Haryana.

–– Empowerment of Women and Mainstreaming of Gender Issues ––• The Research-Extension-Industry-Farmers-Interface for dairy development was organizedby Division of Dairy Extension during 6 th -7 thFebruary, 2007 evoked a great response amongfarm women, wherein more than 200 farmwomen from the different parts of Indiaactively by highlighting their respectiveproblems vis-à-vis dairy farming practices.Majority of their questions pertained to theproblems associated with credit facilities, dairycattle/buffalo breeding and feeding system.Subject Matter specialists (SMS) providedguidance to the women participants in thisregard.• During the year 2006, five short-term courseson “Cattle Nutrition and Fodder Production”were organized at ERS, Kalyani. A total of 118farm women participated in these courses.• The short-term courses on “Clean MilkProduction” were organised at SRS, Bangalorefor the rural women.A group of Women Dairy Farmers attending the"Research - Extension - Industry - Farmers Interface forDairy Development" organised by Dairy ExtensionDivision, NDRI, Karnal during Feb. 6-7, 2007participated. All the women showed keeninterest in all the activities of the Interface.During the Question-Answer session womenfarmers engaged in dairying participated• A special awareness programme on “DiseaseManagement Aspects of Sheep Rearing” wasorganised at SRS, Bangalore for the 50 farmwomen from the adopted villages viz. Rajankunte,Suradenapura, Viswanathapura, Honnenahalliand Sriramanahalli. Presentations on clean milkproduction, green fodder production andbalanced feeding were made by subject matterspecialists for the farm women.A programme on Women Empowerment beingconducted at village ArjehriDemonstration on comparative methods ofpaneer making for rural women77

8 PUBLICATIONS78Institute PublicationsAggarwal, A. (2007) Practical Manual on LactationPhysiology. Dairy Cattle Physiology Division,NDRI, Karnal. pp:1-100.Arora, S., Sharma, V., Wadhwa, B. K., Sharma,G. S., Singh, A. K. and George, V. (2007)A laboratory Manual on Analysis of ArtificialSweeterers in Dairy Products. Dairy ChemistryDivision, NDRI, Karnal pp 1-72.De. S., Datta, T. K. and Raghav, S. (Ed.) (2007)“Recent Advances in Expression GenomicTechniques”. (Compendium Practical Protocols)Animal Biotechnology Centre, NDRI, Karnal.Goswami, S. L., Datta, T. K., Gupta, I. D., Singh, R.R. B. and Malik, Meena (2006) NDRI : FulfillingNation’s Dairy Dreams. NDRI Publication No. 23,2006.Goswami, S. L., Rajput, Y. S., Singh, R. R. B. Datta,T. K., Sharma, Rajan, Sirohi, Smita, Jha, S. K. andMalik, Meena (2007) NDRI : Perspective Plan :Vision 2025. NDRI, Karnal.Gupta, J., Chinnadurai S. and Jha, S. K. (Ed) (2007)Dairy Extension Division - At a Glance. DairyExtension Division, NDRI, Karnal.Gupta, I. D., Chakravarty R., Ashutosh Manju,Chinnadurai. S. and Jha. S. K. (Ed) (2007) Research-Extension-Industry-Farmer Interface for DairyDevelopment, (Compendium). Dairy ExtensionDivision, NDRI, Karnal.Kaushik, J. K., Ruhil, A. P., Jain, D. K. and Nagpal,R. C. (Ed.) (2006) Computational Biology andBioinformatics. (Compendium) Bioinformatics Sub-Centre, Computer Centre, NDRI, Karnal, pp 1-117.Kumar, R., Sangwan, R. B. and Mann, B. (2007) Alaboratory Manual on Chemical Analysis of MilkProteins. NDRI, Karnal, pp 1-85.Mani, Veena and Kaur, Harjit (2007) A manual onAnalytical Techniques in Mineral Analysis. NDRIKarnal.Mehta, Saroj and Gosain, Dalip (2006) (ED) AonlaKe Utpad Banana (Folder) KVK, NDRI, Karnal.Mehta, Saroj and Gosain, Dalip (2006) (ED) AluKe Utpad Banana (Folder) KVK, NDRI, Karnal.Pal, Dharam, Sabikhi, Lata, Singh, A. K., Raju, N.and Sharma, Kirti (Ed) (2006) Developments inTraditional Dairy Products. (Compendium) DairyTechnology Division, NDRI, KarnalPrasad, Shiv, Ghosh, C. P., Mohanty, T. K. Tyagi,A. K., Kamboj, M. L. and Joshi, B. K. (2007)Technical Bulletin on Body Condition ScoringTechnique in Dairy Cattle. NDRI, Karnal.Sabikhi, Latha and Thompkinson, D. K. (2006) ALaboratory Manual on Cheese and Fermented Milk.NDRI Publication No.25, 2006.“Safal Gathain” KVK, TTC, NDRI, Publication.Sharma, V., Arora, S., Lal, D. and Wadhwa, B. K.(2007) A Laboratory Manual on Analysis of MilkLipids (Ghee). Dairy Chemistry Division, NDRI,Karnal pp 1-73.Sharma, D. K., Singh, Mahendra, Dey, R. A. (Ed.)(2006) Prospects and Challenges of ManufacturingOrganic Indigenous Milk Products for Export Market.(Proceedings) ERS-NDRI, Kalyani, West Bengal.Sirohi, S. K., Kundu, S. S., Mohini, Madhu andPuniya, A. K. (2007) Laboratory Manual onBiotechnology of Ruminant Feed Utilization. NDRI,Karnal.Sirohi, S. K., Kundu, S. S. and Singh, Sohanvir(2007). Gopashu Poshan avam Prabandh. NDRIPublication No 26/2007.Sood, S. K. (2006) Instruction Manual for Tools andTechniques in Biochemistry, Cell & Molecular Biologyand Bioinformatics. NDRI, Karnal.Thompkinson, D. K., Jessa, Ram and Goyal, G. K.(2006) Manual of Analytical Methods for Milk andMilk Products. Dairy Technology Division, NDRI,Karnal.Thompkinson, D. K. and Latha, Sabikhi (2006) ALaboratory Manual on Market Milk. NDRIPublication No. 24, 2006.Upadhyaya, M., Chakravarty, R., Gupta, I. D., Jha,S. K. and Aasutosh (Ed). (2007) Aadhunik DairyPashu Prabandan. Dairy Extension Division,NDRI, Karnal.Dairy Cattle Breeding DivisionResearch PapersAggarwal, R. A. K., Sodhi, Monika, Manishi,Mukesh, Chakravarty, A. K., Raina, V. S.,Ahlawat, S. P. S. and Kumar, Yogender (2007)

–– Publications ––79k-casein polymorphism and milk traits in IndianMurrah buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis).Milchwissenschaft, 62 (2) : 119 - 21.Anjumoni, Mech and Prasad, Shiv (2006) Effectof different milk feeding strategies on growth, feedefficiency, blood immunoglobulin level anddisease incidence of crossbred calves. Indian J.Anim. Sci., 76 : 93 - 95.Banik, S. and Gandhi, R. S. (2006) Animal modelversus conventional methods of sire evaluationin Sahiwal cattle. Asian Austra. J. Anim. Sci., 19 (9): 1225 - 28.Geetha, E., Chakravarty, A. K. and K. VinayaKumar (2006) Genetic persistency of first lactationmilk yield estimated using random regressionmodel for Indian Murrah buffaloes. Asian Austra.J. Anim. Sci., 19 (12) : 1696 -1701.Gunasekaran, M., Singh, Charan, Gupta, A. K.(2007) Oestrus mucus crystallization pattern incrossbred cattle and Murrah buffaloes. Indian J.Anim. Prod. and Mgmt., 21 (1-4) : 1 - 5.Gunasekaran, M., Singh, Charan, Gupta, A. K.(2007) Effect of oestrus on milk yield in crossbredcattle and Murrah buffaloes. Indian J. Anim. Prod.and Mgmt., 21 (1 - 4) : 104 - 05.Kamboj, M. L. and Chawla, D. S. (2006) A studyon breeding performance of Nili-Ravi buffaloes.Indian J. Anim. Res., 40 (2) : 118 - 22.Kamboj, M. L., Joshi, B. K., Singh, G. and Prasad,Shiv (2006) A study on calf mortality in Nili-Ravibuffalo calves. Indian J. Dairy Sci., 59 : 181 - 84.Kannan, D. S. and Gandhi, R. S. (2006) Predictionof lifetime production in Sahiwal cattle. Indian J.Anim. Sci., 76 (9) : 768 - 69.Kumar, A. and Singh, A. (2006) Genetic andenvironmental factors influencing persistency ofmilk production in Karan Fries cattle. Indian J.Anim. Res., 40 : 95 - 100.Kumbhare, S. G. and Gandhi, R. S. (2006) Timeseries analysis of first lactation traits in KaranFries cattle. Indian J. Dairy Sci., 59 (6) : 369 - 71.Meiso, Guru and Prasad, Shiv (2006) Effect ofenergy and bypass protein supplementation ongrowth performance of crossbred kids. Indian J.Dairy Sci., 59 : 229 - 32.Meiso, Guru, Prasad, Shiv and Kamboj, M. L.(2006) Effect of energy and bypass proteinsupplementation on the production performanceof lactating crossbred goats. Indian J. Dairy Sci.,59 : 90 - 94.Mukherjee, S. and Yadav, B. R. (2006) Differentialbanding patterns in sex chromosomes of crossbredgoats. Indian J. Dairy Sci., 59 (4) : 252 - 56.Rachagani, Satyanarayana, Gupta, I. D.,Venkateswarlu and Verma, Archana (2006) PCR-RFLP studies of pituitary transcription factor – 1(PIT-1) gene in Murrah buffalo. Indian J. DairySci., 59 (3) : 159 - 62.Ramachandran, N., Prasad, Shiv and Raju, S.(2006) A Study of mortality pattern in crossbreddairy goats in semiarid India. Indian J. Anim. Sci.,76 : 843 - 46.Satyanarayana, R., Gupta, I. D., Gupta, Neelamand Gupta, S. C. (2006) Genotyping of b-lactoglobulin gene by PCR-RFLP in Sahiwal andTharparkar cattle breeds. BMC genetics, 7 : 31.Samanta, A., Prasad, Shiv and Ghosh, C. P. (2006)Studies on the sub-clinical mastitis incidence inKaran Swiss and Karan Fries crossbred cows.Indian J. Dairy Sci., 59 : 13 -18.Sarkar, U. Gupta, A. K., Mohanty, T. K., Raina, V.S. and Prasad, S. (2006) Genetic and nongeneticfactors affecting milk yield and milk constituentsin Murrah buffaloes. J. Dairying Foods & HomeSci., 25 (2) : 125 - 28.Sarkar, U. Gupta, A. K., Mohanty, T. K., Raina, V.S. and Prasad, S. (2006) Estimates of geneticparameter for lactational milk constituents andyield, traits in Murrah buffaloes J. Dairying Foods& Home Sci., 25 (2) : 149 - 51.Sarkar, U. Gupta, A. K., Sarkar, V. Mohanty, T. K.,Raina, V. S. and Prasad, S. (2006) Factors affectingtest day milk yield and milk composition in dairyanimals. J .Dairying Foods & Home Sci., 25 (2) :129- 32.Sarkar, Uttam, Gupta, A. K., Mohanty, T. K., Raina,V.S. and Prasad, Shiv (2006) Estimates of geneticparameters for lactational milk constituents andyield traits in Murrah buffaloes. J. Dairying Foodand Home Sci., 25 : 149 - 51.

–– Publications ––80Sarkar, Uttam, Gupta, A. K., Mohanty, T. K., Raina,V.S. and Prasad, Shiv (2006) Genetic and nongenetic factors affecting milk yield and milkconstituents in Murrah buffaloes. J. Dairying Foodand Home Sci., 25 : 125 - 28.Sarkar, Uttam, Gupta, A. K., Sarkar, V., Mohanty,T. K., Raina, V.S. and Prasad, Shiv (2006) Factorsaffecting test day milk yield and milkcomposition in dairy animals. J. Dairying Foodand Home Sci. 25 : 129 - 32.Singh, P. K., Gaur, G. K., Pundir, R. K. and Singh,A. (2007) Characterization and evaluation ofGangatiri cattle breed in its native tract. Indian J.Anim. Sci., 77 (1) : 66 - 70.Taraphder, S., Tomar, S. S., Gupta, A. K. (2006)Consequences of selection based on index withproduction, reproduction and lactation disordertraits in Murrah buffaloes. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 76(10) : 857 - 59.Taraphder, S., Tomar, S. S., Gupta, A. K. (2006)Incidence, inheritance and economics of mastitisin an organised herd of Murrah buffaloes. IndianJ. Anim. Sci., 76 (10) : 838- 42.Yadav, Anita and Yadav, B. R. (2007) Geneticdiversity among six breeds of Indian goat usingRAPD markers. Biotechnology 6 (1) : 57 - 60.Yadav, Anita, Yadav, B. R. and Mandhan, R. P.(2006) Sex chromosome polymorphisms in threebreeds of goats. J. Cytology and Genetics, 7 (1) : 39 -42.Popular ArticlesGhosh, Chittapriya, Roy, Biswajit, Pankaj, P. K.Prasad, Shiv and Brahma, B. (2006) Managementstrategies to alleviate heat stress in dairy animals.Indian Dairyman, 58 : 51 - 61.Gandhi, R. S. and Singh, Surendra (2006)Performance of crossbred cattle and strategies forenhancing their milk production. Indian Farming,55 : 19 - 23.Kamboj, M. L., Vishwakarma, V. K. and Singh,Avtar (2007) Abnormal behaviours in dairy cattleand buffaloes: causes and their management.Indian Dairyman, 59 (1) : 27-33.Prasad, Shiv (2006) Managing dairy animals foroptimum productivity and health. Indian Farming,56 : 13 - 15.Book ChapterPrasad, Shiv and Ghosh, C. P. (2006) Strategiesfor amelioration of heat stress on dairy animals.All India Dairy Business Directory (Dairy YearBook, 2006). Sadana Publishers and DistributorsGaziabad, N. Delhi. pp 371 - 77.Dairy Cattle Nutrition DivisionResearch PapersAlliarabi, Hassan and Chhabra, A. (2006) Effectof chelated vs. inorganic zinc supplementationon vitamin A utilization and immune responsein growing crossbred calves. Indian J. Dairy Sci.,60 : 1 - 8.Ayyappan, K. and Tomer, S. K. (2006) Evaluationof faecal inoculum for estimating digestibility offeedstuffs. Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 23 : 59 - 62.Barman, K. and Rai, S. N. (2006) Utilization oftanniniferous feed 2. Effect of tanniniferous feedon nutrient digestibility, gas production andtannin degradation products in cattle in-vitro.Indian J. Anim. Sci., 76 : 829 - 37.Datt, Chander, Niranjan, M., Chhabra, A.,Chatopadhyay, K. and Dhiman, K. R. (2006)Forage yield, chemical composition and in-vitrodigestibility of different cultivars of maize. IndianJ. Dairy Sci., 59 (3) : 177 - 80.Gupta, N., Tyagi, A. K. and Singhal, K. K. (2006)One point in situ incubation estimation ofundegraded protein in tropical forages. Asian Aust.J. Anim. Sci., 19 : 1603-9.Hozhabri, F. and Singhal, K. K. (2006) In-vitroevaluation of sugarcane bagasse in complete feed.Indian J. Anim. Nutr., 23 : 88 - 93.Hozhabri, F. and. Singhal, K. K (2006) Effect ofincorporation of sugarcane bagasse andformaldehyde treated mustard cake in wheatstraw based complete feed block on rumenfermentation pattern, and outflow rate of digestain crossbred bulls. Indian J. Dairy Sci., 59 : 239 - 42.Kumar, R. Senthil and Kaur, Harjit (2006) Effectof feeding anionic diets prepartum on milkproduction of crossbred dairy cows. Indian J.Anim. Sci., 11 : 950 - 54.Kumar, R. Senthil and Kaur, Harjit (2007) Macromineral status and dietary cation-anion

–– Publications ––81difference value of some Indian feeds and fodders.Anim. Nutr. Feed Tech., 7 : 111- 17.Mohini, Madhu, Mani, Veena and Singh, G. P.(2007) Effect of different ratios of green and dryroughage on milk production and methaneemission in cattle. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 77 : 79 - 82.Mishra, Sidhartha, Thakur, S. S. and Tyagi, Nitin(2006) Effect of different forms of mustard oilsupplementation on in vitro dry matter, cell walldegradability, gas production andbiohydrogenation of unsaturated C 18fatty acids.Indian J. Anim. Sci., 76 (5) : 68 - 74.Panda, N., Kaur, Harjit and. Mohanty, T. K (2006)Reproductive performance of dairy buffaloessupplemented with varying levels of vitamin E.Asian-Austra asian. J. Anim. Sci., 19 : 19 - 25.Panda, N. and Kaur, Harjit (2007) Feedingsynthetic vitamin E or milk from vitamin Esupplemented Murrah buffaloes on growth,immunity and mineral status of calves. Anim.Nutr. Feed Tech., 7 : 1-10.Ramachandran, M. and Singhal, K. K. (2006)Digestion kinetics of complete diets based onwheat straw and alkali treated cottonseed hulls.J. Anim. Nutr. Feed Tech. 6 : 49 - 56.Saluja, M., Tyagi, A. K. and Singhal, K. K. (2006)Effect of berseem feeding on nutrient utilization andmilk yield in goats. Indian J. Dairy Sci., 59 : 29 - 32.Singhal, K. K., Kumar, Senthil N., Tyagi, A. K. andRajput, Y. S. (2006) Evaluation of Bt cottonseed asprotein supplement in the ration of lactating dairycows. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 76 : 532 - 37.Thakur, S. S., Tomar, S. K. and Malik, Raman(2006) Effect of feeding total mixed rations on thegrowth performance of buffalo calves. Indian J.Anim. Nutr., 23 : 5 - 9.Thareja, A., Puniya, A. K., Goel, G., Nagpaul, R.,Sehgal, J. P., Singh, P. K. and Singh, K. (2006) Invitro degradation of wheat straw by anaerobicfungi from small ruminants. Archives of Anim.Nutr., 60 (5) : 1 - 6.Tomer, S. K., Singh, O., Verma, A. K. and Pathak,N. N. (2006) Growth and yield of wheat varietiesas influenced by various stages of green forageharvest. Range Mgt. & Agroforestry, 27 : 28 - 30.Tripathi V. K., Sehgal, J. P., Puniya, A. K. andSingh, K. (2007) Hydrolytic activities of anaerobicfungi from wild blue bull (Boselaphus hagocamelus).Anaerobic, 13 : 36 - 39.Tyagi, A. K., Kewalramani, N., Dhiman, T. R.,Kaur, Harjit, Singhal, K. K. and Kanawajia, S.K. (2006) Conjugated linoleic acid content ofmilk and milk products from buffaloes feddifferent fat sources. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 76 :742 - 46.Tyagi, A. K., Kewalramani, N., Dhiman, T. R.,Kaur, H., Singhal, K. K and Kanwajia, S. K. (2007)Enhancement of the conjugated linoleic acidcontent of buffalo milk and milk products throughgreen fodder feeding. Anim Feed Sci. Tech., 133 :351- 58.Popular ArticlePanda, N. and Kaur, Harjit (2007) Role of vitaminE in control of mastitis in dairy animals. LivestockInternational, 11 (2) : 5 - 8.Book ChaptersSehgal, J. P., Sharma, D. D., Ghosh, M. K. andSinghal, K. K. (2006) Fattening of male buffalocalves for veal production. All India Dairy BusinessDirectory (Dairy Year Book) FF-20 Palika Bazar,G.T. Road, Ghaziabad. pp. 289 - 91.Sehgal, J. P., Sharma, D. D., Singhal, K. K. andGhosh, M. K. (2006) Meat production potentialityof Indian Murrah buffaloes raised for beef on twolevels of concentrate in the diet. All India DairyBusiness Directory (Dairy Year Book) FF-20 PalikaBazar, G.T. Road, Ghaziabad. pp. 331 - 38.Dairy Cattle Physiology DivisionResearch PapersAggarwal, A. and Singh, M. (2006) Effect of watercooling on physiological responses, milkproduction and composition of Murrah buffaloesduring hot-humid season. Indian J. Dairy Sci., 59(6) : 386 - 89.Haldar, A. and Prakash, B. S. (2006) Growthhormone releasing factor (GRF) induced growthhormone advances puberty in female buffaloes.Anim. Reprod. Sci., 92 : 254 - 67.Mondal, M., Rajkhowa, C. and Prakash, B. S.(2006) Determination of effective dosage of GHreleasingfactor for blood GH responses inMithun (bos frontalis). J Anim Physiol. and Anim.Nutr., 90 : 453 - 58.

–– Publications ––82Mondal, M., Rajkhowa, C. and Prakash, B. S.(2006) Oestrous behaviour and timing ofovulation in relation to onset of estrus and LHpeak in mithun (Bos frontalis) cows. Reproductionin Domestic Animals, 41 : 479 - 84.Mondal, M, Rajkhowa, C. and Prakash, B. S.(2006) Relationship of plasma estradiol-17b, totalestrogens and progesterone to estrous behaviourin mithun (Bos frontalis) cows. Hormones andBehavior, 49 : 626 - 33.Mondal, M, Rajkhowa, C., Meyer, H. H. D andPrakash, B. S. (2006) Highly sensitive secondantibody format enzymeimmunoassay fordetermination of 13-14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF 2áinblood plasma of mithun (Bos frontalis).Prostaglandins and other lipid mediators, 80 : 100 - 09.Mondal, M. Rajkhowa, C. and Prakash, B. S.(2006) Exogenous GH-releasing hormoneincreases GH and LH secretion in growingmithuns (Bos frontalis). General and ComparativeEndocrinology, 149 : 197 - 204.Mondal, M., Rajkhowa, C. and Prakash, B. S.(2006) Behavioural estrous signs can predict thetime of ovulation in mithun (Bos frontalis).Theriogenology, 66 : 1391 - 96.Mondal, M., Rajkhowa, C. and Prakash, B. S.(2006) Development of a biotin-streptavidinamplified enzyme immunoassay for oxytocinand its application during milk ejection and thereproductive cycle in the mithun (Bos frontalis).Zoological Sci., 23 : 633 - 39.Mondal, M., Rajkhowa, C. and Prakash, B. S.(2007) Plasma growth hormone in mithun (Bosfrontalis) of different ages: relations with age andbody weight. J. Anim Physiol. and Anim. Nutr., 91 :68 - 73.Mondal, S., Palta, P. and Prakash, B. S. (2007)Endocrine aspects of estrous cycle in buffaloes(Bubalus bubalis): an overview. Asian Austra. J.Anim. Sci., 20 : 124 - 31.Roy, K. S. and Prakash, B. S. (2007) Developmentand validation of a simple sensitive enzymeimmunoassay (EIA) for quantification ofprolactin in buffalo plasma. Theriogenology, 67 :572 - 79.Sarkar, M., Borah, S., Chakravarty, P., Deka, B.,Sharma, B., Dattaborah, B., Borah, S., Raquib,M., Baruah, K., Ramesha, K. P., Pourochottamne,P., Kataktalware, M. A., Sarvanan, A., Sengupta,D. Das, S., Prakash, B. S. and Bhattacharya, M.(2006) Calves born from anestrus yaks (PoephagusGrunniens L.) subjected to ovsynch andsuperovulation treatment. Zoological Sci., 23 : 721- 25.Singh, A. K., Brar, P. S., Nanda, A. S. and Prakash,B. S. (2006) Effect of suckling on basal and GnRHinducedLH release in post-partum dairybuffaloes. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 95 : 244 - 50.Singh, R. and Singh, S. V. (2006) Circadianchanges in peripheral temperature andphysiological responses under solar exposureand shed during summer in Karan Fries heifers.Indian J. Anim. Sci., 76 (8) : 605 - 08.Popular ArticlesAggarwal, Anjali and Singh, Mahendra (2006)Impact of microclimatic modification onproduction of dairy animals during summer.Indian Dairyman, 58 (3) : 49 - 59.Dang, A. K. and Singh, M. (2006) Udder the mostimportant asset of dairy industry, its care andmanagement. Indian Dairyman, 58(8) : 57 - 63.Animal Biotechnology DivisionResearch PapersAswal, A. P., Datta, T. K., Raghav, Sarvesh, De. S.,Yadav, P. and Goswami S. L. (2007) Developmentof a competitive quantitative PCR strategy forevaluating the expression stability of 18s rRNAduring in vitro maturation of buffalo (Bubalusbubalis) follicular oocytes. Reprod. Dom. Anim.,42 (2) : 195 - 201.De., S. and Singh, R. K. (2006) Identification ofnew MHC-DRB3 alleles from Indian (Bos indicus)cattle. Animal Genetics, 37 : 605.Gautam, S. K., Verma, V., Singh, B., Manik, R. S.,Singla, S. K., Palta, P. and Chauhan, M. S. (2006)Vitrification of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) somaticcell cultures by dimethyl sulphoxide. Reprod. Dom.Anim., 41: 311.Kaushik, J. K., Iimura, S., Ogasahara, K.,Yamagata, Y., Segawa, S-i., and Yutani, K. (2006)Completely-buried, non-ion-paired glutamic acidcontributes favorably to the conformationalstability of pyrrolidone carboxylic peptidases fromhyperthermophiles, Biochemistry, 45 : 7100 - 12.

–– Publications ––83Meena, C. R. and Das, S. K. (2006) Developmentof water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) embryos from invitro matured oocytes reconstructed with fetalskin fibroblast cells as donor nuclei. Anim. Repord.Sci., 93 : 258 - 67.Meena, C. R. and Das, S. K. (2006) Vitrification ofwater buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) fetal skin fibroblastcells. Indian J. Biotechnol, 5 : 236 - 38.Verma, V., Gautam, S. K., Singh, B., Manik, R. S.,Palta, P., Singla, S. K., Goswami, S. L. andChauhan, M. S. (2007) Isolation andcharacterization of embryonic stem cell-like cellsfrom in-vitro produced buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)embryos. Mol. Reprod. Develop.,74 : 520 - 29.Verma, V., Chauhan, M. S., Gautam, S. K., Singh,B., Manik, R. S., Singla, S. K. and Palta, P. (2006)Production of embryonic stem cells from in vitroproduced buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) embryos.Reprod. Dom. Anim., 41: 311.Popular ArticlesAnand, T., Singh, B., Gautam, S. K., Verma, V., Palta,P., Singla, S. K., Manik, R. S. and Chauhan, M. S.(2006) Embryonic stem cells: A potential tool tocloning and transgenesis. Dairy Planner, 5 : 16 - 23.Gautam, S. K., Verma, V., Singh, B., Anand, T.,Manik, R. S., Singla, S. K., Palta, P. and Chauhan,M. S. (2006) Cryopreservation: A boon to dairylivestock production. Dairy Planner, 2 : 11 - 14.Singh, B., Singla, S. K., Gautam, S. K., Verma, V.,Anand, T., Manik, R. S. and Chauhan, M. S. (2006)Animal cloning: A potential tool for augmentationof dairy livestock. Dairy Planner, 6 : 8 - 10.Verma, V., Gautam, S. K., Singh, B., Anand, T.,Kumar, M., Manik, R. S., Singla, S. K., Palta, P.and Chauhan, M. S. (2006) Transgenic livestock:Outlook for the future. Dairy Planner, 2 : 35 - 40.Animal Biochemistry DivisionResearch PapersGoel, Anita, Sharma, R. K. and Tandon, H. K. L.(2006) A comparison of different polymeric gelsfor entrapment of cells of Streptococcusthermophilus containing -galactosidase. J. FoodSci. Technol., 43 (5) : 526 - 31.Kapila, S., Vibha and Sinha, P. R. (2006)Antioxidative and hypocholesterolemic effect ofLactobacillus casei ssp casei. Indian J. Med. Sci., 60 :361 - 70.Kapila, S. Sinha, P. R and Singh, S. (2007)Influence of feeding fermented milk and nonfermentedmilk containing Lactobacillus casei onimmune response in mice. Food and AgriculturalImmunology, 18 : 75 - 82.Malhotra, N., Singh, D. and Sharma, M. K. (2007)Cloning, expression and hormonal regulation ofsteroidogenic acute regulatory protein gene in buffaloovary. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 20 (2) : 184 - 93.Onteru, S. K., Sharma, M. K. and Singh, D. (2006)DNA isolation from goat blood using differentbrands of house hold detergents and itsdownstream application. Indian J. Exptl. Biol., 44: 852 - 54.Roy, S. C. and Atreja, S. K. (2007) Tyrosinephosphorylation of a 38 kDa capacitationassociated buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) sperm proteinis induced by L-arginine and regulated througha cAMP/PKA-independent pathway. Int. J.Androl. 30: doi: 10. 111/j.Roy, S. C. and Atreja, S. K. (2007) Production ofsuperoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide bycapacitating buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)spermatozoa. Anim. Reprod. Sci., doi; 10.1016/jSingh, G., Arora, S., Sharma, G. S., Sindhu, J. S.and Kansal, V. K. (2007) Heat stability andcalcium bioavailability of calcium fortified milk.LWT. Food Sci. and Tech., 40 : 625 - 31.Uma, R. and Atreja, S. K. (2006) Antioxidantenzymes during in-vitro capacitation and inrelation to fertility status of buffalo spermatozoa.Indian J. Dairy Sci., 59 (3) : 142 - 45.Vibha, Sinha, P. R. and Yadav, H. (2007)Antiatherogenic effect of probiotic dahi in ratsfed cholesterol enriched diet. J. Food Sci. and Tech.,44 (2) : 127 - 29.Yadav, H., Jain, S. and Sinha, P. R. (2007)Antidiabetic effect of probiotic dahi containingLactobacillus acidophilus and lactobacillus casei inhigh fructose fed rats. Nutr., 23 (1) : 62 - 68.Yadav, H., Jain, S. and Sinha, P. R. (2006) Effect ofskim milk and dahi (yoghurt) on blood glucose,insulin and lipid profile in rats fed with highfructose diet. J. Med. Food, 9 (3) : 328 - 35.

–– Publications ––84Yadav, H., Jain, Shalini and Sinha, P. R. (2006)Effect of dahi containing Lactococcus lactis on theprogression of diabetes induced by a highfructosediet in rats. Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem.,70 (5) : 1255 – 58.Yadav, H., Jain, Shalini and Sinha, P. R. (2007)Formation of oligosaccharides in skim milkfermented with mixed dahi cultures, Lactococcuslactis ssp diacetylactis and probiotic strains oflactobacilli. J. Dairy Res., 74 : 154- 59.Popular ArticleYadav, H., Jain, Shalini and Sinha, P. R. (2006)Internet-implications for the future of probioticsand prebiotics research. Indian Dairyman, 58 (6) :48 - 63.Kansal, V.K. (2006) Nutritional qualities of milk,Dairy Year Book 2006, 3rd Edn., V. Sadana ed.pp. 106-14.Dairy Technology DivisionResearch PapersPatange, D. D., Singh, R. R. B., Patel, A. A. andPatil G. R. (2006) Consumer acceptance of readyto-reconstituteBasundi Mix. Indian J. Dairy Sci.,59 (3) : 151- 54.Patange, D. D., Tyagi, R. K., Singh, R. R. B., Patel,A. A., Patil, G. R. (2006) Consumer responsestudies on ready-to reconstitute Rasmalai mix.Indian J. Dairy Sci., 59 (4) : 221 - 24.Pawar, Sunil, Sharma, Ashwani, Singh, AshishKumar and Jakhar, K. K. (2007) Studies ongenotoxic effect of sucralose on laboratory mice.Indian J. Anim. Res., 41 (1) : 1 - 8.Singh, Ashish Kumar, Nath, Nirankar and Arora,Sumit (2006) Composition and thermal behaviourof whey protein preparations under acidicconditions. J. Dairying Food Home Sci., 25 (1) : 8 -14.Tanweer, Alam and Goyal, G. K. (2006) Influenceof modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) on thechemical quality of mozzarella cheese stored indifferent packages at deep freeze conditions.Indian J. Dairy Sci., 59 : 139 - 43.Tanweer, Alam and Goyal, G. K. (2006) Influenceof modified atmosphere packaging on thechemical quality of mozzarella cheese duringrefrigerated storage. J. Food Sci. Technol., 43 (6) :662 - 66.Tanweer, Alam and Goyal, G. K. (2007) Changesin functional characteristics of mozzarella cheeseduring storage as influenced by modifiedatmosphere packaging (MAP), Indian J. Anim. Sci.,77 (2) : 196 - 200.Review ArticlesGeorge, V., Arora, S., Sharma, V., Wadhwa, B. K.,Sharma, G. S. and Singh, Ashish Kumar (2006)Sweeteners blends and their application: Areview. Indian J. Dairy Sci., 59 (3) : 131 - 38.Pal, Dharam and Londhe, G. K. (2006)Application of membrane technology for theupgradation of manufacturing technologies fortraditional Indian dairy products: A Review.Indian J. Dairy Sci., 59 (4) : 203 - 09.Paltani, I. P. and Goyal, G. K. (2007) Packaging ofdahi and yoghurt : A Review. Indian J. Dairy Sci.,60 (1) : 1 - 11.Tanweer, Alam and Goyal, G. K. (2006) Colourand pigment changes during modifiedatmospheres storage of fruits and vegetables.Stewart Post-Harvest Rev. (Online ISSN: 1745-9656), 2 (5) : 148 - 56.Popular ArticlesGoyal, G. K., Shrivastava, Swati and Tanweer,Alam (2007) Packaging of bakery products.Processed Food Ind., 10 (3) : 49 - 52.Goyal, G. K., Tanweer, Alam, Singh, Preeti andShrivastava, Swati (2006) Profitable & readilyadoptable technology for mozzarella cheese.Processed Food Ind., 9 (12) : 25 - 26, 28 - 29, 32 - 33.Goyal, G. K. and Tanweer, Alam (2006)Composite cans for food industry. IndianDairyman, 58 (9) : 3 - 66.Gupta, V. K. (2006) Role of membrane processingin value addition of dairy products. Beverage &Food World, 33 (11) : 48 - 50.Gupta, V. K. and Singh S. (2006) Utilization ofWhey. Bulletin, IDA, New Delhi.Kanawjia, S. K. and Khurana, H. K. (2006)Development of paneer variants using milk andnon-milk solids. Processed Food Ind., 28 : 38 - 42.

–– Publications ––85Khurana, H. K. and Kanawjia, S. K. (2006) Recentdevelopments in packaging of agricultural andhorticultural products. Packaging India, 39 : 9 - 20.Khurana, H. K. and Kanawjia, S. K. (2007) Recenttrends in development of fermented milks. CurrentNutrition Food Sci., (USA) 3 : 91-108.Londhe, G. K., Pal, Dharam and Narender, Raju(2006) Packaging of traditional Indian dairyproducts : Present status and future prospects.Indian Food Ind., 25 (6) : 41 - 45.Makhal, S., Kumar, J. and Kanawjia, S. K. (2006)Low residue diet: A novel nutritional concept.Beverage Food World, 33 : 29 - 31.Makhal. S. and Kanawjia, S. K. (2006) Emergenceof ethicap: Ethics and Genesis. Beverage FoodWorld, 33 : 63 – 66.Makhal. S., Mandal, S. and Kanawjia, S. K. (2006)Antimicrobial packaging systems. PackagingIndia, 39 : 7 - 18.Makhal. S., Mandal, S. and Kanawjia, S. K. (2006)Recent developments in antimicrobial ediblepackaging. Beverage and Food World, 33 : 23 - 28.Sabikhi, L. (2006) Milk proteins – A source of novelnutraceuticals. Processed Food Ind., 9 (12) : 19 - 24.Tanweer, Alam and Goyal, G. K. (2006) Foodpackaging- is it a plastic age? Processed FoodIndustry, 10 (2) : 37, 40 - 41 & 43 - 48.Tanweer, Alam and Goyal, G. K. (2006) Scope ofpackaging in dairy industry. Processed FoodIndustry, 9 (12) : 44 - 45, 48 - 49 & 51 - 53.Tanweer, Alam, Goyal, G. K. and Singh, Preeti(2006) Packaging machines used in dairyindustry. Processed Food Ind., 9 (6) : 16 -19 & 29.Book ChapterGoyal, G. K. and Tanweer, Alam (2007) SemiautomaticPackaging of Milk and Milk Products. InDairy India 2007, 6 th ed. (Ed. Sharad Gupta), publ.Dairy India Yearbook, New Delhi, pp 373-376.Dairy Engineering DivisionPopular ArticlesPal, Dharam and Agrawala, S. P. (001/TE/2007),First Edition Monograph of IDA on khoamanufacturing.Pal, Dharam and Agrawala, S. P. (002/TE/2007),First Edition Monograph of IDA on Paneermanufacturing.Dairy Chemistry DivisionResearch PapersCharles, S. J. A., Sharma, R., Rajput, Y. S. andSingh, R. R. B. (2006) A polarimetric method forthe quantitative estimation of added starch inmilk. Indian J. Dairy Sci., 59 (5) : 287 - 90.Kumar, V. V., Sharma, V. and Bector, B. S. (2006)Effect of ripening on total conjugated linoleic acidand its isomers in buffalo cheddar cheese. Int. J.Dairy Tech., 59 (4) : 257 - 60.Kumar, V. V., Sharma, V. and Bector, B. S. (2006)Efficacy of cheese starter cultures in theproduction of conjugated linoleic acid. Indian J.Dairy Sci., 59 (4) : 265 - 67.Mangalika, U. L. P., Arora, S., Sharma, G. S. andKanawjia, S. K. (2006) Compositional andsensory profile of coconut cream filled Goudacheese. J. Food Sci & Technol., 43 (4) : 357 - 60.Mangalika, U. L. P., Arora, S., Sharma, G. S.,Kanawjia, S. K. and Tomer, S. K. (2006) Texturaland structural properties of coconut cream filledGouda cheese during ripening. J. Food Sci. &Technol., 43 (4) : 361 - 65.Singh, A. K., Nath, N. and Arora, S. (2006)Composition and thermal behaviour of wheyprotein preparations under acidic conditions. J.Dairying. Foods and Home Sci., 25 (1) : 8 - 14.Singh, G, Arora, S, Sharma, G. S., Sindhu, J. S., Kansal,V. K. and Sangwan, R. B. (2007) Heat stability andcalcium bioavailability of calcium fortified milk.(LWT) - Food Sci. and Tech., 40 (4) : 625 - 31.Popular ArticlesArora, S., Sharma, V., Sharma, G. S., Wadhwa, B.K. and Singh, A. K. (2006) High potencysweeteners for formulating new dairy products.Indian Dairyman, 58 (4) : 39 -45.Sangwan, R. B., Mathur, D. S., Bajaj, R. K. andMann, B. (2006) Milk osteopontin and humanhealth. Indian Dairyman, 58 (9) : 53 - 57.Sharma, R. (2006) Accreditation of food analyticallaboratories - its importance and implementation.Indian Food Industry, 25 (3) : 21 - 24.

–– Publications ––86Sharma, R. and Rajput, Y. S. (2006) Therapeuticpotential of milk and milk products. IndianDairyman, 58 (5) : 70 - 81.Wadhwa, B. K., Sharma, V., Sharma, V., Raj, D.,Arora, S. and Sharma, G. S. (2006) Organochloropesticide residues in milk: current status andfuture outlook. Indian Dairyman, 58 (3) : 31 - 35.Review ArticlesGeorge, V., Arora, S., Sharma, V., Wadhwa, B. K.,Sharma, G. S. and Singh, A. K. (2006) Sweetenerblends and their applications : A review. Indian J.Dairy Sci., 59 (3) : 131 - 38.George, V., Wadhwa, B. K., Arora, S., Sharma, G.S., Sharma, V. and Singh, A. K. (2006) Sweeteners- Analysis and stability : A review. Indian J. DairySci., 59 (6) : 351 - 358.Dairy Microbiology DivisionResearch PapersSingh, Bhagat and Chand, Rattan (2006)Antioxidative activity of bovine milk fermentedwith Lactobacillus helveticus. Milchwissenschaft, 61(1) : 63 - 65.Goel G., Puniya, A. K. and Singh, K. (2007)Phenotypic characterization of tannin–proteincomplex degrading bacteria from faeces of goat.Small Ruminant Research, 69 : 217 – 20.Goyal, N. and Gandhi, D. N. (2006)Combinational approach of Lactobacillus spp. andoral rehydrating solution for rapid control ofdiarrhea. Indian J. Microbiol., 46 (3) : 273 -78.Kumar, A., Sharma, J., Mohanty, A. K., Grover, S.and Batish, V. K. (2006) Purification andcharacterization of milk clotting enzyme fromgoat (Capra hircus). Comparative Biochemistryand Physiology. J. Biochem. Mol. Bio., 145 : 108 -13.Mandal, S., Puniya, A. K. and Singh, K. (2006)Effect of alginate concentrations on survival ofmicroencapsulated Lactobacillus casei NCDC-298.Int. Dairy J., 16 : 1190 -95.Manglika, U. P., Arora, S., Sharma, G. S.,Kanawjia, S. K. and Tomar, S. K. (2006) Texturaland structural properties of Gauda Cheese. J FoodSci. and Technol., 43 : 361 -65.Murlidhara, C. and Chand, Rattan (2007)Antimicrobial peptides purified from bovine milkfermented with Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp.bulgaricus. Milchwissenschaft, 62: (1) 62 - 65.Thareja, A., Puniya, A. K., Goel, G., Nagpal, R.,Sehgal, J. P., Singh, P. K. and Singh, K. (2006). Invitro degradation of wheat straw by anaerobicfungi from small ruminants. Archives Anim. Nutr.,60 : 412 - 17.Popular ArticlesDixit, Kalpana and Gandhi, D. N. (2006)Biotherapeutic properties of probiotic yeastSaccharomyces spp. in fermented dairy foods. J.Dairy Sci. and Food Technol (URL : www. dairyscience.info/kalpana.htm (on-line) UK).Gandhi, D. N. (2006) Variants of fermented dairybeverages. Beverage and Food World, 33 (11) : 51 -52.Haque, Emily and Chand, Rattan (2006) Milkprotein derived bioactive peptides. J. Dairy Sci.and Food Technol. Home page on line.Rejeesh, R. and Tomar, S. K. (2006) Mycobacteriumparatuberculosis: An emerging threat in dairy field.Indian Dairyman, 58 (10) : 53 - 56.Singh, J., Grover, S. and Batish, V. K. (2007) Realtime PCR holds key in Dairy Industry for ensuringquality and safety of dairy foods. Indian Dairyman,59 (1) : 57 - 67.Somni, H. S. and Gandhi, D. N. (2006) Productionof non-conventional baker’s yeast usingmembrane technology. Indian Food Industry, 25(5) : 55 - 58.Book ChaptersYadav, H., Jain S., Puniya, A. K., Singh, K. (2006)Internet and Mycology Edited by Trivedi PS. In:Fungal Biotechnology. pp. 67 - 93.Tomar, S. K and Singh, R. (2006) Culturecollections of dairy starters. Dairy Year Book(2005-06), Ghaziabad offset press, Ghaziabad,India, pp 118 - 23.

–– Publications ––87Dairy Economics, Statistics andManagement DivisionResearch PapersAgarwal, S. B., Singh, Bhupal, Dhaka, J. P., Singh,C. B. and Gupta, A. K. (2006) Performance ofartificial insemination programme in NorthernIndia. Indian J. Dairy Sci., 59 (6) : 372 - 75.Bhowmik, Pranajit, Sirohi, Smita and Dhaka, J. P.(2006) Gains from crossbreeding of dairy cattlein North-East : Micro evidence from Tripura.Indian J. Agri. Econ., 61 (3) : 305 - 13.Chandel, B. S. and Malhotra, Ravinder (2006)Livestock systems and their performance in poorendowment regions in India. Agril. Econ. Res. Rev.,19 (2) : 311 - 26.Chauhan, A. K., Dhaka, J. P, Singh, Surendra,Chandel, B. S. and Sharma, S. P. (2006) Economicanalysis of milk processing in organized andunorganized sectors of Haryana. Indian J. Agril.Marketing, 20 (3) : 84 - 96.Chauhan A. K., Kalra, K. K., Singh, Raj Vir andRaina, B. B. (2006) A Study on the economics ofmilk processing in a dairy plant in Haryana. Agril.Econ. Res. Rev., 19 (2) : 399 - 406.Kumar, Ganesh, B., Jayakumar, Rai, R. B., Singh,Raj Vir, George, Z. and Roy, K. (2006) Economicsof cow milk production : A micro-level evidencein Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Indian J. DairySci., 59 (6) : 395 - 400.Kumar, Shalander; Jain, D. K. and Singh, Raj Vir(2006) Increasing income and employmentthrough sustainable farming systems in waterscarce region of Uttar Pradesh. Agril. Econ. Res.Rev., 19 (1) : 145 - 57.Rangaswamy, N. and Dhaka, J. P. (2006)Marketing and constraints faced by cooperativedairy plant in marketing of butter and ghee. IndianJ. Agril. Marketing (Conf. Spl.), 20 (3) : 133.Ruhil, A. P. and Lobiyal, D. K. (2006) Effects oflocation update schemes on the performance ofposition based routing protocols in mobile AdHoc Networks. IETE J. Res., 52 (2&3) : 169 - 76.Sharma, A. K., Sharma, R. K. and Kasana, H. S.(2006) Computational aspects of neural networksand dairy applications. Indian Dairyman, 58 (5) :49 - 56.Sharma, A. K., Sharma, R. K. and Kasana, H. S.(2006) Empirical comparisons of feed-forwardconnectionist and conventional regressionmodels for prediction of first lactation 305-daymilk yield in Karan Fries dairy cows. NeuralComputing and Applications, 15 (3 - 4) : 359 – 65.Sharma, A. K., Sharma, R. K. and Kasana, H. S.(2006) Prediction of first lactation 305-day milkyield in Karan Fries dairy cattle using ANNmodeling. Applied Soft Computing J. (Online verseDOI:10.1016).Singh, Raghu Nath, Chauhan A. K. and SharmaS. P. (2006) Economic analysis of milk productionin tribal area of Udaipur (Rajasthan). Indian J.Dairy Sci., 59 (5) : 325 - 36.Sirohi, Smita and Michaelowa, A. (2007) Suffererand cause: Indian livestock and climate change.Climatic Change, March 2007 (Online verse).Stojmenovic, I., Ruhil, A. P. and Lobiyal, D. K.(2006) Voronoi diagram and convex hull basedgeocasting and routing in wireless networks.Wireless Communication and Mobile Computing(WCMC), special issue on Ad Hoc Networks, 6(2) : 247 - 258.Vedamurthy, K. B. and Chauhan, A. K. (2005)Economic analysis of milk marketing in ShimogaDistrict of Karnataka. Indian J. Agril. Marketing,19 (30) : 39 - 51.Popular ArticlesAvinashilingam N. A., Singh, Upayana andChauhan, A. K (2006) Self employmentopportunities for women in dairy farming.Employment News, XXXI (33) : 1 - 32.Mondal, Biswajit and Kalra, K. K. (2006) Sitabog- The culinary delight of Bengal. Indian Dairyman,58 (10) : 57 - 60.Sheik, Mohammad Feroze, Chauhan, A. K.,Prakash, Anand and Bhowmik, Pranajit (2006)Micro finance through women SHGs and povertyreduction - financing agriculture. National J. Agri.and Rural Development, 8 - 11.Book ChapterSirohi, Smita and Hazra, Pralay (2006) HumanDevelopment in Rural India: Status after a Decadeof Economic Reforms. In: Kaushil, S. and SinghS.(eds.) Reforms, Rural Development and the Human

–– Publications ––88Face: Perspectives, Perceptions, Prescriptions, Deepand Deep Publications, Chapter 9, p.95-112.Dairy Extension DivisionResearch PapersChakravarthy, R., Ram, Chand, Jha, S. K. andSingh, K. (2006) Sustainability of dairy practicesin lower gangetic plains of India. J. Interacad., 10(1) : 102 - 5.Chauhan, J. P. S. and Das, B. C. (2006)Performance of veterinary livestock developmentassistant as viewed by their supervisor ofintensive cattle development Project. Indian J. Ext.Sci., 1 (1) : 49 - 51.Das, B. C., Malik, B. S. and Kadian, K. S. (2006)Technological impact of dairy self help groupson production performance of dairy animals.Indian. J. Dairy Sci., 59 (4) : 261 -64.Jha, S. K., Singh, B. B. and Jha, S. K. (2006) Studentsperception about teaching skills of instructors ofa State Agricultural University. Indian J. Ext. Sci.,1 (1) : 110 - 14.Kadian, K. S. (2006) Job satisfaction of veterinaryextension presonnel. Indian Res. J. Ext. Edu., 6(1&2) : 12 - 14.Kadian, K. S. and Gupta, S. K. (2006) Effectivenessof a video compact disc (VCD) on dairy calfmanagement practices. Indian J. Ext. Sci.,1 (1) : 57- 62.Letha Devi, G. and Jha, S. K. (2006) Comparativestudy of cooperative and traditional milk societiesin Kerala. Indian J. Dairy Sci., 59 (2) : 113 - 16.Mavi, K. S., Chauhan, J. P. S. and Das, B. C. (2006)Constraints in adoption of improved dairyfarming practices by dairy farmers. Indian J. Ext.Sci., 1 (1) : 63 - 67.Mavi, K. S., Chauhan, J. P. S. and Das, B. C. (2006)Role of self employment programme on dairyingin adoption of improved dairy farming practices.Indian J. Dairy Sci., 59 (3) : 185 - 90.Ponnusamy, K. and Gupta, Jancy (2006)Evaluation of farming system through SWOTanalysis. Indian J. Dairy Sci., 59 (6) : 405 - 9.Ponnusamy, K. and Gupta, Jancy (2006) Patternof integrated farming system in the coastal belt ofTamil Nadu. Tamil Nadu J. Coop., 7 (1) :15 – 16.Ponnusamy, K. and Gupta, Jancy (2006)Sustaining livelihood through sheep basedfarming system. Tamil Nadu J. Coop., 7 (3) : 15 - 17.Roy, A., Brar, D. S. and Jha, S. K. (2006) Constraintsas perceived by the farmers in the adoption ofdairy farming practices in Burdwan district ofWest Bengal. Indian J. Ext. Sci., 1 (1) : 23 - 25.Saha, A., Gupta, Jancy and Mukhpadhyay, B.(2005) Agricultural and knowledge informationsystem : An emerging communication approachfor sustainable development. J. CommunicationStudies, December : 2 - 8.Saha, A., Gupta, Jancy and Mukhpadhyay, B.(2005) Sources of information in the dairyknowledge information system : A study inBirbhum district of West Bengal. J. Interacademicia,9 (3) : 443 - 47.Sankhala, G. (2005) Indigenous knowledge oftribal for animal health care. Rajasthan J. Ext. Edu.,(12 -13) : 27 - 30.Singh, Khajan, Ram, Ajore and Prasad, R. (2006)Pattern of fertilizer uses under micro irrigationsystem in poor quality water areas. Indian J.Fertilizer, 2 (20) : 39.Popular ArticlesDatt, C., Kadian, K. S., Singh, N. P. and Datta, M.(2007) Milk production scenario in North EasternRegion of India and future approaches to enhanceproductivity. Indian Dairyman, 59 (3) : 57 - 63.Ponnusamy, K. and Gupta, Jancy (2005) Villagedevelopment through crop diversification in a Peri-Urban setting. IASSI Quarterly, 23 (4) : 58 - 66.Book ChapterSaha, Biswarup, Gupta, Jancy and Jarial, Sapna(2006) A study on Consumers’ Perceptiontowards Quality Milk and their Willingness toPay Incentive Price for Good Quality Milk : AnAnalysis from India Proceedings 8 th EuropeanConference on Higher Agricultural Educationheld at the Czech University of Agriculture inPrague, 14 to 16 September 2006. pp 219 - 23.

–– Publications ––Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK)Book ChapterGosain, D. K. (2006) Bureaucracy and RuralDevelopment through Dairying-A case Study ofKangra District of Himachal Pradesh in RuralDevelopment Administration in RuralDevelopment Administration in the 21 st Century: A Multi Dimensional Study Singh, S. and Singh,M. (Ed) Deep and Deep publications Pvt. Ltd NewDelhi, pp.236-241, ISBN 81 – 7629 - 878 - 6.Southern Regional Station, BangaloreResearch PapersBalakrishnan, Smitha, Arumughan, C. andSurendra Nath, B. (2006) Melting characteristicsand crystallization behaviour of milk fat of Deonibreed of cattle. Indian J. Dairy Sci., 59 : 64 - 68.Dixit, P. K., Singh, R. V., Dhaka, J. P., Sajeesh, M.S. and Aravinda Kumar, M. K. (2006) Economicanalysis of milk production in Kerala – spatialanalysis. Asian Economic Review, 48 (3) : 405 - 16.Ghosh, Bikash C., Bockelmann, Wilhelm andHeller, Knut J. (2006) Enzymatic studies onpredominant microorganisms of surface ripenedcheeses. Austr. J. Dairy Tech., 61 (3) : 238 - 43.Kumar, Amit and Unnikrishnan, V. (2004)Assessment and improvement of the method fordetection of neutralizers in milk based onalkalinity of ash. Indian J. Dairy & Biosci., 15 : 51 -58.Kulkarni, Satish and Unnikrishnan, V. (2006) Acase for registration of Dharwad peda undergeographical indication act. Indian Food Industry,25 (6) : 39 - 41.Magdaline Eljeeva Emerald F, Menon RekhaRavindra, Karunanithy C., Prasad, S. A. D. andHeartwin Amaladhas P. (2006) Characterizationof wastewater from select dairy processingoperations: a management perspective. Indian J.Dairy and Biosci., 15 (1&2) : 42 - 46.Prasad, K. S. N and Chhabra, Aruna (2006) Effectof supplementing charcoal on the organochlorinepesticide residues in milk. Indian J. Anim. Nutr.,23 (1) : 53 - 55.Popular ArticlesDas, D. N. and Murthy, L. K. (2004) Micro arraysand their application. Indian J. Dairy and Biosci.,14 (1) : 118 - 23.Eastern Regional Station, KalyaniResearch PaperSingh, Mahendra and Dang, A. K. (2006)Milkofeed to augment lactation in dairy cows.Livestock International, 7 : 11-14.89

9 CONSULTANCY, PATENTS &COMMERCIALISATION OF TECHNOLOGIESINDUSTRIAL CONSULTANCY SERVICE90Industrial Consultancy ServicesIn pursuance of the technology policy of Govt. ofIndia which lays stress on the development ofindigenous technologies and their effectivetransfer to industry, a Consultancy Service Boardhas been established at NDRI, Karnal. The Boardfacilitates transfer of the technologies developedon the basis of R&D work done in variouslaboratories for infusion of Science andTechnology in areas of Dairy Production, DairyProcessing and Dairy Management. Forproviding assistance to Nation’s Dairy Industry,consultancy services are available in areas of (i)Products/Processes/Equipments developed atNDRI, (ii) Engineering design support for scalingup and fabrication of dairy equipmentsdeveloped at NDRI, (iii) Preparation of technoeconomicfeasibility reports for dairy projects onmilk production and milk processing plants, (iv)R&D assistance in product manufacture andproblem solving, and (v) Quality assurance andproduct testing services to the industry.Revenue generated from consultancy services isutilized for strengthening the Institute’sinfrastructure and R&D work and also part of themoney is shared among the scientists renderingsuch service, as an incentive. Consultancy servicesalso provide a via media for two-waycommunication between scientists and industry.Feedback from industry through such interactionshelps the scientists to focus and fine tune theirresearch efforts to fulfill the real needs of dairyindustry. During April., 2006 to March 2007, theBoard provided services to 391 organizations andgenerated a total revenue of Rs. 36,44,113/-.Contract Research Projects/ ConsultancyProjects/Consultancy Services• Collaborative Research Project entitled “Effectof Virginiamycin on in vitro RumenFermentation in Crossbred Cattle” for PfizerCentre, Jogeshwari, Mumbai.• Contract Research Project entitled “Measuresto Alleviate Heat Stress in cattle and buffaloes”for M/S Space Cool System, New Delhi.• Consultancy Project entitled “Study onAssessment of Success/Failure of MilkProcessing Plants in Assam” for InternationalLivestock Research Institute New Delhi.• Collaborative Research Project entitled“Rumensin on Methanogenesis, NutrientUtilization and Milk Production Performancein Lactating Cattle and Buffaloes” for M/s EliLilly Asia Inc., Bangalore.• Sponsored Research Project entitled “Feedingof ‘Bovatec’ to Lactating Crossbred Cows forEnhancing Milk Production” for Dr. TapanSaha, M/s Alpharma Pharmaceutical Ltd.,Faridabad.• Sponsored Research Project entitled “Efficacyof Feeding Whey-Based (Vodor One and VodorBuffalo Express) as Replacers on Performanceof the Neonatal Dairy Cattle Calves and MilchBuffalo Calves” for ACE International, NewDelhi.• Training was provided to the Quality ControlPersonnel of PCDF, Lucknow (UP) from24.7.06 to 7.8.06 & 4.9.06 to 19.9.06.• Training was provided in Evaluation ofMicrobiological Quality of Dairy/FoodProducts of Ksheera Dairy Koovalassery,Kerala & Sa Ba Restaurant, Manali.• Consultancy was given in form of lectures toNestle India Ltd, Moga & Gurgaon onCondensing & Drying on evaporation. Thelectures covered the mechanism of evaporationdesign of various accessories of theevaporators and trouble shooting aspects.• Facility was provided to M/S Modern DairyLtd. Karnal for using of Spray Dryer andevaporator.• Sale of two continuous khoa machines, underthe license given to M/s SSP Ltd. Faridabad.• Supply of kits for detection of adulterants inmilk.• Supply of cultures.• Sale of semen.• Analysis of milk & milk products samples andfeed & fodder samples.• Inplant training to the students from variousuniversities

–– Consultancy, Pantents & Commercialisation of Technologies ––Intellectual Property ManagementInstitute Technology Management Committee(ITMC)Implementing the new IPR (Intellectual PropertyRights) guidelines of ICAR, an InstituteTechnology Management Committee wasconstituted at the Institute level to address allissues related to intellectual propertymanagement, technology transfer andcommercialization. Chaired by the Director of theInstitute, the ITMC is the final decision-makingbody for IP related matters, progress and concerns.The committee considers/scrutinizes the IPRissues/cases concerning the scientists of theInstitute as per ICAR guidelines andrecommends appropriate actions. It alsoundertakes periodic review of IP generated at theInstitute, maintenance of patents andcommercialization of IP/technologies.Institute Technology Management Unit (ITMU)An Institute Technology Management Unit wasset up at the Institute for management of IPgenerated at the Institute. Working in liaison withAgro-Technology Management Centre (ATMC)at ICAR headquarters, the ITMU pursues all IPprotection and maintenance related matters atthe Institute as per the ICAR guidelines. TheITMU scrutinizes and processes, the casesbrought before it for filing of patent applications,arranges the meeting of the ITMC and thescientists/innovators to consider the patentproposals. From time to time, it has also invitedthe expert assistance from empanelled agency,such as, NRDC and the patent attorneys. The unitundertakes the IP monitoring and follow upactivities on regular basis and maintains thedatabase of Institute patent applications, whichare in process and their updated status of IPRprotection.Institute Technologies Approved andForwarded for Filing Indian Patents in the Year2006-071. An economical device for solvent evaporationunder inert atmosphere. (Dr. Pramod Singhand Dr. Aruna Chhabra)2. A kit for detection of detergent in milk. (Dr. Y.S. Rajput, Dr. Rajan Sharma and Ms.Sumandeep Kaur)3. A formulation and process for ready-toreconstituteBasundi mix.(Dr. Prateek Sharma,Dr. R. R. B. Singh, Dr. G. R. Patil and Dr. A. A.Patel)4. Development of process for herbal ghee(Arjuna Ghee).(Dr. Rajani Kant, Dr. R. R. B.Singh, Dr. G. R. Patil and Dr. A. A. Patel)5. Acido-bifidus probiotic dahi.(Dr. V. K. Kansaland Ms. Sonal Rajpal).6. A process for long-life milk cake.(Mr. AnilKumar, Dr. G. R. Patil, Dr. R. R. B. Singh andDr. A. A. Patel)7. A process for low-fat, oven-baked instantGulabjamun.(Dr. G. R. Patil, Dr. R. R. B. Singh,Dr. Ashish Kumar Singh, Ms. AnuradhaSingh and Ms. Rekha Dahiya)All the above applications were sent to NRDCfor patenting and subsequent commercializationof technologies.Institute Technology Management CommitteeChairman : Dr. Sushil Kumar, Director, NDRIMember : Dr. S. L. Goswami, Joint Director (Res.)Members : Dr. Y. S. RajputDr. A. S. HarikaDr. Naresh Kumar GoelMember : Dr. A. A. Patel, Chairman Consultancy Cell, NDRI91Member (IPR Expert from : Dr. P. K. Singh, Nodal Officer (IPR)ICAR Institution in the Zone)NBAGRMember Secretary : Prof. I. K. Sawhney, Nodal Officer (IPR), NDRI

10 RESEARCH COORDINATION AND MANAGEMENTIntensification of R&D activities at NDRI Karnalin recent years has necessitated introduction ofprofessional management approach formanaging research functions. Strategic Planningof research endeavours and researchinfrastructure development; establishment oflinkages with research organizations at Nationaland International levels; research monitoringthrough internal and external mechanisms;development of research database andtechnology bank and research documentation byundertaking publications of the Institute are themajor functions existing and visualized to achievethe mandate of the Institute by R&D activities.Research Advisory Committee (RAC)The main functions of the RAC are i) to suggestresearch programmes based on national andglobal context of research in the thrust areas andii) to review the research achievements of theInstitute and to see that these are consistent withthe mandate of the Institute.discussed threadbare at the meeting to fine tuneand sharp focus the research, academic andextension programmes of the Institute.Institute Research Committee (IRC)The key functions of Institute Research Committee(IRC) are to critically review the on-going andcompleted research projects, to consider the newresearch proposals and to advise on fostering oflinkages between the groups/divisions of theInstitute in respect of multi-disciplinary/multilocationalprojects. The mid-term review of IRCprojects of NDRI was taken up during 27 th July,29 th July and 3 rd - 4 th August and 14 th August,2006 at NDRI, Karnal, respectively. The finalreports of the completed research projects werediscussed at length during the Institute ResearchCouncil Meetings held from 12 th to 15 th Feb., 2007at NDRI, Karnal. At these meetings, newproposals for research projects to be initiated fromthe year 2007 were also considered for approval.Based on the critical reviews at the Divisionallevel and subsequently at the Institute IRCmeetings, certain clear-cut recommendationsemerged on each research project, which weredocumented in the Proceedings of IRC Meetings.92RAC Meeting in ProgressThe meeting of the Research Advisory Committeeof NDRI, Karnal under the chairmanship of Dr.R. Nagarcenkar was held on 23 rd December, 2006at NDRI, Karnal. The other Expert members whoattended the meeting were Dr. K. Pradhan, Dr. P.Thangaraju, Dr. Sushil Kumar, Director, NDRI,Karnal, Dr. S. L. Goswami, Joint Director(Research) and Dr. G. R. Patil, Joint Director(Academic), NDRI, Karnal. All Heads ofDivisions also attended the RAC Meeting asspecial invitees. Dr. Sushil Kumar, Director, NDRImade a presentation on “Perspective Plan : Vision2025 of NDRI. Dr. S. L. Goswami, Joint Director(Research) presented Research Highlights ofNDRI during the last one year. After thepresentation, Dr. Goswami presented the actiontaken report on the issues raised during the lastmeeting.The draft of the Vision Document“Perspective Plan – Revisited (2025)” wasDatabase ManagementA database of research projects was created forall the projects in operation during the year 2006.The project numbers were allotted discipline wiseas per the codes laid out by the ARIS section ofICAR. The database of research projects wasperiodically updated and six monthly reportssubmitted to ICAR.XI Five Year PlanXI plan EFC Memo, NDRI, Karnal and itsRegional Stations was formulated containingExecutive Summary (Mandate, Objective andResearch Priority Areas of the Institute);Monitorable targets, Statement of proposal,Present status and benefit, programme schedule,Expenditure involved, Foreign exchangecomponents, Buildings and other works, Storeand equipments, Original cost together with FEcomponent and other supplementaryinformation, Research achievements, Completedresearch projects during X Plan, Proposedresearch programmes alongwith researchprojects for XI Plan, Anticipated resourcegeneration, Training programmes, Partnership/Linkage/ Collaborative programmes, Networkprojects, Proceedings of latest RAC and QRT with

–– Research Coordination and Management ––93Action Taken Reports. The information forplanning commission on outlay/expenditure interms of Annual Plan for the year 2007-08 andoverall outlay proposed for the period of XI planwas submitted to Council.Adequate provisions were made for substantialstrengthening of existing subject matter divisionsand front line areas of Information Technologyand Biotechnology in the XI Plan document ofthe Institute. The XI Plan document is beingfurther revised in accordance with the guidelinesissued by ICAR.Perspective Plan - RevisitedAs per the directives from of the council, anexercise was taken up to re-visit the PerspectivePlan of the Institute and accordingly fine tuneand sharp focus the research, academic andextension programmes of the Institute. Based onthe inputs received from all the research divisionsand regional stations and subsequently brainstorming sessions held with the elite subjectmatter specialists, a road map of the Institute wasprepared in terms of basic, strategic andanticipatory research to be pursued in the nexttwenty years. The road map in terms ofprogrammes and projects on a time scale wasthen put up before the Research AdvisoryCommittee and discussed threadbare. Further,“Perspective Plan – Vision 2025” was logicallyfine-tuned, revised, updated in light of thesuggestions made during RAC to address theissues in right perspective and to make IndianDairying more effective, efficient, relevant andcompetitive in the global market.Research Documentation and InformationThe Research Documentation and InformationCell of the Institute is responsible fordocumentation and dissemination of researchoutput through Annual Reports, Six MonthlyReports, Quarterly Reports, Monthly Reports,Technical Reports/Bulletins etc. prepared at theInstitute and through various journals ofNational and International repute. During theperiod under report, Annual Report 2005-2006was edited and published through this cell. TheInstitute publications entitled “NDRI : FulfillingNation’s Dairy Dreams” and NDRI:“Perspective Plan Vision 2025” were also editedand published through this cell. Self Study Reportof NDRI was also edited and documented byRCM Unit for submission to high poweredAccreditation Committee. Besides, a documentcontaining the Background Information forReview of NDRI for the QRT (2002-2006) wasprepared through this cell. A pocket sized ICARTelephone Directory for Animal ScienceInstitute was also prepared and published fromthis section. Research Projects of the Institutewere also documented under the ResearchProgrammmes identified by Research AdvisoryCommittee for NDRI, Karnal. Four issues of“NDRI News” - a quarterly newsletter in Englishwere also brought out during this period. ActionTaken Reports on the Proceedings of the RACMeetings were also prepared and therecommendations of RAC were categorized underdifferent heads such as Policy, Technical,Administrative etc. as per the directives of ICAR.The unit also prepared reports on researchachievements of NDRI for inclusion in ICAR/DARE Annual Report 2006 - 2007. The unitprepared various other reports on NDRI byhighlighting the significant achievements andtechnologies developed by the Institute;Initiatives taken by the Institute for the welfare,development and empowerment of women andother gender related issues; Success Stories ofprogressive farmers based on the extensionactivities of the Institute; Development of researchtechnologies for the farming community anddairy industry; Transfer of technology in the areaof animal sciences; Quarterly Progress Reportscontaining the achievements of research, finance,purchase and civil works and targets of the nextmonth; Monthly Progress Reports consistingsignificant events; Quarterly reports onconsultancy; Six Monthly Progress Reports ofthe research achievements with targets of nextsix months; Database on innovative agriculturaltechnologies developed for SAARC countries.The unit also prepared information on importantconferences, seminars, workshops and meetingsetc. for publication in Directory of Events of ICAR;Information on NDRI for inclusion in ARISNewsletter, ICAR; IAUA Newsletter; APAARINewsletter; VCI Newsletter. The informationregarding NDRI for the Website of Haryana;Information regarding road map of basic strategicand anticipatory research for enhancing growthin animal science sector; Tentative agenda itemsfor Director’s Conference (2006) covering relevantpoints relating to the Institute; Institutionalperformance in respect of NDRI; Establishmentof linkages with various organizations; IPRissues exclusively relating to livestock and animalhusbandry and new initiatives to enhanceproductivity in dairy cattle and institutionalreforms at NDRI, Karnal. This unit preparedreplies to Parliament questions and Audit(external) queries from time to time and coordinatedwith other Organisations/Institutes by

–– Research Coordination and Management ––94sending the desired information through severalquestionnaires. Research papers submitted by thescientists were processed by the unit forpublication in various journals of National andInternational repute. The RCM unit forwarded52 research papers/popular articles forpublication in scientific journals. In addition, 04abstracts of papers were also processed forpresentation at various Seminars/Symposia/Workshops.NAIP Awareness Building workshop organised at NDRII. IRC INTERNALLY FUNDEDRESEARCH PROJECTSA. GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF MILCHANIMALS THROUGH IDENTIFICATIONAND DISSEMINATION OF SUPERIORGERMPLASM BY APPLICATION OFEMERGING REPRODUCTIVE ANDMOLECULAR TECHNOLOGIESA-1 Estimation of long term and short termfluctuations in performance traits of dairyanimals. R. S. Gandhi, Surendra Singh andG. K. Sachdeva (2005-2007)A-2 Augmenting superior germplasmproduction through superior males andembryo transfer technologies. V. S. Rania,S. K. Singla, R. S. Manik, M. S. Chauhan, A.K. Gupta, T. K. Mohanty and B. R. Yadav(2005-2008)A-3 Establishment of procedure fordevelopment of buffalo embryonic stemcells. M. S. Chauhan, P. Palta, R. S. Manik,S. K. Singla, D. Malakar, S. K. Sood and S.L. Goswami (2005-2008)A-4 Characterization and evaluation ofMalnad Gidda cattle of Karnataka. D. N.Das and M. K. Rao (2005-2007)A-5 Identification of genetic polymorphismfor performance traits in Sahiwal cattleand Murrah buffaloes. I. D. Gupta,Archana Verma, A. K. Chakaravarty andR. S. Gandhi (2006-2008)A-6 Isolation, culture and characterization ofgoat embryonic stem cells. D. Malakar, T.K. Mohanty and R. S. Gandhi (2006-2008)A-7 Cryopreservation of buffalo spermatogonialstem cells. Gautam Kaul S. K.Atreja and R.C. Upadhayay (2006-2008)A-8 Integrated genetic improvement of dairycattle and buffaloes under open nucleusbreeding system. B. K. Joshi (2007-2011)• Performance evaluation andmultiplication of sahiwal cattle. R. S.Gandhi, Avtar Singh, A. K. Chakravarty,V. S. Raina, G. K. Sachdeva and ShivPrasad (2007-2011)• Performance evaluation andmultiplication of murrah buffaloes. A.K. Chakravarty, Avtar Singh, R. S.Gandhi, V. S. Raina A. K. Gupta, G. K.Sachdeva and Shiv Prasad (2007-2011)• Genetic evaluation and improvementof Friesian crossbred cattle underorganized farms and field conditions.Avtar Singh, R. S. Gandhi, A. K.Chakravarty, V. S. Raina, A. K. Gupta, G.K. Sachdeva and Shiv Prasad (2007-2011)A-9 Cytogenetical and molecular evaluationand mapping of QTLs of milk productionand fertility traits in cattle and buffaloes.B. R. Yadav, Raman Seth, Dheer Singh, A.K. Gupta, T. K. Mohanty, Surjeet Singh andR. K. Mehla (2007-2010)A-10 Functional identification of heparinbinding proteins of buffalo semen. SurjeetSingh, S. K. Sood and Suman Kapila(2004-2007)A-11 Understanding the genetic regulation inparacrine control of oocyte maturation asa determinant to successful IVF inbuffalo. T. K. Datta, S. De, Dheer Singh,D. Malakar and S. L. Goswami (2005-2007)A-12 Characterization of prolificacy genes infarm animals. S. De., T. K. Datta and S. L.Goswami (2005-2007)A-13 Physiological changes in the mammarygland in normal and mastitic cows andbuffaloes. A. K. Dang, Mahendra Singh,

–– Research Coordination and Management ––95Anjuli Aggarwal, Suman Kapila andCharan Singh (2005-2007)A-14 Optimization of gene transfection in skinfibroblast cells of Sahiwal cattle for invitro expression. Anand Laxmi, B. S.Prakash, Neelam Gupta (NBAGR) and J.K. Kaushik (2005-2007)A-15 Nitric Oxide in relation to buffalo spermfunctions. S. K. Aterja, Gautam Kaul andM. K. Sharma (2005-2007)A-16 Molecular cloning and hormonalregulation of cytochrome P450 aromatasegene in buffalo ovary. Dheer Singh andM. K. Sharma (2005-2007)A-17 In vitro production of cattle embryos inco-culture system with different tissueculture media. S. K. Das, A. Santra and R.K. Misra (2005-2007)B. DEVELOPMENT OF STATE-OF-THE-ARTDAIRY PRODUCTION SYSTEMS USINGBETTER HOUSING AND FERTILITYMANAGEMENT PRACTICESB-1 Participatory research for evaluation ofpromising technologies for augmentingquality milk production in peri-urbandairying. S. S. Kundu, S. K. Sirohi, G.Sankhala, S. K. Tomar and R. S. Pandey(CSSRI-Karnal) (2007-2009)B-2 Studies on the management practices ofrural dairy cattle for clean milk productionin Eastern India. P.K. Roy, Lotan Singh andS. P. Sarkar (WBUAFS) (2005-2007B-3 Effect of biological stressors andimmunomodulators on lymphocytefunction in buffaloes. Sujata Pandita, R. C.Upadhyay and Manju Ashutosh (2006-2008)B-4 Studies on thermal heat alleviation incattle and buffaloes during summer.Parveen Kumar, S.V. Singh and R. C.Upadhyay (2006-2008)B-5 Thermal stress relief requirements ofcattle and buffaloes. R. C. Upadhyay, S. V.Singh, Parveen Kumar, T. K. Mohanty andA. K. Sharma (2007-2009)B-6 Impact of stress on immune responses,antioxidants status, stress hormone andmilk production of crossbred cattle. S. V.Singh, R. C. Upadhyay, Parveen Kumarand S. S. Kundu (2007-2009)B-7 Interrelationship between Heat ShockProtein ((HSP-70) and physiologicalstates in Zebu and crossbred cattleexposed to thermal stress. Ashutosh,Manju Ashutosh and R. C. Upadhyay(2007-2008)B-8 Effect of inclusion of taurine in semenextender on repeat breeding in cows N.N. Balasubramanya and M. K. Bhavadasan(2005-2007)B-9 Field application of ovsynch protocol forfertility improvement in buffaloes. B. S.Prakash, Sanjay Kumar, T. K. Mohanty andD. K. Gosain (2006-2007)B-10 Climatic effects on metabolic andoxidative status in periparturient cows inrelation to production responses. AnjaliAggarwal, Ashutosh, Veena Mani,Parveen Kumar and Harjeet Kaur (2007-2009)B-11 Studies on nutritional, endocrinal andreproductive profiles in lactating deonicattle. K. S. Prasad, A. Obi. Reddy, I. J.Reddy, S. Selva Raju and M. K. Rao (2007-2009)B-12 Modernized dairy production system indairy cattle and buffaloes for augmentingproductive and reproductiveperformance. Shiv Prasad, A. K. Tyagi, T.K. Mohanty, M. L. Kamboj, RavindraMalhotra, P. K. Nagpaul, Charan Singh,and S. S. Lathwal (2006-2009)• Development of model dairy unit usingstate of the art management systemdairy cattle and buffaloes. Shiv Prasad(2006-2009)• Development of feeding managementpractices for high yielding cattle andbuffaloes including automatedfeed dispensing system. A. K. Tyagi(2006-2009)• Development of computer assistedherd management information system.T. K. Mohanty (2006-2009)• Improved feeding and management ofdairy heifers for early sexual maturityand higher productivity. M. L. Kamboj(2006-2009)B-13 Techno-economic analysis of sustainablemilk production system. R. K. Mehla, ShivPrasad and Charan Singh (2006-2008)

–– Research Coordination and Management ––96C. RAISING PRODUCTIVITY OF DAIRYANIMALS THROUGH IMPROVEDFEEDING STRATEGIES, EFFICIENTNUTRIENT UTILIZATION AND USE OFNON-CONVENTIONAL FEED RESOURCESC-1 Feed resource augmentation andevaluation for enhancing the productivityof dairy animals. S. N. Rai (2002-2007)• Manufacture and evaluation ofcomplete feed blocks using cropresidues for different categories ofdairy animals. S. N. Rai, J. P. Sehgal, T.Rai, and I. K. Sawhney (2002-2007)C-2 Feeding strategies to enhance CLAcontent in milk of dairy animals. A. K.Tyagi, Neelam Kewalramani, Hariit Kaur,K. K. Singhal and T. R. Dhiman (NDDB)(2005-2008)C-3 Yield and quality of Sorghum, Cowpea,Oats and Berseem fodder under organicproduction system. A. S. Harika, H. P.Tripathi, Harjit Kaur and Aruna Chhabra(2005-2008)C-4 Impact of fibrolytic enzymes on growthand nutrient utilization in buffalo andcattle calves. S. K. Sirohi, RameshwarSingh, J. P. Sehgal, S. G. Goyal (CIRCOT)and S. S. Thakur (2005-2007)C-5 Comparative performance of rye grass,oats and chinese cabbage in mixture withberseem in terms of fodder yield andquality. D. S. Sohi, H. P. Tripathi, A. S.Harika and S. K. Tomer (2006-2008)C-6 Effect of sowing time and harvestingstage on yield and quality of green fodderand grains of dual-purpose wheatvarieties. A. S. Harika, K. K. Singhal, D. S.Sohi and Bhupinder Singh (2007-2009)C-7 Fortification of low-grade roughage basedcomplete feed blocks with ruminal fungalzoospores. J. P. Sehgal, Aruna Chhabra,Kishan Singh and A. K. Punia (2007-2011)C-8 Studies on proximate composition anddietary protein & fiber fractions inconcentrate ingredients and fodders atdifferent stages of maturity. A. Chatterjee, R.B. Singh, A. Santra and P. K. Roy (2007-2009)C-9 Dietary manipulation of rumenfermentation to study the nutrientutilization and growth performance ofcalves. A. Santra, S. K. Das and A.Chatterjee (2006-2009)C-10 Evaluation of certain binding agents/nutrients of counteract heavy metalstoxicity in crossbred calves. Veena Mani,Harjit Kaur and Neelam Kewalramani(2005-2008)C-11 Effect of sun drying of aflatoxincontaminated feeds on growth and certainblood parameters in calves. R. C. Chopra,Aruna Chhabra (2006-2007)C-12 Supplementation of feed additives toimprove rumen fermentation in relationto mitigation of methane emission inindigenous breeds. Madhu Mohini, K. K.Singhal, S. K. Sirohi, Veena Mani and ShivPrasad (2007-2009)C-13 Effect of infusion of tannin degradingbacteria on nutrient utilization andgrowth in calves. S. N. Rai, Kishan Singh,A. K. Punia and B. Singh (2007-2009)D. RESEARCH ON NUTRACEUTICALSFROM MILK, FUNCTIONAL FOODSWITH PREBIOTICS, PROBIOTICS,MICRONUTRIENTS, AND OTHERBIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FORIMPROVED HUMAN HEALTHD-1 Development of concentrated inoculumof lactic cultures and its packaging inflexible sachet for the preparation offermented dairy products. D. N. Gandhi,Shilpa Vij and G. K. Goyal (2005-2007)D-2 Incorporation of selected probioticbacteria in infant formula. Latha Sabikhi,D. K. Thompkinson, Suman Kapila and R.K. Malik (2007-2009)D-3 Isolation of antifungal bioactive proteinsand peptides derived from milk and theirapplication in bio-preservation. Shilpa Vij,R. K. Malik, Bimlesh Mann and RajeshBajaj (2004-2007)D-4 Studies in relation to probioticeffectiveness of certain carbohydrates fordevelopment of symbiotic fermentedmilk product. R. K. Sharma, Kishan Singhand M. K. Sharma (2007-2010)D-5 Development of functional whey drinksfor health promotions. Bikash ChandraGhosh, Satish Kulkarni and V.Unnikrishnan (2007-2009)D-6 Evaluation of diagnostic kits forcholesterol estimation in ghee anddevelopment of a method for estimation

–– Research Coordination and Management ––97of residual adsorbent in low-cholesterolghee. Vivek Sharma, Sumit Arora,Dharshan Lal, B. K. Wadhwa, G. S. Sharmaand Raman Seth (2007-2009)D-7 Estimation and stability of low calorie artificialsweetener in indigenous dairy products.Sumit Arora, Vivek Sharma. G. S. Sharma, B. K.Wadhwa and A. K. Singh (2005-2007)D-8 Iron fortification of milk for its increasedbioavailability. T. Rai and R. K. Mailk(2005-2007)D-9 Studies on antioxidant properties ofbuffalo milk. Rajesh Kumar, Bimlesh Mann,R. B. Sagwan and Y. S. Rajput (2005-2007)D-10 Development of viable technology forproduction of probiotic dahi. Chand Ram,C. N. Pagote, N. N. Balasubramanya andB. V. Balasubramanyam (2005-2007)D-11 Effect of milk fat on mammary and coloncarcinogenesis. V. K. Kansal and R. A. KAggarwal (NBAGR, Karnal) (2006-2008)D-12 Development of functional foodingredients by enzymatic modification ofwhey proteins. Bimlesh Mann, R. B.Sangwan, Rajesh Bajaj, Shilpa Vij andDharam Pal (2007-2009)D-13 Immunomodulatory and bone healthpromoting biofunctional peptides of milkorigin. Suman Kapila, Rattan Chand,Surjeet Singh and A. K. Dang (2007-2009)D-14 Effect of probiotic dahi on 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochlorideinduced carcinogenesis in rats. P. R. Sinha,S. K. Sood (2007-2008)D-15 Development of probiotic Direct Vat Set(DVS) ferment (s) for short set dahi. ChandRam, M. K. Bhavadasan and K. Jayaraj Rao(2007-2009)E. VALUE ADDITION TO TRADITIONALMILK PRODUCTS THROUGHAPPLICATION OF NEW PROCESSES,BIOTECHNOLOGICAL INTERVENTIONS,PACKAGING AND MECHANIZEDMANUFACTURING SYSTEME-1 Studies on the manufacture of dairywhitener employing ultrafiltrationtechnology V. K. Gupta, R. B. Sangwan andG. R. Patil (2005-2009)E-2 Development of raabdi-like cereal basedtraditional fermented milk foods withextended shelf life. Dharam Pal, B. B. Verma,S. K. Tomar, F. C. Garg, A. K. Singh, AbhayKumar and S. K. Kanawjia (2006-2008)E-3 Development of quarg type fresh cheesewith enhanced health attributes and shelflife. S. K. Kanawjia, Dharam Pal, R. S.Mann, A. K. Singh and A. K. Punia(2007-2009)E-4 Development of shelf-life predictionsoftware for moisture and/or oxygensensitive dairy products, based onproduct-package-environmentinteraction. I. K. Sawhney, Bikram Kumar,R. K. Kohli, G. R. Patil and A. P. Ruhil(2005-2007)E-5 Development of a continuous rasogollacooker with machine vision qualityinspection. Ruplal Choudhary, V.Chandershekhar, S. K. Makker and B. B.Verma (2005-2008)E-6 Improvisation of SSHE for manufactureof khoa using low fat milk. A. K. Dodeja,Dharam Pal and S. P. Agrawala(2005-2007)E-7 Active packaging of Kunda and ChhanaPodo for enhanced shelf-life. F. MagdalineEljeeva Emerald, K. Jayaraj Rao and ChandRam (2006-2007)E-8 Development of a mechanized system forproduction of malai laccha. R. K. Kohli,Bikram Kumar and I. K. Sawhney(2007-2009)E-9 Comparison of natural and syntheticantioxidants in extending the shelf life ofghee. Raman Seth, Ajit Singh and DarshanLal (2005-2007)F. CLEAN MILK PRODUCTION WITH AFOCUS ON EMERGING HEALTHCONCERNS AND DEVELOPMENT OFNEW GENERATION TOOLS FORENSURING QUALITY CONTROLTHROUGH APPLICATION OF NEWERCHEMICAL AND BIOTECHNOLOGICALCONCEPTSF-1 Development of in vitro test for detectionof toxigenicity in Bacillus subtilis as milkborne pathogen. P. K. Aggarwal, RattanChand, Des Raj and Suman Kapila(2004-2007)F-2 Development of a bacteriocin basedformulation for mastitis therapy. R. K. Malik,

–– Research Coordination and Management ––98Naresh Kumar, R.C. Upadhyay and ShivPrasad (2006-2007)F-3 A pilot study on development of organicmilk production system. M. L. Kamboj, A.S. Harika, Shiv Prasad, A. K. Tyagi, S. S.Lathwal, B. K. Joshi and Naresh Kumarand Aruna Chhabra (2007-2011)F-4 Evaluation and augmentation of in vitrophagocytic activity of bovine milkneutrophills. A. K. Dang, Suman Kapilaand Charan Singh (2007-2009)F-5 Development of fiber optic biosensor fordetecting urea in milk. V.Chandershekhar, Ruplal Choudhary,Rajan Sharma, Y. S. Rajput, S. K. Tomerand Neelam Verma (Punjabi University,Patiala) ( 2006-2008)F-6 Studies on Anaerobic-aerobiccombination reactor for treatment of dairyplant effluents. S. A. D. Parasad,Magdaline Eljjeeva Emerald (2006-2007)F-7 Structure-active relationship (SAR)analysis of alamethicin andphospholipids from alamethicin sensitiveand resistance pathogenic/spoilage G+vebacteria. S. K. Sood and P. R. Sinha(2007-2009)F-8 Development of a method for theestimation of starch content in ice-cream.Rajan Sharma, Y. S. Rajput and R. R. B.Singh (2005-2007)F-9 Assessment of physico-chemicalcharacteristics of ghee for detection ofadulterants. B. Sunendra Nath, V.Unikrishnan and M. K. Bhavadasan(2005-2007)G. PROMOTING DAIRY ENTERPRISETHROUGH TRANSFER OFTECHNOLOGIES, IMPROVED FARMFINANCING, SUPPLY CHAINMANAGEMENT AND BETTER MARKETACCESSG-1 Milk pricing for dairy farms in milk shedarea of a dairy federation. K. K. Kalra, S. B.Agarwal and R. Malhotra (2005-2008)G-2 Statistical evaluation of economic traitsof cattle on milk production at organizeddairy farm. Ravinder Malhotra, S. B.Agarwal, D. K. Jain, K. K. Kalra and B. K.Joshi (2006-2008)G-3 Rural labour employment in livestockfarming. Smita Sirohi and J. P. Dhaka(2006-2007)G-4 Economic analysis of manufacturingethnic dairy products in arid zone ofWestern Rajasthan. N. K. Verma, A. K.Chauhan, Raj Vir Singh and SurendraSingh (2006-2007)G-5 Marketing of bovines in Karnataka. P. K.Dixit and V. K. Kesavan (2006-2007)G-6 Performance and utilization of migratorymurrah buffaloes in urban centres ofsouthern region. A. Obi Reddy, K. S.Prasad and M. K. Rao (2006-2007)G-7 Prediction of economic traits in Murrahbuffaloes-A comparative assessment ofconnectionist and conventional models.A. K. Sharma, D. K. Jain, A. K. Chakarvarty,Ravinder Malhotra and A. P. Ruhil(2007-2009)G-8 An economic study of buffalo marketing inHaryana State. J. P. Dhaka, B. S. Chandel, A.K. Chauhan and Smita Sirohi (2007-2009)G-9 Development of mass media mechanismfor extension education in dairying.Chinnadurai. S., Jancy Gupta, RituChakravarty and Sanay Kumar(2004-2007)G-10 Empowerment of dairy farm womenthrough self help groups (SHG) inHaryana. K. S. Kadian, B. S. Mailk, S. K. Jhaand J. P. S. Chauhan (2005-2007)G-11 Farmers participatory field trials for estrussynchronization and fixed time AI inbovines. Jancy Gupta, Anand Laxmi andAshutosh (2006-2007)G-12 Strategic nutrient supplementation forenhancing milk & reproductiveperformance in dairy animals under filedcondition – An Action Research. GopalSankhala, S. S. Thakur, K. S. Kadian, J. P. S.Chauhan and S. S. Kundu (2007-2009)G-13 Human resource development of ruralyouth for dairy based enterprises: Anaction research. Ritu Charavarty, Khazan

–– Research Coordination and Management ––99Singh, Ram Kumar and D. S. Brar(2007-2009)G-14 Developing location-specific “package ofpractices” for balanced feeding: An actionresearch on low-external-input dairying.S. K. Jha, S. Chinnadurai, Gopal Sankhalaand J. P. Sehgal (2007-2009)G-15 Impact of training programmes andexposure visits in scientific dairyfarming in district Sirmour of HimachalPradesh. Dalip K. Gosain, Sanjay Kumar,K. K. Chadha (KVK Dhaulakuan Distt.Sirmour) (2007-2008)G-16 Model production system developmentfor optimal utilization of indigenous cattleresources of eastern and north-easternregions to enhance/increase farm incomeof poor farmers and herdsmen. D. K.Sharma, R. B. Singh, R. C. Saha, P. K. Roy,Lotan Singh, S. K. Das, R. A. Dey, A.Chatterji and A. Santra (2006-2008)• Economic study of integrated farmingsystems at ERS, NDRI, FarmKalyani. D. K. Sharma and Lotan Singh(2007-2009)• Study of Dairy credit financing fromnationalized Bank in Nadia district ofWest Bengal. D. K. Sharma and LotanSingh (2007-2009)B EXTERNALLY FUNDED PROJECTSA. RESEARCH PROGRAMME: GENETICIMPROVEMENT OF MILCH ANIMALSTHROUGH IDENTIFICATION ANDDISSEMINATION OF SUPERIORGERMPLASM BY APPLICATION OFEMERGING REPRODUCTIVE ANDMOLECULAR TECHNOLOGIES.1. Genome analysis of indigenous breeds ofcattle, buffalo and goats using molecularmarkers. B. R. Yadav (1999-2009)2. Characterization and mapping of fertilityrelated hormone/hormone receptor genes inbuffalo-DBT. S. L. Goswami, T. K. Datta andS. De (2002- April, 2006)3. Production of competent donor cells fromskin fibroblasts of elite Sahiwal cattle for geneexpression/nuclear transfer studies-DBT. N.Anand Laxmi, B. S. Prakash and Neelam Gupta(NBAGR-Karnal) (2005-2008)4. Buffalo production and reproductiongenomics at NDRI-Karnal (UnderNiche Area ICAR). T. K. Datta (April 2006-March, 2007)5. Establishment and maintenance of buffaloembryonic stem cell lines (DBT). M. S.Chauhan, P. Palta, R. S. Manik, S. K. Singlaand S. L. Goswami (Sept., 2006- Sept., 2009)B. DEVELOPMENT OF STATE-OF-THE-ARTDAIRY PRODUCTION SYSTEMS USINGBETTER HOUSING AND FERTILITYMANAGEMENT PRACTICES1. Impact Adaption and vulnerability of IndianAgriculture to climate change-NetworkProject. R. C. Upadhayay, Madhu Mohini, V.K. Kansal, S. V. Singh, Sanjay Singh SmitaSirohi and Ashutosh (2004-2007)2. Development of estrus synchronizationprotocols in Mithun (Bos Frontalis) for fixedtime insemination-Ap-Cess. Scientist of NRCon Mithun and B. S. Prakash (2005-2007)C. RAISING PRODUCTIVITY OF DAIRYANIMALS THROUGH IMPROVEDFEEDING STRATEGIES, EFFICIENTNUTRIENT UTILIZATION AND USEOF NON-CONVENTIONAL FEEDRESOURCES.1. Cattle feed production from selectiveseaweeds of Indian coast-Ap-Cess. S. N. Rai,R. C. Chopra, D. B. Sahoo (Delhi Univ.) and P.Kaladharan (MFRI, Cochin) (2005-2007)2. Increasing the anti-carcinogenic potency ofbuffalo milk by enhancing its CLA Contentthrough dietary modification-DBT. A. K.Tyagi, Neelam Kewalramani, Harjit Kaur andK. K. Singhal (June, 2006-June, 2009)3. Evaluation of cellulase and xylanse as feedadditives for groth and milk production inruminants-DBT. S. S. Thakur, S. K. Tomer andS. K. Sirohi (Sept., 2006-Sept., 2009)4. Mitigation of methane emission throughrumen manipulations for increasedproductivity in buffaloes-DBT. S. K. Sirohi,Bhupinder Singh, Madhu Mohini, DheerSingh and A. K. Punia (Oct., 2006- Oct., 2010)

–– Research Coordination and Management ––D. RESEARCH ON NUTRACEUTICALSFROM MILK, FUNCTIONAL FOODSWITH PREBIOTICS, PROBIOTICS,MICRONUTRIENTS, AND OTHERBIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FORIMPROVED HUMAN HEALTH.1. High level expression of buffalo chymosinin pichia pastoris for application in cheeseindustry. V. K. Batish, Sunita Grover, J. K.Kaushik and A. K. Mohanty (2003-April, 2006)2. Cloning expression & production ofhaemeproteins by yeast in fermenters forcombating nutritional iron deficiency–DBT.Sanjay Nene (NCL-Pune), Sunita Grover,Yogesh Shouche, Milind Patole (NCCS-Pune),R.V. Gadre (NCL-Pune) and V. K. Batish (2005-2007)3. Exploring Propioni bacteria as a potentialsource of vitamin B- 12 and functional probioticingredient in a dairy based nutraceuticalformulation-DBT. S. K. Tomer, Rajan Sharma,Sunita Grover, and Y. S. Rajput and V. K. Batish(April, 2006-April-2009)4. Microbial diversity in Indian dairy productsand use of novel microorganism in functional/probiotics foods-NBAIM. S. De andRameshwar Singh (July, 2006- March, 2007)5. Development of molecular techniques foridentification and typing of indigenousprobiotic cultures – DBT. V. K. Batish, SunitaGrover, J. K. Kaushik and A. K. Mohanty (Nov.,2005- Nov., 2008).6. Development of probiotic dahi for immunesystem modulation cholesterol lowering andanti-carcinogenic attributes-DBT. V. K.Kansal, V. K. Batish, Sunita Grover and Y. S.Rajput (Sept., 2006- Sept., 2007)7. Expression of phytase in pichia pastoris andoptimization of fermentation and downstream processing –DBT at 10 L fermenterscale. Sanay Nene and Sunita Grover (Feb.,2007 –Feb., 2009)E. VALUE ADDITION TO TRADITIONALMILK PRODUCTS THROUGHAPPLICATION OF NEW PROCESSES,BIOTECHNOLOGIAL INERVENTIONS,PACKAGING AND MECHANIZEDMANUFACTURING SYSTEM1. Network project on R&D support for processupgradation of indigenous milk products forindustrial application. G. R Patil (NDRI) andSatish Kulkarni (SRS), A. A. Patel, DharamPal, R. R. B. Singh, I. K. Sawhney, A. K. Dodeja,S. K. Anand, N. K. Goel, Aruna Chabbra andAlok Jha, V. Unnikrishnan, M. K. Bhavadasan,N. N. Balasubramanya, B. Surendranath, B. V.Balasubramanyam, B. C. Ghosh, K. Jayarj Rao,Rekha R. Menon, S. A. D. Prasad and R. K.Sharma (1999-2007)F. CLEAN MILK PRODUCTION WITH AFOCUS ON EMERGING HEALTHCONCERNS AND DEVELOPMENT OFNEW GENERATION TOOLS FORENSURING QUALITY CONTROLTHROUGH APPLICATION OF NEWERCHEMICAL AND BIOTECHNOLOGICALCONCEPTS.1. Development of microbial based “on farm”rapid kits for the detection of antibioticresidues in raw milk during production andprocessing. Naresh Kumar, R. K. Malik, G. R.Pail, Latha Sabikhi and Chand Ram (2004-2007)2. Development of block and real time PCR kitsfor multi-pathogen detection for applicationin dairy industry–DBT. Sunita Grover and V.K. Batish (2005-2007)3. Development of method for the detection ofadulteration of milk with ‘Soya Milk’- HSCSTChd. Rajan Sharma and Y. S. Rajput (Feb., 2007-Feb., 2009)4. Development of simple enzymatic tests ofmonitoring heat treatment in milk and milkproducts under pasteurization conditions-Ap-Cess Fund. Rajan SharmaY. S. Rajput andRajesh Kumar (2005-2008)100

11 HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENTSCIENTISTS/OFFICERS/SCHOLARS TRAINED ABROAD• Dr. Sushil Kumar, Director, NDRI, Karnalvisited Afganistan as a member of ICARdelegation to develop biennial work planbetween India and Afganistan as a part of theMOU on co-operation in the field ofAgricultural Research and Education at Kabulfrom 23 rd -28 th April, 2006.• Dr. Sushil Kumar, Director, NDRI visitedTurkey as Dairy Expert from 23 rd to 26 th March,2007 and attended International Conferenceon “Global Vision for Dairy and Beef” heldon 24 th March 2007 at Istanbul, Turkey.• Dr. S. K. Jha, Sr. Scientist, Dairy ExtensionDivision visited Humboldt University, Berlin,Germany under scheme entitled “ResearchStays and Study visits for UniversityAcademics and Scientists” from 17 th - 30 thJuly, 2006.• Dr. Latha Sabikhi, Sr. Scientist, DairyTechnology Division and Mr. D. K. Gosain,Scientist (SG), KVK/DTC were invited by theConsorzio Ricerca Filiera Lattiero-Casearia(CoRFiLaC), Italy to participate in theconference on Cheese Art - 2006, the 5 th Editionof the Biennial event of Culture and Scienceof Traditional Dairy and Agricultural FoodProducts of Mediterranean Countries from27 th June to 2 nd July, 2006 at Ragusa (Sicily)in Italy. Dr. Latha Sabikhi presented twopapers entitled ‘‘Cheeses of India – AnIntroduction” and “Impact of DairyEducation, Research and Training inImproving the Life of Farm Women inNorthern India”.• Dr. B. S. Prakash, Head, Dairy CattlePhysiology Division, NDRI, Karnal visitedGermany and received the “Dr. Heinrich-BaurAward 2006” during the Convocation ofHochschultag, German University at Germanyon 30 th June, 2006 .• Dr. K. K. Singhal, Head, Dairy Cattle NutritionDivision attended 12 th AAAP Congress atBusan, Republic of South Korea from 18 to 22 ndSept., 2006 and presented a paper entitled“Effect of Feeding Cottonseed Produced fromBollgard II Cotton on Feed Intake, MilkProduction, and Milk Composition inLactating Crossbred Cows”.• Dr. Alok Jha, Sr. Scientist, Dairy TechnologyDivision visited Cornell University, Thaca,USA for the Norman E. Borlaug Fellowshipunder the India-US Knowledge Initiative inAgriculture from 12 th October to 17 th Nov., 2006.• Dr. B. K. Joshi, Head, Dairy Cattle BreedingDivision was deputed to attend theconsultancy assignment for the establishmentof village herd recording scheme anddesigning breeding plans for native livestockat Bhutan from 10 th December 2006 to 10 thJanuary, 2007.• Dr. R. R. B. Singh, Sr. Scientist, DairyTechnology Division visited Department ofAnimal Production and Health, Govt. of SriLanka from 8 th - 23 rd December, 2006 as aconsultant on invitation from Sri LankaCouncil for Agricultural Research and Policy,Colombo under a bilateral developmentalprogramme between India and Sri Lanka.SCIENTISTS/OFFICERS PARTICIPATION IN WORKSHOPS/SEMINARS/CONFERENCES/TRAININGS WITHIN INDIAName & Designation Title of Workshop/Seminar/ PeriodConferences Training101Dr. R. R. B. Singh, Sr. Sci “HACCP Lead Auditor Training Course” organized 10 th - 14 th April, 2006by the IDA (NZ) at IDA House, New Delhi.Dr. K. K. Singhal, Head Workshop on “A Livestock Economist Familiar with 25 th - 26 th April, 2006Dr. Rajvir Singh , Head North West Rice-Wheat Livestock System and anAnimal Nutritionst Specialized in Forage andFodder Tech.” at Patna Bihar.Dr. K. K. Singhal, Head A “Brain Storming Workshop” at Department of` 25 th May, 2006Biotechnology, New Delhi.Dr. Sushil Kumar, Director National Symposium on “Buffalo for Rural 27 th - 30 th May, 2006Dr. B. S. Prakash, Head Upliftment” and Annual Convention of IndianSociety for Buffalo Development at BombayVeterinary College, Parel, Mumbai.

–– Human Resource Development ––102Dr. A. Santra, Sci. (SS) Summer School on “Advances in Agricultural 1 st – 21 st June, 2006Research Project Management” at NAARM,Hyderabad.Mr. A. K. Sharma, T.O. Training on “Rajbhasha” at Hyderabad. 2 nd June, 2006Sh. C. K. Thukral, AF&AO IT Steritization Training Programme for 19 th – 23 rd June, 2006“Finance Officers/Officials” at IASRI, New Delhi.Dr. S. L. Goswami, JD (R) National Workshop on “Training Needs Assessment 20 th – 21 st June, 2006for Learning and Capacity Building under NATP atNAARM Hyderabad.Dr. R. A. Dey, Sci. (SS) Workshop on “Role of ICT in Matching Demand 21 st - 23 rd June, 2006Dr. A. Chatterjee, Sci. (SS) with Supply in Agriculture” at West Bengal.Mr. P. K. Pal, T. O.Dr. (Mrs.) Meena Malik, National Workshop on “The Right to Information Act, 23 rd – 24 th June, 2006Asstt. Prof.2005 organized by National Institute of PublicAdministration (NIPA) held at Mumbai.Dr. Mahathi Prakash, National CME of IAP Chapter on “Pediatric Infections 29 th – 30 th June, 2006Medical OfficerDisease” at New Delhi.Dr. D. K. Gosain, Sci. (SS) National Conference on “Additional Income through 9 th July, 2006Dr. Satya Pal, T.O.Agri-Industries” at Nagpur.Dr. V. S. Raina, PS Workshop on “Application of ETT in Cattle 14 th – 15 th July, 2006Development” at Pune.Dr. S. K. Kanawjia, PS “HACCP Lead Auditor Training Course” at 17 th – 21 st July, 2006IDA House, New Delhi.Dr. D. K. Jain, PS Workshop on “Maintenance of Personnel Management 21 st – 22 nd July, 2006Mr. Laxman, T-1Information System Network (PERMISnet) and IPR” atNASC, New Delhi.Dr. J. C. Markanday, PS Training-cum-Workshop on 28 th – 29 th July, 2006Dr. D. K. Gosain, Sci. (SG) “FLD” at Gurgaon.Mr. S. K. Kamboj, T.O.Dr. T. K. Datta, Sr. Sci. Workshop on “Human Genome CGH Micro Array 1 st – 3 rd August, 2006Technology” at IISc, Bangalore.Dr. Shiv Prasad, Sr. Sci. Workshop on “Improving Personality Profile and 1 st – 5 th August, 2006Dr. Mahendra Singh, Sr. Sci. Human Communication in Organizations” atNAARM, Hyderabad.Dr. Rattan Chand, PS HACCP Conference on “Hygenic Handling of Raw 21 st - 22 nd August, 2006Milk Recommended….Practice” at MumbaiDr. R. C. Upadhyay, PS National Biotechnology Conference 2006 at IIT, Roorkee. 2 nd – 3 rd Sept., 2006Dr. Jancy Gupta, Head Sensitization Workshop “For Nodal Officers for ICT 4 th – 5 th Sept., 2006Projects” Under NAIP NAARM, Hyderabad.Dr. Raj Vir Singh, Head 14 th Annual Conference of AERI (India) on 27 th – 28 th Sept., 2006Dr. B. S. Chandel, PS “Sustainable Agri. & Rural Livelihood”Dr. N. K. Verma, PS at GBPUA&T, Pantnagar.Dr. A. K. Chauhan, Sr. Sci.Dr. Vivek Sharma, Sr. Sci. Seminars on “GCMS Application” at New Delhi. 6 th Oct., 2006Dr. V. Chandrasekhar, 2 nd International Rice Congress at Delhi. 9 th - 13 th Oct., 2006Sci. (SS)Dr. S. K. Sirohi, Sr. Sci. Training on “By Pass Fat” at Lucknow. 10 th Oct., 2006Dr. T. K. Datta, Sr. Sci. International Symposium on “Emerging Trends in 15 th - 18 th Oct., 2006Dr. Dheer Singh, Sr. Sci. Genetic and Proteomic Sciences” at NIRRH, Mumbai.Dr. S. Dey, Sr. Sci.Dr. Gautam Kaul, Sr. Sci.Dr. Dhruba Malakar, Sr. Sci.Dr. A. K. Mohanty, Sr. Sci.Mr. S. K. Kamboj, T.O. Training on “IPM in Basmati Rice” at NCIPM, 16 th - 19 th Oct., 2006New Delhi.Dr. D. K. Gosain, Sci. (SS) “Zonal Workshop of KVKs Zone-I” at CCS, HAU, 1 st - 4 th Nov., 2006Mr. S. K. Kamboj, T.O. Hissar

–– Human Resource Development ––103Dr. Lotan Singh, Sr. Sci. Short course on “Feeding of Livestock During Drought 1 st - 10 th Nov., 2006and Scarcity” at Jodhpur.Dr. B. S. Chandel, PS National Seminar on “Poultry Research Priorities 2 nd – 3 rd Nov., 2006to 2020” at CATI, Izatnagar.Dr. A. K. Chakravorty, Sr. Sci. National Training Programme under the Scheme 5 th - 18 th Nov., 2006for Sr. Scientists Training at NIAS, BangaloreDr. Chinnadurai, Sci. (SS) Expert Consultation Agricultural Innovations, 6 th - 8 th Nov., 2006Linking Farmers to Market and APPAARI GeneralAssembly at NASC, New Delhi.Dr. G. R. Patil, 2 nd “Global Forum on Business Incubators” 6 th - 10 th Nov., 2006Joint Director (A)at Hyderabad.Dr. B. R. Yadav, PS National Seminar on “Environmental Stress and 8 th - 9 th Nov., 2006Biodiversity” at DAV College, KarnalDr. Raj Vir Singh, Head 66 th Annual Conference of “The Indian Society of 8 th - 10 th Nov., 2006Dr. J. P. Dhaka, PSAgricultural Economics” at NEH Region,Dr. (Mrs) Smita Sirohi, Sr. Sc. Umaim (Barapani) Meghalaya.Dr. D. N. Gandhi, PS International Exhibition and Conference on 9 th - 11 th Nov., 2006“Food and Beverage Technologies for Industry”by CII at Mumbai.Dr. M. C. A. Devi, Sr. Sc. “5 th International Conference of the AFITA 2006” 9 th - 11 th Nov., 2006(Asian Federation for Information Technology inAgriculture) at Bangalore.Dr. V. S. Raina, PS 22 nd Annual Convention & National Symposium on 10 th – 12 th Nov., 2006Dr. A. K. Gupta, Sr. Sc. “Innovative Technology for Fertility Enhancement inLivestock” at JNKVV, Mhow (MP).Dr. S. K. Atreja, PS National Symposium on “Stem Cell Futuristic 11 th – 12 th Nov., 2006Dr. Dhruba Malkar, Sr. Sc. Therapy in Making” at Punjab Univ. Chandigarhat Chandigarh.Dr. T. K. Mohanty, Sr. Sci 22 nd Convention and National Symposium on 11 th – 12 th Nov., 2006“Innovative Technologies for Fertility Enhancementin Livestock” at Mhow.Dr. S. Kulkarni, PS “18 th Indian Convention of Food Scientists and 16 th – 17 th Nov., 2006Technologists” at Hyderabad.Dr. R. C. Chopra, PS 5 th ANSI Regional Workshop on “Feeding Practices 20 th -21 st Nov., 2006Dr. S. S. Thakur,PSfor Substainable Livestock Production in Central ZoneDr. S. N. Rai, PSof India” at ND University of Agriculture & Technology,Kumarganj, Faizabad (UP).Dr. Kishan Singh, PS “National Training Programme for Scientists & 20 th Nov. 2006Dr. A. K. Puniya, Sr. Sci. Technologists Working in Govt. Sector” at IIPA, - 25 th Jan., 2007New Delhi.Dr. N. N. Balasubramanya, “Agenda for Biosecurity” at I.I.Sc., Banagalore. 23 rd -24 th Nov., 2006PSDr. B. K. Joshi, Head 35 th Dairy Industry Conference on “Repositioning of 23 rd -25 th Nov., 2006Dr. D. K. Sharma, Head Indian Dairy Industry: A Business with Socio-economicDr. B. R. Yadav, PSDevelopment Objective” at Kolkatta.Dr. P. K. Nagpaul, PSDr. Bhupinder Singh, PSDr. (Mrs) B.K. Wadhwa, PSDr. Des Raj, PSDr. G. S. Sharma, PSDr. J. P. S. Chauhan, PSDr. Rattan Chand, PSDr. S. K. Kanawjia, PSDr. V. K. Gupta, PSDr. C. N. Pagote, PSDr. S. Singh, Emeritus Sc.Dr. Parveen Kumar, Sr. Sc.Dr. A. K. Chauhan, Sr. Sc.Dr. (Mrs) Bimlesh Mann, Sr. Sc.Dr. Vivek Sharma, Sr. Sc.

–– Human Resource Development ––104Dr. Gopal Sankhala, Sr. Sci.Dr. Sumit Arora, Sr. SciDr. K. S. Kadian, Sr. Sci.Dr. R. B. Sangwan, Sr. Sci.Dr. R. S. Gandhi, Sr. Sci.Dr. (Mrs) Shilpa Vij, Sr. Sci.Dr. Ashwani Sharma, Sr. Sci.Dr. Sanjay Singh, Sr. Sci.Dr. S. V. Singh, Sr. Sci.Dr. R. B. Singh, Sr. Sci.Dr. Mahendra Singh, Sr. Sci.Dr. Lotan Singh, Sr. Sci.Dr. P. K. Roy, Sr. Sci.Dr. S. K. Das, Sr. Sci.Dr. B. V. Balasubramanyam, Sr. Sci.Dr. P. K. Dixit, Sr. Sci.Dr. R. A. Dey, Sci. (SS)Dr. A. Santra, Sci. (SS)Dr. A. Chatterjee, Sci. (SS)Dr. A. K. Singh, Sci. (SS)Mr. A. K. Sharma, T.O.Mr. U. C. Govil, T.O.Sh. I. K. Sawhney, PS “10 th National Scientists Conference” at IISR, Lucknow. 24 th -26 th Nov., 2006Dr. Rameshwar Singh, PS 1 st Asia Link symposium in India for “Professionals 24 th -26 th Nov., 2006from Higher Educational Institutions and EuropeanHigher Education Fair” at New Delhi.Dr. R. S. Gandhi, Sr. Sci. Short Course on “Organic Animal Husbandry Concept, 27 th Nov., 2006Dr. S. S. Lathwal, Sci. (SS) Standards and Practices” at IVRI, Izatnagar. 6 th Dec., 2006Dr. M. K. Rao, Head Workshop on “Policies and Strategies for the 28 th -30 th Nov., 2006Development of Animal Genetic Resources” at Pune.Dr. S. Dutta T. O. Winter School on “Reproduction Technique and Recent 1 st – 21 st Dec., 2006Advancements to Augment Fertility” at Bangalore.Dr. S. K. Jha, Sr. Sci. National Seminar on “Extension Strategies for Fostering 2 nd - 3 rd Dec., 2006Dr. S. Chinnadurai, Sr. Sci. Knowledge Centric Agricultural Growth” at Tamil NaduAgricultural University, Combatore (TN), Pondicherry.Dr. A. P. Ruhil, Sci. (SS) A Meeting of Nodal Officers for Video Conference 4 th Dec., 2006Facilities at NASC, New Delhi.Dr. P. K. Agarwal, PS 47 th Annual Conference of Association of 6 th - 8 th Dec., 2006Microbiologists of India on “Microbiology: theChallenges Ahead” at Barkatullah Univ. Bhopal.Dr. D. K. Sharma, Head “16 th Scientific Seminar – 2006” at Ranaghat, 8 th Dec., 2006Nadia (W.B.)Dr. J. K. Kaushik, Sr. Sci. “75 th SBC Annual Meeting” at Jawaharlal Nehru 8 th - 10 th Dec., 2006Dr. A. K. Mohanty, Sr. Sci. University, Delhi.Dr. Y. S. Rajput, HeadDr. A. K. Mohanty, Sr. Sci. “75 th Annual Meeting of the Society of Biological 8 th – 11 th Dec., 2006Dr. J. K. Kaushik, Sr. Sci. Chemists (India)” at JNU, New Delhi.Dr. D. K. Jain, PS Workshop “Village Level Agricultural Issues of 15 th Dec., 2006District Rohtak in General and Dairy Farming Issuesof NIL” at Rohtak.Dr. Gautam Kaul, Sr. Sci. 2 nd International Conference on “Heterocyclic 16 th – 19 th Dec., 2006Chemistry” at University of Rajasthan, Jaipur.Dr. D. K. Jain, PS International Conference on “Bioinformatics” at Delhi. 18 th - 20 th Dec., 2006Dr. S. K. Sood, Sr. Sci.Dr. J. K. Kaushik, Sr. Sci.Dr. A. K. Mohanty, Sr. Sci.Dr. A. P. Ruhil, Sr. Sci.Dr. S. S. Thankur, PS Refresher Couse on “Intellectual Property Rights and 25 th – 31 st Dec., 2006Dr. S. K. Sirohi, Sr. Sci. Biotechnology” at International Training Centre NationalLaw, School of University, Nagarbhavi, Bangalore.

–– Human Resource Development ––105Dr. S. K. Atreja, PS Satellite Meeting on “Computational Insights into 26 th – 28 th Dec., 2006Dr. S. K. Tomar, Sr. Sci. Biological Systems” at IISc, Bangalore.Dr. Rajvir Singh, Head International conference on “Statistics and Informatics 26 th – 30 th Dec., 2006Dr. D. K. Jain, PSin Agri. Research & Pre-conference Workshop”Dr. S. B. Aggarwal, PS at IASRI, New Delhi.Dr. Ravinder Malhotra, Sr.Sc.Dr. D. K. Sharma, Head Seminar on “Planning for Livestock Production 27 th Dec., 2006with Special Emphasis on Indigenous AnimalGenetic Resources” at WBUA&FS at Kolkatta.Dr. I. D. Gupta, Sr. Sci. National Seminar on “Innovation and Recent 28 th – 30 th Dec., 2006Advances in Reproduction for Augmenting SmallRuminant Production” at Avikanagar.Dr. S. Dey, Sr. Sci. First Review Meeting of the Project on “Application 7 th Jan., 2007of Microorgan in Agriculture and Allied Sector” atNABIm Man Nath Bhajan (UP).Dr. K. K. Singhal, Head 4 th congress of Federation of Indian Physiological 11 th – 13 th Jan., 2007Dr. R. C. Upadhyay, PS Societies on “Re-engineering Physiology ResearchDr. Sanjay Singh, Sr. Sci. & Training in New Biology Era” at CGO Complex,Dr.(Mrs)Anand Laxmi, Sr.Sc. New Delhi.Dr. Mahendra Singh, Sr. Sci.Dr. Sohan Vir Singh, Sr. Sci.Dr. Ashutosh, Sci. (SS)Dr. V. K. Batish, Head National Workshop on “Reorientation in Life Sciences” 21 st Jan., 2007Dr. (Mrs) Sunita Grover Sr.Sc. at Dolphin (PG) College of Life Sciences,Chunni Kalan, Punjab.Dr.(Mrs) Suman Kapila, Sr.Sc. “33 rd Indian Immunology Society Conference” at Delhi. 28 th – 31 st Jan., 2007Dr. K. K. Singhal, Head Workshop on “Food and Feed-Nutrition, Safety and 29 th – 31 st Jan., 2007Dr. S. S. Thakur, PSImproved use of Raw Material” at University ofHyderabad, Central University, Hyderabad (AP).Dr. S. K. Singla, Sr. Sci. 1 st Annual Meeting of SCRFI and International 29 th Jan.- 1 st Feb., 2007Dr. M. S. Chauhan, Sr. Sci. Conference on “Stem Cell Research” at Bangalore.Dr. P. Palta, Sr. Sci.Dr. R. S. Manik, Sr. Sci.Dr. D. K. Jain, PS “28 th Annual BTISNET Co-ordinators Meeting” at 2 nd - 6 th Feb., 2007SCS&T, Gangtok, Sikkim.Dr. M. K. Rao, Head, SRS 4 th National Symposium on “Role of Animal Genetic 8 th - 9 th Feb., 2007Resources in Rural Livestock Security” at Ranchi,Jharkhand.Dr. S. Kulkarni, PS Seminar on “Aspects of Food Safety and Product 8 th - 9 th Feb., 2007Dr. B.V.Balasubramanya,PS Diversification – Issues and Challenges” atDr. P. K. Dixit, Sr. Sci. Pondicherry.Dr. C. J. Juneja, T. O. National Workshop on “Fisheries Research & 10 th – 11 th Feb., 2007Development” at Barrackpore, Kolkatta.Mr. A. K. Sharma, T.O. Training Course on “Food Safety Management 12 th – 16 th Feb., 2007System” (Auditor/Lead Auditor) at Ludhiana.Dr. Chand Ram, Sr. Sci. Training Programme on “New Horizons in Promoting 12 th -17 th Feb., 2007Human Health and Well Beings Using Synbiotics”at AAU, Anand.Dr. (Mrs.) Jancy Gupta, Head 11 th Residential Workshop on “Right to Information 13 th -14 th Feb., 2007Dr. (Mrs.) Menna Malik, Act 2005” at Hotel Swagath, New Delhi.Asstt. Prof.Dr. S. Kulkarni, PS National Symposium on “Globalisation – Perspective 15 th -16 th Feb., 2007Dr. K. Jayaraj Rao, Sr. Sci. and Challenges for Dairy Institutions and Industries”at Bangalore.Dr. B. S. Prakash, Head Agricultural Science Congress on “Science for 15 th -17 th Feb., 2007Livelihood Security and Rural Property”at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.

–– Human Resource Development ––Dr. Dheer Singh , Sr. Sci. Conference on “Recent Advances and Challenges in 19 th -21 st Feb., 2007Dr. M. S. Chauhan, Sr. Sci. Reproductive Health Research” and 17 th Annual Meetingof ISSRF at New Delhi.Dr. R. S. Gandhi, Sr. Sci. Refresher Course on “Computer Based Multi-media 20 th Feb., 2007Presentation” at NAARM, Hyderabad. 12 th March, 2007Dr. B .R. Yadav, PS 11 th ADNAT Symposium on “Advance in Structural 23 rd - 25 th Feb., 2007Dr.Rajesh Kumar Bajaj,Sr.Sc. Biology and Structure Prediction” at CCMB,Dr. J. K. Kaushik, Sr. Sci. Hyderabad.Dr. (Mrs) Jancy Gupta, Head National Seminar on “Extension Strategies to Promote 1 st - 3 rd March, 2007Agribusiness Enterprises” at Pune.Dr. B. S. Prakash, Head Workshop on “Commercialization of Biotechnology” 2 nd March, 2007at Indian International Centre Annexe, Lodhi Road,New Delhi.Dr. V. K. Batish, Head National Seminar on “Synbiotics in Promoting Human 3 rd March, 2007Health Opportunities Unlimited” at AnandAgricultural University, Anand.Mr. Varinder Hans T-2 AW-04 TIG “Welding Training Course” at Hyderabad. 5 th – 16 th March, 2007Dr. S. K. Sood, Sr. Sci. A Workshop “Bioinformatics Tools and Bio-techniques 7 th - 8 th March, 2007in Animal and Crop Improvement” at Shere-e-KashmirUniversity of Agri. Sci. & Tech. of Kashmir, Faculty ofVety. Sci. A.H., Srinagar.Dr. Gopal Sankhala, Sr. Sci. 4 th National Extension Education Congress – 2007 on 9 th – 11 th March, 2007Dr. K. S. Kadian, Sr. Sci. “Livelihood Security and Extension System Perspectives”Dr. Om Vir Singh, T.O. at JNKVV, Jabalpur.Dr.(Mrs.) Jancy Gupta, Head 3 rd International Conference on “Linking Markets and 11 th -15 th March, 2007Farmers: Exploring Leading Practices to Faster EconomicGrowth in Rural India” at New Delhi.Dr. S. B. Aggarwal, PS International Conference on “21 st Century Challenges 15 th -17 th March, 2007to Sustainable Agri. Food Systems” at UAS, Bangalore.Dr. R. C. Upadhyay, PS Workshop on “Network Project on Climate Change and 19 th - 21 st March, 2007Dr. (Mrs) Smita Sirohi, Sr.Sc. Agriculture” at Cochin.Dr. D. S. Sohi, PS National Conference on “Food and Nutrition Security: 22 nd - 23 rd March, 2007Dr. Kishan Singh, PS Food and Biotechnology Interventions” at SantDr. A. K. Puniya, Sr. Sci. Longowal Institute of Engg. & Tech., Sangrur, Panjab.Dr. A. K. Singh, Sci. (SS)Mr. Narendra Singh, T-2106Special Training Programme on VigilanceAdministration & Management in progressDr. S.L. Goswami, J.D. (R) addressing the participantsduring National Training Programme on "RecentAdvances in Expression Genomics Techniques"

12 SEMINARS/SYMPOSIA/WORKSHOPS/FIELD DAYS ORGANISED• 21 st National Training Programme on “Advanced Animal Breeding 17 th March toTechnologies for Improvement of Livestock” 6 th April, 2006• “Veterinary Health Camps cum Farmers’ and Scientists’ Meets”16 th , 18 th , 23 rd May,2006• Training on “Milk Processing” 1 st – 15 th June, 2006• Training Programme on “Tools and Techniques in Biochemistry Cell 1 st – 28 th July, 2006& Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics”• Seminar on “Dairy Nutrition” 14 th July, 2006• 3 rd Annual Workshop of Network Project on “Climate Change” 10 th -11 th August, 2006• National Workshop on “Technology and Equipment for Processing 23 rd - 24 th August, 2006and Quality Assurance of Foods”• National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP) Awareness 26 th August, 2006Building Workshop• Short Training on “Use of Microsoft and Internet Application” 12 th - 16 th Sept., 2006• “Rajbhasha Samaroh” 9 th - 12 th October, 2006• Workshop on “Computational Biology & Bio-informatics” 10 th - 13 th Oct., 2006• “World Food Day” 16 th October, 2006• National Seminar on “Prospects and Challenges of Manufacturing 26 th - 27 th November,Organic Indigenous Milk Products for Export Market” 2006• “Women in Agriculture Day” 4 th December, 2006• Training Programme on “Vigilance Administration and Management” 5 th – 8 th December, 2006• Short Course on “Developments in Traditional Dairy Products” 10 th – 30 th Dec., 2006• Refresher Course on “Computer Applications in Food and28 th Dec., 2006 toDairy Processing” 17 th Jan., 2007• National Workshop on “Institute-Industry Dialogue on Participatory 24 th January, 2007Research"• “Research-Extension-Industry-Farmers-Interface” for Dairy 6 th – 7 th Feb., 2007Development• Short Course on “Animal Nutrition and Feeding” 14 th Feb., 2007• National Training Programme on “Recent Advances in Expression 20 th Feb. toGenomic Techniques” 10 th March 2007• Workshop Network Project on “R&D Support for Process Upgradation 24 th Feb., 2007of Indigenous Milk Products for Industrial Applications”• “Rajbhasa Karyashala” 26 th Feb., 2007• “National Science Day” 28 th Feb., 2007• “National Environment Awareness Campaign” 19 th March, 2007107• “World Water Day” 22 nd March, 2007• National Training Programme on “Application of Genomics for 22 nd March toLivestock Improvement” 11 th April, 2007

13 DISTINGUISHED VISITORS12.04.2006 Mr. Etienne Barbarin, OfficerAsia Department and Mr. MarcelLacour, Asia Representative,Bonilart Proteines, France.20.04.2006 & Sh. Sharad Pawar, Hon’ble21.04.2006 Union Minister for Agriculture,Food, Public Distribution &Consumer Affairs, Govt. of India.Dr. Mangala Rai (DG),ICAR and Dr. V. K. Tanaja,DDG (AS), ICAR.07.06.2006 Sh. Harbhajan Singh, IAS,Managing Director PradeshikCo-op. Dairy Federation Ltd.,Lucknow and Secretary, DairyDevelopment, U.P.25.07.2006 A five member delegation fromIsrael led by Mr. Amir Fishler,Assistant to the President of Israel.Delegation from Israel at NDRI, KarnalSh. Sharad Pawar, Hon'ble Union Minister for Agriculture,visiting cattle yard of NDRI, ICAR alongwith Dr. MangalaRai, DG ICAR21.04.2006 Sh. Bhupinder Singh Hooda,Chief Minister, Haryana.25.05.2006 Sh. Ved Pal, Member, BOM,NDRI, Karnal.29.05.2006 Dr. A. K. Bandyopadhyay, ViceChancellor, West BengalUniversity of Animal & FisheriesSciences, Kolkata.03.06.2006 High-power ten member Sudanesedelegation led by H.E. Mr.Mohammed Alamin KabbashiEisa, Minister for Agriculture &Forestry, Sudan.25.08.2006 Dr. Nicola Jane, Ecosyl ProductsLtd., Giyn Helyg, Gorsgoch,Lianybydder Ceredigion, Englandand Dr. Kevin Brewer,Communication Director, EcosylProducts Ltd., Reseberry Court,Ellerback Way Stokesley,Middlesbrough, England.02.09.2006 Dr. Grady William Chism, andDr. Paul M. Hansen, Ohio StateUniversity, USA.108Visit of a delegation from Sudan led by H.E. Mr. MohammedAlamin Kabbashi Eisa, Ministerfor Agriculture & Forestry,SudanVisit of Delegation from USA to NDRI22.09.2006 Dr. Sanjay Saha, Joint Director,Dr. Prabir Kumar Pathak and Dr.Prabal Ranjan Ghosh fromPaschim Banga Go-SampadBikash Sanstha, Govt. of WestBengal, Kolkata.27.09.2006 Prof. K. Bijay Kumar, Chairman,Commission for Scientific &

–– Distinguished Visitors ––Technical Terminology, Ministry ofHuman Resource Development,Dept. of Secondary and HigherEducation, Govt. of India, New Delhi.5.10.2006 Sh. Satyavrat Chaturvedi, Hon’bleMember of Parliament, Uttranchal.20.10.2006 Dr. Manmohan Singh, IAS, ViceChancellor, Sri VenkateswaraVeterinary University, Tirupati.23.11.2006 His Excellency Hon’ble Dr. A. R.Kidwai, Governor of Haryana.8-9.1.2007 Dr. Jacques Ajenstat, Prof. &Head of D.S.S. Division, Deptt. ofMgt. & Technology, University ofQuebec, Montreal.15.01.2007 Mr. Jehs Hoffman and Mr. VishalVashisht from Germany.17.01.2007 Rotarians from South Africa:Mr. Garth Cambray Mr. DerrykJordan Mr. Nielvan Niekerk Ms.Nicci Hayes Mr. NormanAdamsSh. Satyavrat Chaturvedi, MP showing keen interest in theresearch publications of the Institute during his visit to NDRI17.10.2006 A seven member delegation led byHis Excellency Dr. Abera Deresa,Minister of State for Agriculture &Rural Development, Ethiopia.29.01.2007 Hon’ble Justice M. Katju, Judge’Supreme Court, New Delhi.07.02.2007 Mr. Iain A Wright, RegionalRepresentative Asia InternationalLivestock Research Institute,Nairobi.Ethopian Delegation at Animal Biotechnology Centre, NDRIVisit of Ethopian Delegation at Experimental Dairy Plantof NDRI10926.02.2007 Hon’ble members, Board ofRegent UAS, Dharwad. Sh. G. R.Odugoudar Smt. Isabella Dass,Sh. T. S. Patil, Dr. V. V. Angadi,Prof. of Agronomy, UASDharwad.Eastern Regional Station, Kalyani26.11.2006 Dr. K. Pradhan, Ex-ViceChancellor, RAU, Bikaner.26.11.2006 Sh. Ganesh Tawte, CGM,National Bank for Agricultureand Rural Development,Kolkata.27.11.2006 Dr. Harsev Singh, Vice PresidentReliance Dairy Group, Gurgaon.02.12.2006 Ch. Ved Pal, Member, BOM,NDRI.

14 PERSONNELINSTITUTE STAFF110General AdministrationAs on 31st March, 2007Sushil Kumar, Ph.D.DirectorS. L. Goswami, Ph.D. Joint Director (Research)G. R. Patil, Ph.D. Joint Director (Academic)Rameshwar Singh, Ph.D.RegistrarSurendra Singh, M.Stat.Controller of ExamsJ. K. Kewalramani, Chief Admn. OfficerB.Sc.,M.B.A.Santokh Singh, M.Com. Sr. Admn. Officer (Admn.)Puspendra Kumar, B.Sc.,Sr. Admn.OfficerM.E. (Civil)Suresh Chandra, B.Sc. Sr. Fin. & Account OfficerN. D. Sharma, Ph.D. Fin. & Account OfficerJ.A.S. Sayuja,Admn. Officer(SRS, Bangalore)Ms. Piyush Nimbran, B.Sc.Admn. OfficerRam ShankarAsstt. Director (Off. Lang.)M.A. (Hindi & English)C.T., P.G.D.T.C. K. Thakural, B. A. Asstt. Fin. & Account OfficerJoseph George Asstt. Finance & Account Officer(SRS, Bangalore)J. I. P. Madan, B.Sc. Asstt. Admn. OfficerPrem Chand Gupta, B.A. Asstt. Admn. OfficerKuna Ram KiskuAsstt. Admn. Officer(ERS, Kalyani)S. C. Tuli, B.A. Asstt. Admn. OfficerPunnu RamAsstt. Admn. OfficerTilak RajAsstt. Admn. Officer &Labour Welfare OfficerA. G. Barapatre Asstt. Admn. OfficerRam Singh Sulekh, B.A. Asstt. Admn. OfficerR. K. Bansal, M.A. Asstt. Admn. OfficerRam Niwas, B.A.Asstt. Admn. OfficerDeepak Chopra, B.A.Security OfficerM. S. Saini, B. Com P.S. to DirectorMadan Mohan, B.AP.S.O. P. Bareja, B.A P.S.Santra, B.A (on deputation)P.S.RTI CellS. L. Goswami, Ph.D. Appellate AuthorityJancy Gupta, Ph.D. Public Information OfficerMeena Malik, Ph.D. Asstt. Pub. Information OfficerJ.A.S. Sayuja Asstt. Pub. Information OfficerA. B. Choudhary Asstt. Pub. Information OfficerScientists and Technical OfficersDairy Cattle Breeding DivisionB. K. Joshi, Ph.D. HeadP. K. Nagpaul, Ph.D. Principal ScientistV. S. Raina, Ph.D. Principal ScientistG. K. Sachdeva, Ph.D. Principal ScientistB. R. Yadav, Ph.D. Principal Scientist &National FellowCharan Singh, M.Sc.Principal ScientistA. K. Gupta, Ph.D. Principal ScientistR. K. Mehla, Ph.D. Sr. ScientistA. K. Chakravarty, Ph.D. Sr. ScientistArchana Verma, Ph.D.Sr. ScientistShiv Prasad, Ph.D.Sr. ScientistR. S. Gandhi, Ph.D. Sr. ScientistI. D. Gupta, Ph.D. Sr. ScientistAshwani Sharma, Ph.D.Sr. ScientistAvtar Singh, Ph.D.Sr. ScientistT. K. Mohanty, Ph.D. Sr. ScientistM. L. Kamboj, Ph.D. Scientist (SS)S. S. Lathwal, Ph.D. Scientist (SS)A. P. Dabas, B.Sc. Technical OfficerSubhash ChandTechnical OfficerVinod Kumar, B.Sc.Technical OfficerShiv Kumar, M.Sc.Technical OfficerDairy Cattle Nutrition DivisionK. K. Singhal, Ph.D. HeadBhupender Singh, Ph.D.Principal ScientistA. Chhabra, Ph.D. Principal ScientistR. C. Chopra, Ph.D. Principal ScientistAmarjit Singh, Ph.D.Principal ScientistS. N. Rai, Ph.D. Principal ScientistHarjit Kaur, Ph.D.Principal ScientistJ. P. Sehgal, Ph.D. Principal ScientistD. S. Sohi, Ph.D. Principal ScientistNeelam J. Kewalramani, Ph.D. Principal ScientistS. S. Thakur, Ph.D. Principal ScientistS. S. Kundu, Ph.D. Principal ScientistMadhu Mohini, Ph.D.Principal ScientistVeena Mani, Ph.D.Sr. ScientistS. K. Tomar, Ph.D. Sr. ScientistA. K. Tyagi, Ph.D. Sr. ScientistS. K. Sirohi, Ph.D. Sr. ScientistRaj Bahadur, B.Sc.Technical OfficerSunil OraonTechnical OfficerKaran Singh, M.Sc.Technical OfficerSatnam Kaur, M.Sc.Technical OfficerK. L. Bakshi, Metric Technical OfficerS. Raju, M.V.Sc. Technical officerDairy Cattle Physiology DivisionB. S. Prakash, Ph.D. HeadR. C. Upadhayay, Ph. D. Principal ScientistSujata Pandita, Ph.D.Sr. ScientistParveen Kumar, Ph.D.Sr. ScientistSohanvir Singh, Ph.D.Sr. ScientistN. Anand Laxmi, Ph.D. Sr. ScientistSanjay Kumar, Ph.D.Sr. ScientistA. K. Dang, Ph.D. Sr. ScientistAnjuli Aggarwal, Ph.D.Sr. ScientistAshutosh, Ph.D.Scientist (SS)Manju Ashutosh, Ph.D.Scientist (SS)Prem Chand, M.Sc.Technical OfficerP. C. Singh, M.Sc. Technical OfficerAnimal Biotechnology CentreS. L. Goswami, Ph.D. Joint Director (Research) &Officer-in-chargeR. S. Manik, Ph.D. Sr. Scientist

–– Personnel ––111Prabhat Palta, Ph.D.Sr. ScientistS. K. Singla, Ph.D. Sr. ScientistM. S. Chauhan, Ph.D. Sr. ScientistT. K. Datta, Ph.D. Sr. ScientistD. Malakar, Ph.D. Sr. ScientistS. De, Ph.D. Sr. ScientistJ. K. Kaushik, Ph.D. Sr. ScientistA. K. Mohanty, Ph.D. Sr. ScientistAnimal Biochemistry DivisionV. K. Kansal, Ph.D. HeadP. R. Sinha, Ph.D. Principal ScientistM. K. Sharma, Ph.D. Principal ScientistS. K. Atreja, Ph.D. Principal ScientistR. K. Sharma, Ph.D. Principal ScientistSurjeet Singh, Ph.D.Sr. ScientistGautam Kaul, Ph.D.Sr. ScientistDheer Singh, Ph.D.Sr. ScientistS. K. Sood, Ph.D. Sr. ScientistSuman Kapila Ph.D.Sr. ScientistRavi Kant, M.Sc.Technical OfficerYoginder Panwar, B.Sc., M.A. Technical OfficerDairy Technology DivisionA. A. Patel, Ph.D HeadAbhay Kumar, Ph.DPrincipal ScientistR. S. Mann, Ph.D Principal ScientistG. K. Goyal, Ph.D Principal ScientistVijay Kumar, Ph.DPrincipal ScientistS. K. Kanawjia, Ph.D Principal ScientistDharam Pal, Ph.DPrincipal ScientistD. K. Thompkinson, Ph.D Principal ScientistB. B. Verma, Ph.D. Principal ScientistR. R. B. Singh, Ph.D Senior ScientistLatha Sabikhi, Ph.DSenior ScientistF. C. Garg, M.Sc. Scientist (SG)A. K. Singh, Ph.D. Scientist (SS)A. K. Sharma, B.Sc. Technical OfficerM. K. Trehan, M.Sc., PGDCA Technical OfficerVinod Kumar, B.Sc.Technical OfficerJessa Ram, Ph.DTechnical OfficerRam Swarup, M.A.Technical OfficerU. C. Govil, B.A., IDD Technical OfficerHari Ram Gupta, M.Sc.Technical OfficerJasmer Singh, B.Sc.Technical OfficerA. K. Kohli, Dip. (Mech. Engg.) Technical OfficerLehri Singh, M.Sc.Technical OfficerS. K. Kharb, M.A. Technical OfficerD.P. Verma, IntermediateTechnical OfficerT. L. Jaggi, Dip. (Refrigerator) Technical OfficerA. K. Khurana, M.A. Technical OfficerProbir Mondal, B.Sc.Technical OfficerSubhash Chander, Dip. (Electrical) Technical OfficerSavitri Jhamb, B.Sc.Technical OfficerDairy Engineering DivisionS. P. Agrawala, Ph.D. HeadI. K. Sawhney, M.Tech. Principal ScientistR. K. Kohli, Ph.D. Principal ScientistBikram Kumar, M.Tech.Principal ScientistA. K. Dodeja, Ph.D. Principal ScientistS. K. Makker, M.Sc. Sr. ScientistR. L. Chaudhary, Ph.D. Sr. ScientistM. P. Singh, A.M.I.E. Technical OfficerS. K. Chaudhary, A.M.I.E. Technical OfficerV. K. Nayar, B.E. (Elect. Engg.) Technical OfficerS. S. Bhinder, Diploma (Mech. Engg.) Technical OfficerJ. K. Dabas, M.Tech. Technical OfficerPawan KumarTechnical OfficerDairy Chemistry DivisionY. S. Rajput, Ph.D. HeadAjit Singh, Ph.D.Principal ScientistG. S. Sharma, Ph.D. Principal ScientistB. K. Wadhwa, Ph.D. Principal ScientistDarshan Lal, Ph.D.Principal ScientistT. Rai, Ph.D. Principal ScientistDes Raj, Ph.D.Principal ScientistR. B. Sangwan, Ph.D. Sr. ScientistRaman Seth, Ph.D.Sr. ScientistBimlesh Mann, Ph.D.Sr. ScientistSumit Arora, Ph.D.Sr. ScientistVivek Sharma, Ph.D.Sr. ScientistRajan Sharma, Ph.D.Sr. ScientistRajesh Kumar, Ph.D.Sr. ScientistMoti Ram, Ph.D.Technical OfficerP. K. Gupta, M.Sc. Technical OfficerO. P. Sharma, B.Sc. Technical OfficerDairy Microbiology DivisionV. K. Batish, Ph.D. HeadKishan Singh, Ph.D.Principal ScientistRattan Chand, Ph.D.Principal ScientistD. N. Gandhi, Ph.D. Principal ScientistRameshwar Singh, Ph.D.Principal ScientistR. K. Malik, Ph.D. Principal ScientistP. K. Aggarwal, Ph.D. Principal ScientistSunita Grover, Ph.D.Sr. ScientistA. K. Puniya, Ph.D. Sr. ScientistS. K. Tomar, Ph.D. Sr. ScientistShilpa Vij, Ph.D.Sr. ScientistNaresh Kumar, Ph.D.Sr. ScientistR. P. Singh, Ph.D. Technical OfficerVishav Bandhu, B.A.Technical OfficerInder Kumar, B.Sc.Technical OfficerDairy Economics, Statistics and ManagementDivisionRaj Vir Singh, Ph.D.HeadJ. P. Dhaka, Ph.D. Principal ScientistS. B. Agarwal, Ph.D. Principal ScientistSurendra Singh, M.Stat.Principal ScientistD. K. Jain, Ph.D. Principal ScientistN. K. Verma, Ph.D. Principal ScientistK. K. Kalra, Ph.D. Principal ScientistB. S. Chandel, Ph.D. Principal ScientistA. K. Chauhan, Ph.D. Sr. ScientistRavinder Malhotra, Ph.D.Sr. ScientistSmita Sirohi, Ph.D.Sr. ScientistA. P. Ruhil, Ph.D. Scientist (SS)A. K. Sharma M.Sc. ScientistJagjit Singh, M.Sc.Technical OfficerS. P. Sharma, M.A. Technical OfficerL. S. Sandhu, Ph.D. Technical Officer

–– Personnel ––112Tara Chand, B.Sc.Ram Singh, B.A.Sanjeev Kumar, M.A.Technical OfficerTechnical OfficerTechnical OfficerDairy Extension DivisionJancy Gupta, Ph.D.HeadRam Kumar, Ph.D.Principal ScientistDalaur Singh Sidhu, M.Sc.Principal ScientistB. S. Malik, Ph.D. Principal ScientistJ. P. S. Chauhan, Ph.D. Principal ScientistK. S. Kadian, Ph.D. Sr. ScientistKhajan Singh, Ph.D.Sr. ScientistS. K. Jha, Ph.D. Sr. ScientistGopal Sankhala, Ph.D.Sr. ScientistS. Chinnadurai, Ph.D. Sr. ScientistRitu Chakravarty, M.Sc.Scientist (SS)Om Vir Singh, M.Sc.Technical OfficerParvinder Sharma, Ph.D.Technical OfficerMridula Upadhayay, M.A.Technical OfficerAgricultural Technology Information Centre(ATIC)D. S. Sohi, Ph.D. Principal Scientist & InchargeKumar Bharat, M.A.Technical OfficerRajpal Sharma B.A.Technical OfficerKrishi Vigyan Kendra/Trainers’ TrainingCentreDalip K. Gosain, Ph.D. Scientist (SG) & InchargeC. J. Juneja, Ph.D. Technical OfficerSurender Kumar, M.Sc.Technical OfficerSaroj Mehta, M.Sc., B.Ed.Technical OfficerSushil Kumar Kamboj, M.Sc. Technical OfficerSatya Pal, M.V.Sc.Technical OfficerRajeshwar Dayal, B.Sc.Technical OfficerMohar Singh, B.Sc.Technical OfficerD. R. Sukhija, B.A. Technical OfficerR. B. S. Yadav Technical OfficerBrij KishoreTechnical OfficerDes RajTechnical OfficerForage SectionA. S. Harika, Ph.D. Principal Scientist & InchargeD. S. Sohi, Ph.D. Principal ScientistSahab Singh, M.Sc.Sr. ScientistOm Parkash, Dip.(Agri.Engg.) Technical OfficerUttam Kumar, Ph.D.Technical OfficerR. S. Dhuria, Dip. in (Mech.) Technical OfficerM. S. Tyagi, B. Sc. Technical OfficerRamesh Chand, B. Sc. (Agri.) Technical OfficerRishi Pal, ITI, (Electrical)Technical OfficerBhavnesh Kr. Sehgal, ITI (Workshop) Technical OfficerNaresh Kumar, ITI (Workshop) Technical OfficerO.P. Khosla, ITI (Workshop) Technical OfficerSohan LalTechnical OfficerSatrughan MehtoTechnical OfficerLehrimalTechnical OfficerAnil Kumar Dagar, M.Sc.Technical OfficerLivestock FarmShiv Prasad, Ph.D.Sr. Scientist, InchargeA. K. Tyagi, Ph.D. Sr. ScientistT. K. Mohanty, Ph.D. Sr. ScientistM. L. Kamboj, Ph.D. Scientist (SS)Chaman Lal, Intermediate,Technical OfficerDip. (Motor Mechanic)S. K. Sharma, B.A. Technical OfficerAnimal Health ComplexK.P.S. Tomar, M.V.Sc.Ramesh Chandra, B.A.Praveen Kumar, M.V.Sc.Technical OfficerTechnical OfficerTechnical OfficerArtificial Breeding ComplexV.S. Raina, Ph.D. Principal Scientist, InchargeA.K. Gupta, Ph.D.Principal ScientistT.K. Mohanty, Ph.D.Sr. ScientistJ. K. Pundir, B.V.Sc. Technical OfficerN.S. Sirohi, Ph.D.Technical OfficerBamsode, B.Sc.Technical OfficerNihal SinghTechnical OfficerJeetu RamTechnical OfficerUniversity OfficeG. R. Patil Joint Director (Academic)Rameshwar Singh, Ph.D.RegistrarSurendra Singh, M. Stat.Controller of ExamsS. K. Kanawjia, Ph.D. Chief Hostel WardenA. K. Singh, Ph.D. Hostel WardenGopal Sankala, Ph.D.Hostel WardenMadhu Mohini, Ph.D.Hostel WardenTilak RajAsstt. Admn. OfficerSheo Raj SinghTechnical OfficerResearch Coordination and ManagementUnitS. L. Goswami, Ph.D. Joint Director (Research)Meena Malik, M.Phil. Ph.D. Asstt. Prof. (English)Braj Kishor, M.A., B.Lib Sci. Technical Officer& MSS, PMADTLibrary ServicesB. R. Yadav, Ph.D. HeadY. K. Sharma, M.Lib.Sci. Technical OfficerParmod Kumar, M.Lib.Sci.Technical OfficerAttar Singh, B. Lib. Sci.Technical OfficerPushpa Rani, B. Lib. Sci.Technical OfficerB. P. Singh, M.A., M.Lib.& Info. Sci. Technical OfficerComputer CentreD. K. Jain, Ph.D. Principal Scientist, InchargeA. K. Sharma, Ph.D. Scientist (SS)A. P. Ruhil, Ph.D. Scientist (SS)Anirudha Kumar M.Sc.,Technical OfficerPGDCA, NHT DiplomaR. C. Nagpal, M.A. Technical OfficerGian Singh, M.Sc.Technical Officer(Computer Science)Communication CentreJancy Gupta, Ph.D.InchargeG. D. Joshi, M.A. Technical OfficerS. K. Talwar, M.A., P.G.D. Technical OfficerBhupinder Kaur, M.Com.,Technical OfficerB. Lib. Sci.Gulshan Kumar, B.A.Technical Officer

–– Personnel ––113Mehi Lal, MetricDharmbir, B.A.Technical OfficerTechnical OfficerVehicle Maintenance SectionR. K. Mittal Technical OfficerAuditoriumR. K. Mittal Technical OfficerGanpat RaiTechnical OfficerSecurity SectionPushendra Kumar, B.Sc., M.E. (Civil) Sr. A.O.Deepak Chopra, B. A.Technical OfficerKulvir Singh, M. Sc.Technical OfficerMaintenance SectionR. M. Chayal, Dip.Civil Engg. Technical Officer,InchargeR. S. Chaudhary, Dip. (Elect. Engg.) Technical OfficerSarwan KumarTechnical OfficerR. K. Bansal, B.E. (Civil) Technical OfficerS. K. Saini Technical OfficerInter Lal ((Draftsman- Civil) Technical OfficerRam Rikh (ITI Filter)Technical OfficerTek Chand (ITI Electical)Technical OfficerBhagwat Singh (ITI Workshop) Technical OfficerDevinder Kumar (ITI Wireman) Technical OfficerHospitality CellD. D. Ahluwalia, L.L.B., PGD Technical officerR. P. Sharma, B.A. Technical officerHealth ComplexR. K. Malik, Ph.D. Principal Scientist, InchargeRekha Sharma, M.B.B.S.Sr. Medical OfficerManoj Kumar, M.B.B.S.Medical OfficerV. R.V. Surendranath Naik, Medical OfficerM.D., V.D. (SRS)K. S. Khana, Dip. Technical Officer(Diagnostic X-Ray)Richa Walia, Diploma Nursing Technical OfficerSaroj Kathuria, DiplomaTechnical OfficerNursing & Mid WiferyEPABX SectionA. S. Ghai, M.A. Technical officerRaj Kumar, Dip. (Electronic) Technical officerEstate SectionPushpendra Kumar,Sr. A. O. & InchargeB.Sc., M.E. (Civil)Satish Kumar, M.Sc.Technical OfficerPrem Singh, M.A.Technical OfficerSouthern Regional Station, BangaloreM. K. Rao, Ph.D. HeadS. A. D. Prasad, B.E., Dip. (D.E.) Principal ScientistS. Vijayalakshmi, Ph.D. Principal ScientistV. Unnikrishnan, Ph.D. Principal ScientistM. K. Bhavadasan, Ph.D. Principal ScientistA. Obi Reddy, Ph.D. Principal ScientistSatish Kulkarni, Ph.D.Principal ScientistV. K. Kesavan, Ph.D. Principal ScientistC. N. Pagote, Ph.D. Principal ScientistN. N. Balasubramanya, Ph.D. Principal ScientistB. Surendra Nath, Ph.D. Principal ScientistB. C. Ghosh, Ph.D. Sr. ScientistB. V. Balasubramanyam, Ph.D. Sr. ScientistP. K. Dixit, Ph.D. Sr. ScientistK. S. Prasad, Ph.D. Sr. ScientistM. C. Arunmozhi Devi, Ph.D. Sr. ScientistK. Jayaraja Rao, Ph.D. Sr. ScientistD. N. Das, Ph.D. Sr. ScientistChand Ram, Ph.D.Sr. ScientistP. Heartwin Amala Dhas, ME (Agri.) Scientist (SS)(on study leave)Rekha Ravindra Menon, M. Tech. Scientist (SS)(on study leave)F. Magdaline Eljeeva Emerald, Scientist (SS)ME (Agri.)P. Murugananthan, M.Lib. Sci. Technical OfficerM. Nanjundaswamy, M. Lib.Sci. Technical OfficerV.R.V. Surendranath Naik, M.D. Technical OfficerP. S. Shivaprasad, Dip. (Elec.Engg.) Technical Officer(PGDEPA)M. Sreenath, M.Sc. Technical OfficerSarwar, M.Sc.Technical OfficerL. Krishna Murthy, M. Sc. Technical OfficerP. Aravindakshan, M.Sc., PGD (BA) Technical OfficerM.A. Usha, B.Sc.Technical OfficerS. Rama Chandraraju, Dep.(Mech.) Technical OfficerM. K. Vedavathi, B.Sc. Technical OfficerB. K. Rajeshekaraiah, B.Sc. Technical OfficerB. K. Datta, B.Sc. Technical OfficerJ. Nageshwara Rao, Dip.(Mech) Technical OfficerK. L. Sampath, B.Sc. Technical OfficerVeeraju, B.E. (Civil)Technical OfficerP. G. Satisha, B.V.Sc. Technical OfficerK. P. Lakshminarayanappa Technical OfficerDME (Mech.)Meganathan, Dep. (Elect. Engg.) Technical OfficerR. Keshvamurthy, B.Sc. Technical OfficerGurunath Gouda Patil, B.Sc. Technical OfficerM. S. Nagarajaiah, Dip. (Civil Engg.) Technical OfficerB. R. Srinivasamurthy, B.Sc. Technical OfficerThivija KumariTechnical OfficerSwaminathan S. RamTechnical OfficerD. Vasantha, B.A. Dip. (Lib. Sci.) Technical OfficerEastern Regional Station, KalyaniD. K. Sharma, Ph.D. HeadR. B. Singh, Ph.D. Principal ScientistManendra Singh, Ph.D.Sr. ScientistP. K. Roy, Ph.D. Sr. ScientistLotan Singh, Ph.D.Sr. ScientistS. K. Das, Ph.D. Sr. ScientistR. A. Dey, Ph.D. Scientist (SS)A. Santra, Ph.D. Scientist (SS)Anupam Chatterjee, Ph.D.Scientist (SS)A. B. Chowdhuri, M.Sc. Technical OfficerV. P. Verma, M.A., B.Lib.Sci. Technical OfficerAlokesh Goswami, M.Sc.Technical OfficerAmitava Ghosh, M.V.Sc.Technical OfficerP. K. Pal, B.Sc. Technical OfficerSamnath Dutta, M.V.Sc.Technical OfficerPrabir Saha, M.Sc.Technical OfficerS. C. Halder, B.Sc. Technical Officer

PERSONNEL MILESTONES114Appointments/Joinings• Dr. G. R. Patil, Head, Dairy TechnologyDivision appointed as Joint Director(Academic) at NDRI, Karnal w.e.f. 24.05.2006.• Dr. Raj Vir Singh, Principal Scientist & ActingHead appointed as regular Head of DES&MDivision at NDRI, Karnal w.e.f. 09.08.2006.• Sh. Joseph George, AF&AO joined his dutiesat SRS of NDRI, Bangalore after his transferfrom CMFRI, Kochi w.e.f. 10.04.2006.• Dr. V. Chandrasekar, Scientist (SS) joined atNDRI, Karnal after his transfer from SRS,Bangalore on 08.02.2006.• Dr. S. S. Kundu, Principal Scientist (AnimalNutrition) joined at NDRI, Karnal on histransfer from IFGRI, Jhansi w.e.f. 12.07.2006.• Ms. Piyush Nimbran joined as AdministrativeOfficer at NDRI, Karnal on 23.10.2006.• Dr. (Mrs.) Rekha Sharma, Sr. Medical Officerjoined at NDRI, Karnal after her transfer fromCSSRI, Karnal on 25.10.2006.• Dr. P. C. Keshavalu, Part time Medical Officerjoined at NDRI, SRS, Bangalroe on 13.11.2006.Promotions• Dr. (Mrs.) M. C. A. Devi, Scientist (SG), NDRI,SRS, Bangalore promoted as Senior Scientistw.e.f. 06.01.2005.• Dr. D. N. Das, Scientist (SS), NDRI, SRS,Bangalore promoted as Senior Scientist w.e.f.22.03.2005.• Dr. Sumit Arora, Scientist (SS), NDRI,promoted as Senior Scientist w.e.f. 26.08.2005.• Mrs. Ravindra Rekha Menon, Scientist, NDRI,SRS, Bangalore promoted as Scientist (Sr.Scale) w.e.f. 22.02.2006.• Dr. Vivek Sharma and Dr. Rajan SharmaScientists (SS), NDRI, promoted as SeniorScientists w.e.f. 11.04.2006.• Dr. Rajesh Kumar, Scientist (SS), NDRI,promoted as Senior Scientist w.e.f. 23.04.2006.• Mrs. F. Magadline Eljeeva Emerald, ScientistNDRI, SRS, Bangalore promoted as (Sr. Scale)w.e.f. 24.05.2006.• Dr. Chand Ram, Scientist (SS) NDRI, SRS,Bangalore promoted as Senior Scientist w.e.f.11.07.2006.• Sh. Nathu Ram Atreja, Assistant promoted asAsstt. Admn. Officer at NDRI, Karnal w.e.f.01.04.2006.• Sh. Ishwar Dayal, Assistant promoted as Asstt.Admn. Officer under L.D.C.E. quota at NDRI,Karnal w.e.f. 24.05.2006.• Sh. Ramesh Chand and Sh. Molhar Singh,Technical Officers promoted from T-6 (F/FT)to T-7-8 (F/FT) w.e.f. 01.01.2006.• Sh. B. K. Rajashekariah, Technical Officer, SRSof NDRI, Bangalore promoted from T-5 (F/FT)to T-6 (F/FT) w.e.f. 01.01.2006.• Sh. Jasmer Singh and Sh. P. K. Pal, TechnicalOfficers promoted from T-6 (L/T) to T-7-8 (L/T) w.e.f. 01.01.2006.• Sh. Jagjit Singh and Sh. P. Arvindakshan,Technical Officers promoted from T-6 (L/T) toT-7-8 (L/T) w.e.f. 03.02.2006.• Sh. P. Aravindakshan, Technical Officer, SRS,Bangalore promoted from T-6 to T-7-8 w.e.f03.02.2006.• Smt. Satnam Kaur, Technical Officer promotedfrom T-5 (L/T) to T-6 (L/T) w.e.f. 28.03.2005.• Sh. Gian Singh, Technical Officer promotedfrom T-5 (L/T) to T-6 (L/T) w.e.f. 10.01.2006.• Sh. B. K. Rajashekaraiah, Technical Officer,SRS, Bangalore promoted from T-5 to T-6 w.e.f01.01.2006.• Sh. H. K. Khurana, Sh. S. S. Bhinder and Sh. A.K. Kohli, Technical Officers promoted from T-5 (W/S) to T-6 (W/S ) w.e.f. 24.02.2006.• Mr. Braj Kishor, T-4 (P&E) promoted asTechnical Officer T-5 (P&E) w.e.f. 04.05.2006.• Ms. Kanchan Choudhary, NDRI, Karnal andMs. T. R. Thivijakumari, NDRI, SRS, Bangalore

–– Personnel Milestones ––T-4 (P&E) promoted as Technical Officer T-5(P&E) w.e.f. 29.06.2006.Transfers• Dr. Mahendra Singh, Sr. Scientist transferredfrom NDRI, Karnal to ERS of NDRI, Kalyanialongwith post w.e.f. 01.04.2006.• Dr. K. Narsaih, Scientist (SS), DairyEngineering Division left NDRI, Karnal to joinas Sr. Scientist at CIPHET, Ludhiana on19.07.2006.• Sh. A. K. Singh, A.O. relieved from NDRI,Karnal to join as Sr. A. O. at CPRI, Shimla w.e.f.03.06.2006.• Dr. K. Narsaiah, Scientist (Sr. Scale) relievedfrom NDRI, Karnal to join as Sr. Scientist (ASPE)at CIPHET, Ludhiana w.e.f. 19.07.2006.• Sh. V. Ramesh, Technical Officer (T-5)transferred from SRS of NDRI, Bangalore toNIANP, Bangalore 30.08.2006• Dr. (Mrs) Mahathi Prakash, Medical Officertransferred from NDRI, Karnal to CSSRI,Karnal w.e.f 18.10.2006.• Dr. Alok Jha, Sr. Scientist, relieved from NDRI,Karnal to join as Professor at BHU, Varanasiw.e.f. 26.12.2006.Retirements• Dr. T. K. Walli, Principal Scientist retired fromCouncil’s service w.e.f. 31.05.2006.• Dr. R. K. Mishra, Former Head, ERS, NDRI andPrincipal Scientist retired from Council’sservice w.e.f. 30.06.2006.• Sh. Bhim Sain Bajaj, Technical Officer (T-5),Driver retired from Council’s service w.e.f.30.04.2006.• Dr. J. C. Markandey, Principal Scientist retiredfrom Council’s service w.e.f. 31.07.2006.• Dr. R. C. Saha, Scientist (Selection Grade),Animal Nutrition, ERS Kalyani retired fromCouncil’s service w.e.f. 31.07.06• Dr. S. K. Anand, Sr. Scientist took voluntaryretirement from Council’s service w.e.f.18.08.2006.• Sh. Chhelu Ram, Technical Officer T-5, Driver,retired from Council’s service w.e.f. 31.07.2006.• Sh. H. K. Khurana, Technical Officer T-5,retired from Council’s service w.e.f. 31.08.2006.• Dr. S. R. Gawali, Principal Scientist, NDRI,SRS, Bangalore retired from Council’s servicew.e.f. 30.11.2006.• Dr. H. P. Tripathi, Principal Scientist, NDRIretired from Council’s service w.e.f. 31.12.2006.• Ms. V. Sudha, T-7/8 (L/T) NDRI, SRS,Bangalore retired from Council’s service w.e.f.31.12.2006.• Mr. A.B. Chaudhury, T-7-8, ERS, Kalyaniretired from the Council’s service on31-03-2007.115Dr. Gurbachan Singh, Director CSSRI lighting the lamp during theworkshop on climate change organised at NDRI

15 MAIN STATIONRESEARCH DIVISIONS116Dairy Cattle Breeding DivisionThe Division is involved in conducting researchin the areas of Animal Genetics & Breeding,Livestock Production and Management andBiotechnology related to Molecular Genetics. Themain thrust areas in research include geneticimprovement of crossbred and Sahiwal cattle andMurrah buffaloes by progeny testing of breedingmales and judicious selection of females, studieson selection criteria, development of optimumbreeding plans, genetic polymorphism studiesat molecular level, faster multiplication ofsuperior germplasm, male fertility assessment,animal housing systems and animal behaviourstudies.Dr. Sushil Kumar, Director NDRI releasing a compendiumof lectures during training programmeDevelopment of high-level manpower in the fieldof Animal Genetics and Breeding and LivestockProduction and Management constitutes anotherimportant mandate of the Division. The Divisionprovides assistance to KVK/TTC TrainingProgrammes, consultancy services to farmers andvarious organizations, supplies superiorgermplasm in the form of frozen semen andbreeding males to farmers, developmentalagencies and state governments.The Center for Advanced Studies (CAS) in AnimalGenetics and Breeding established at Division ofDairy Cattle Breeding during eighth plancontinued its activities on strengthening research,teaching and imparting training to scientists/teachers from research Institutes and stateagricultural universities in advanced areas ofAnimal Genetics and Breeding. A total of 22National Training Programmes have so far beenorganized under the aegis of CAS in the Division.The organizational structure for research consistsof Animal Breeding cell, Livestock Productionand Management Unit, Animal Genetics Labs,Computer cell, Livestock Record cell, Cattle Yardand Artificial Breeding Complex.Dairy Cattle Nutrition DivisionDairy Cattle Nutrition Division came intoexistence as an independent Division in 1984.The major objectives of the Division were toconduct basic and applied research, undertakepost-graduate programme of Animal Nutritionand participate in extension education throughvarious training programmes besidesdevelopment and refinement of technology in thediscipline of dairy cattle nutrition and forageproduction applicable at field level. In additionto this, Division is providing consultancy to thefeed processing industry and other organizations.The contribution of the Division has been amplyrecognized at National and International levelsby conferring the coveted awards such as RafiAhmed Kidwai Memorial Prize, Jawahar LalNehru Award, CLFMA Award, Rajendra PrasadAward, Animal Nutrition Society of IndiaAward, Dr. D. Sunderasan Award to the facultymembers of the Division for their contribution inthe field of Animal Nutrtion. The Division wasaccorded the center of excellence under UNDP/IAEA programme for conducting the postgraduateeducation and research. The Divisionpossesses the unique distinction of having hadthe chair of Professor of Eminence in the field ofAnimal Nutrition sanctioned by ICAR during1985-87. The linkages have been developed overthe years with various National andInternational research organizations such asUNDP, IAEA, SIDA, Indo Dutch Project, ATI, USA,DST, DBT, Indo-UK, NDDB, WII and also withthose organization having the objectives forproductivity enhancement of dairy animals. Thepioneer work has been done in the division inthe area of methane emission from dairy animalsas influenced by dietary practices. Keeping inview the expertise available, a prestigious projecton the mitigation of methane emission has beenawarded to the Division under national fund.The Division has excellent laboratory facilitiesfor research and education. These facilitiesinclude Central Fine Instrumentation Laboratory,Laboratory for Anaerobic Rumen Microbial Work,

–– Research Divisions ––117Laboratory for environment related studies andQuality control laboratory for feed analysis.Dairy Cattle Physiology DivisionThe discipline of Animal Physiology functionedas a section of erstwhile Dairy HusbandryDivision and subsequently of Dairy CattleNutrition Division till the end of the 6 th Five YearPlan. In the year 1984, it received the status of anindependent Division with the objectives toconduct basic and applied research and imparttraining in various aspects of Animal Physiology,to undertake post graduate programmes ofeducation in Animal Physiology at Masters andDoctoral levels and development and applicationof field level technologies.The salient achievements of the Division are:development of sensitive radio-immunoassaysfor several protein and steroid hormones;development and validation of sensitive enzymeimmunoassays for progesterone, oxytocin, GH,LH, FSH and PGFM; application of progesteronemeasurement in body fluids for fertilityimprovement viz. estrus confirmation,pregnancy/non pregnancy detection, monitoringcyclicity and identification of ovarian disorders,application of estrone sulphate determination inmilk for confirmation of pregnancy and fetalviability; indigenous production of progesteroneantiserum and anti-rabbit IgG (second antibody)and their application in hormone immunoassays;parturition induction, neonate physiology;temporal endocrine interrelationships duringdifferent phases of growth, reproduction andlactation; application of endocrine techniques forgrowth enhancement and fertility improvement,induction of lactation, augmentation of lactationthrough Growth Hormone administration,estimates of udder capacities, residual milk andmilk secretion rates; somatic cell counts in milkof bovines during different stages of lactation;draught evaluation system, work efficiency ofcrossbred and indigenous bovine and buffalobullocks and optimum work-rest cycle forworking bullocks.The achievements of the Division have beenamply recognized at National and Internationallevels and a number of awards and Fellowshipshave been bestowed on its scientists; these includethe coveted Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Award, HariOm Ashram Trust Award, Dr. D. SundaresanMemorial Award, Indian Science CongressAssociation Young Scientist Award, NilsLagerlof Memorial Award, ISSAR YoungScientist Award, DAAD Fellowship,Department of Biotechnology SponsoredOverseas Associateship, Dr. D. N. MullickMemorial Award, P.G. Nair Award, HarikrishnaShastri Memorial Award of IARI, Fellowship ofNational Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Dr. Heinrich – Baur Foundation Award of theTechnical University of Munich, Germany andthe Recognition Award of the National Academyof Agricultural Sciences. The students have alsodistinguished themselves by winning the covetedJawaharlal Nehru Award of ICAR foroutstanding Ph.D. thesis consecutively for thepast three years. Presently, the Division is focusingits research in 3 main areas namely Growth andReproductive Physiology, Lactation Physiologyand Environmental Physiology. The Divisionhas also undertaken research projects funded bythe BARC, World Bank, Department ofBiotechnology and NDDB. A Network Projecton “Impact, adaptation and vulnerability ofIndian agriculture to climate change withemphasis on livestock” has recently beeninitiated. Linkages have also been established forcollaborative research with other ICAR Institutesviz. NRC on Yak, Arunachal Pradesh and NRCon Mithun, Nagaland.Animal Biotechnology CentreBiotechnology was initiated at NDRI, Karnalduring mid eighties under a UNDP “Centre ofExcellence on Biotechnology” program. Theurgent need for application of recentbiotechnological advances in reproduction andproduction to superior females of dairy breedsof ruminants for improving animal productivityin our country formed the basis for theestablishment of a state-of-art EmbryoBiotechnology Centre (EBC) by financial supportfrom the Department of Biotechnology.Release of compendium during "National TraningProgramme on Recent Advances in ExpressionGenomic Techniques".

–– Research Divisions ––118Biotechnology was further strengthened byestablishment of Livestock Genome Lab andMolecular Biology Unit under NationalAgricultural Research Project-II. AnimalBiotechnology Centre was reorganized in June1999 by consolidating all the infrastructurefacilities created under various programs onbiotechnology. Besides research on areas relevantto biotechnology in dairy production andprocessing, the Centre also offers the M.Sc. & Ph.D.Animal Biotechnology program.The objectives of the Division are 1) To undertakebiotechnology oriented basic and appliedresearch programmes for improving animalproductivity and for developing innovative dairyprocesses for producing superior quality, safeand wholesome dairy products, 2) To trainmanpower in application of Biotechnology inDairy Production and Dairy Processing and 3)To organise M.Sc. and Ph.D. programmes inBiotechnology for the NDRI Deemed University.It is proposed to organise the Division of DairyBiotechnology into the following two areas ofsubject matter disciplines.1. Animal Biotechnology2. Process BiotechnologyAnimal Biochemistry DivisionThe Division of Animal Biochemistry came intobeing in September 1984 with the merger of thediscipline of Animal Biochemistry of DairyChemistry Division and the section of HumanNutrition and Dietetics. Research endeavours ofthe Division are presently directed towardsdevelopment of probiotic foods, understandingmechanism of action of dairy nutraceuticals,validation of health benefit claims of Indian dairyproducts, characterization of genes related tofertility in buffalo, signal transductionmechanism in sperm functions, identification offertility markers, spermatogonial stem cellsresearches.The Division has instrument rooms with modernequipments viz. Alpha and Beta counters, highspeed refrigerated centrifuges, UV-Visiblespectrophotometers, ELISA Plate reader, HPLC,GLC, Inverted and Fluorescent microscopes,Water purification system, Ice flaking machine,Freeze dryer, Gel documentation (Imaging)system and Ultra filtration unit. Division has acold room for carrying out research at lowtemperature. Cell culture facilities are alsoavailable in the Division.The salient research achievements of the Divisionare: validation of health benefits of dairy ghee inattenuation of coronary heart diseases andgastro- intestinal and mammary carcinogenesisand improvement of immune system;development of probiotic dahi (Acidophilusbifidusand Acidophilus casei) for combatingcoronary heart disease and colon cancer andimprovement of immune system; elucidation ofantiatherogenic properties of milk and itsmechanism; bioavailability of vitamins andminerals from dairy products; characterizationand sequencing of buffalo milk lysozyme;development of simple method based on milklysozyme for detection of sub-clinical mastitis;levels of conjugated linoloic acid in milkproducts; establishment of body slimming effectof conjugated linoloic acid and elucidation itsmechanism; characterization and regulation of aspectrum of 8 amino acid acid transport systemsin mammary gland; Immobilization of -galactosidase and its application in productionof low lactose milk; Hormonal profile ofreproductive phases of buffalo; development ofsimple test for detection of coliforms in dairyproducts; development of sperm capacitationmodels for buffalo, goat and cattle for use in invitro fertilization; elucidation of biochemicalchanges in sperm maturation, capacitation,acrosome reaction and semen freezing;elucidation of biochemical and hormonalcharacteristics of goat, sheep and buffalo ovarianfollicles; expression and hormonal regulation ofmRNAs encoding IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF-IR, IGF-IIR,IGFBPs, PAPP-A, TNF- and aromatase, duringbuffalo estrous cycle; Cloning and sequencing offull length open reading frame of buffaloaromatase cDNA; SSCP analysis of CYP19 genein anestrus buffaloes; Sequencing of partialcDNAs of SREBP-1, transcription factors (Sp-1,GATA-4) in porcine ovary.The contributions of the Division have beenamply recognized by two Rafi Ahmed KidwaiMemorial Awards, Dr. P. G. Nair Award,Jawahar Lal Nehru Award, Young ScientistAward, IUIS/FIMSA Travel Bursary Award andseveral paper presentation awards.The Division has laboratories for FunctionalFoods and Therapeutics, Process Biochemistry,Enzyme Immobilization, MolecularEndocrinology, Reproductive Biochemistry,Enzymology, Lactation Biochemistry, Molecularand Cellular Immunology and Probiotic studies.The Small Animal House, a central facility undersupervision of this Division, caters to the need of

–– Research Divisions ––119students and scientist for laboratory animals viz.rat, mice, rabbit and hamster etc. The unitpossesses all facilities for formulation of feedsfor laboratory animals.Dairy Technology DivisionDairy Technology Division is involved inteaching, research, training and consultancyactivities. Over the years, the Division has madesignificant contributions to development oftechnological know-how for the dairy industry.The research efforts of the Division faculty arechanneled through in-house projects includingdissertations of Masters and doctoral students,and extra-mural projects funded by variousagencies.The notable research achievements of theDivision are development of innovativetechnologies for improved traditional dairyproducts including convenience formulationssuch as instant rasmalai mix, gulab jamun mixpowder, khoa powder, extended shelf-life milkcake,instant kheer mix, basundi mix, kulfi mixpowder, etc.; misti dahi, fruit-dahi, mango-lassi,ultrafiltered (UF) shrikhand, UF cheese, shrikhandpowder, long-life paneer, low-fat paneer, shelfstablepaneer curry, long-life dalia dessert and drydalia mix, rasogolla from buffalo milk, diet burfi,sugar-free kulfi and ice-cream; dairy whiteners,chocolate milk powder, low-lactose condensedmilk and milk powder; a variety of table spreadsviz., chhana/whey-protein concentrate-basedspread, vegetable-fat based spreads, soya-basedspread, spreads based on milk proteinconcentrate, etc.; infant food formulations fordifferent groups of babies; different varieties ofcheese from cow, buffalo and goat milks and theiradmixtures, formulated foods such as maltedmilk food, tea-complete and coffee-complete,soybean based weaning foods; dairy by-productssuch as edible casein caseinates, co-precipitates,whey protein concentrates, whey powder andlactose; development of ready-to-reconstitutewhey-kinnoe juice mix and a range of whey-basedformulations such as whey-mango beverage,whey-Jaljeera drink, whey-tomato soup, andwhey-mushroom soup; egg-less cake mixes, andmany more.Technological aspects relating to the LP-systemfor preservation of raw milk have been extensivelystudied in the Division and a process has beenstandardized for the preparation of tablets foractivation of LP system. Packaging of milkproducts, and analytical tests/methods for milkand milk products are also an important researcharea for this Division. Modified AtmospherePackaging (MAP) of Mozzarella cheese and Pizzahas been studied. Earthen pots as an alternativepackaging for dahi is an important contributiontoward protecting the environment.The Division has developed strong expertise inthe area of membrane processing andbiotechnological applications to utilize modifiedmicroorganisms and enzymes for production ofcheese and fermented milk with improved sensory,biochemical, textural and probiotic attributes. Thecurrent emphasis is on functional dairy-foodsusing various health related compositionalinterventions. Such products include herbal ghee,fiber-fortified milk, yoghurt, kheer and paneer,special dry milk-food formulation for cardiovascularhealth, functional ice-cream, etc. Thethrust of R&D work is also on utilization of dairyby-products in the manufacture of beverages;manufacture of low-fat products e.g. low-fat cheese,processed Mozzarella cheese, cereal-basedfermented milk-foods., etc.The Indian Council of Agricultural Research hasrecognized the Division as Centre for AdvancedStudies (CAS) in Dairy Technology since 1994.Through efforts under this programme, a largenumber of teaching faculty and research scientistsof the State Agricultural Universities and otherinstitutions have been exposed to the latestdevelopments in the field of dairy processing. TheDivision has thus far organized 21 trainingcourses under the CAS programme.Dairy Technology Division at NDRI spearheadsthe nation’s most prestigious under-graduateprogramme in Dairy Technology and provideselite human resource for various managerialpositions in the industry. The Division of DairyTechnology has received a number of Nationaland International Awards in recognition of the

–– Research Divisions ––120outstanding scientific contributions made by thescientists and students, some of which includeRafi Ahmed Kidwai Awards, Jawaharlal NehruAwards for P.G. Agricultural Research, Hari OmAshram Trust Awards, DAAD Fellowships,Humboldt Fellowships, Rishab Shree Award,CSIRO Dairy Research Jubilee Award, Nestle’Young Scientist Award, UGC Research Award,Fellowship of NAAS, Vijay Shree Award,Fellowship Award of the Bioved ResearchSociety, Hari Krishan Shastri Memorial Awardfor outstanding research in Agriculture,Borlaug Award besides several others includingBest Research Paper awards.Dairy Technology Division at this Institute tookan initiative to establish the Dairy TechnologySociety of India, which is a scientific andacademic body representing the processingcomponent of the dairy sector. It was registeredon May 3, 2005. It has around 330 members and4 Organizational Members. The Societysuccessfully organized two progammes viz.National Seminar on Value Added DairyProducts on December 21-22, 2005 and NationalWorkshop on Entrepreneurship Development inDairy and Food Industry on December 23, 2005at NDRI, Karnal. More than 250 delegatesattended these events. Also, a National workshopon "Institute Industry Dialogue on ParticipatoryResearch" was organized under the aegis of theSociety on 24th Jan. 2007. The Society is also goingto organize an International Conference onTraditional Dairy Foods during November 14-17, 2007 at NDRI, Karnal.The Division comprises the Traditional DairyProducts Cell, Infant and Dietetic Foods Cell, Cheeseand Fermented Dairy Products Cell, Condensedand Dried Milks Products Cell, Ice cream and FrozenMilk Products Cell, Dairy Analogues andFormulated Foods Cell, Dairy by-product Cell,Under-graduate/Post-graduate Laboratory,Sensory Evaluation Laboratory, RheologyLaboratory, Food Technology Laboratory,Packaging Laboratory, Membrane processingLaboratory and Quality Control Laboratory.Dairy Engineering DivisionDairy Engineering Division has been functioningas a research and teaching division since theinception of the Institute. The Division is engagedin pursuing basic and applied research in the areasof generating basic engineering design data anddevelopment of process equipment for themanufacture of Indian milk products and sweets.The Division has contributed significantly to theengineering R & D by the steady indigenisationand development of several prototype equipments.These prototypes have been installed andcommissioned for regular demonstrations is in anEquipment Testing Laboratory of the Division.Most of these equipments have been patented andare available for commercial exploitation to benefitboth industry and the consumer.The Division has research laboratory facilities tocater to the needs of specific areas and programmessuch as, Process Engineering, Process EquipmentDesign, Unit operations and Instrumentation. Thereare nine teaching laboratories to conduct regularpractical exercises, namely, Thermodynamics, Fluidmechanics, Electrical Engineering, Heat transfer,Refrigeration, Instrumentation, EngineeringAnalysis, PC cell and Design and Drawing cell. Inthe process of modernizing and updating skill andtechnology, the Division has developed a modernR & D Workshop for prototype fabrication and anEquipment Testing & Display Hall for readydemonstration of developed equipments ondemand. Engineering Division has, to its credit, theworking prototypes for the manufacture of khoa,ghee, paneer, chhana, rasogola balls etc. for theindustrial scale and paneer gadget and creamseparation attachment for mixies & food processorsfor small-scale applications. The contributions ofthe Division have been recognized by several BestResearch Paper Awards and an OutstandingTeacher Award to the faculty of the Division ondifferent occasions. To meet the manpower needsof the dairy industry, the Division organizes andconducts teaching programmes at undergraduateand postgraduate levels in the discipline of DairyEngineering and arranges specialized training tothe engineers from SAU’s during the summermonths.The Division has established successfulcollaboration and tie-ups with leading industrialunits and equipment fabrications, such as, Amul,Anand, SSP Faridabad, Food & Biotech EngineersFaridabad, for participatory research &development of prototypes for indigenous dairyproducts.Dairy Chemistry DivisionDairy Chemistry Division was one of the fourmajor Divisions when the Institute wasestablished in 1923. The Division has contributedsignificant knowledge on the chemistry of milkand milk products. Detailed studies have beencarried out on physico-chemical properties of

–– Research Divisions ––121buffalo milk and alteration in its calcium andcasein levels and micellar stability enablingmanufacture of satisfactory products like cheese,condensed milk and rasogolla, humanization ofbuffalo milk and glyceride structure of buffalomilk fat. Studies have also been undertaken onrole of phospholipids in stability of dairyproducts; chemistry of ghee flavour, role of gheeresidue; chemical make up and structuralintegrity of milk fat globule membrane; influenceof various processing parameters on the majorminerals and trace elements and their partitioningand rapid and simple methods for thedetermination of SNF in milk. Quality of milkand milk products as determined by their differentconstituents have been utilized in formulatingstandards now prescribed by the CentralCommittee of Food Standards under the Ministryof Health as well as Bureau of Indian Standards.Gerber test has been modified for simultaneousestimation of milk fat and availability of fat fordetection of adulteration. The Division hasdeveloped simple tests for the detection ofadulteration of milk and milk products; methodsof manufacturing of butter and cheese colour fromKit developed for detection of adulteration in milkannatto seeds; preparation of rennet fromfistulated calves and vegetable sources; structureand bacteriostatic role of lactoferrin;characterization and crystallization of buffalolactoperoxidase; functional properties andmineral profile of chhana WPC; renovation ofrancid ghee and role of antioxidants inenhancing the shelf life of fat rich dairy products;effect of processing treatment on vitamins andstatus of pesticides and antibiotic residues in milkand milk products. Methodologies for non-dairywhitener, low fat frozen dessert, calcium fortifiedmilk, coconut filled Gouda cheese and lowcholesterol ghee have been worked out and forthese processes, patents are in pipe-line. Aplatform test for detection of detergent in milkhas been developed. A multi-purpose device fordialysis, buffer exchange and concentration hasbeen designed. The objectives of the Division are1) to conduct basic and applied research forunderstanding chemistry of milk and milkproducts; 2) to impart educational programmesfor undergraduate and postgraduate courses ofNDRI, Deemed University; 3) to provide R&Dsupport towards chemical-quality control relatedproblems of the dairy industry.Dairy Microbiology DivisionThe history of the Division may be traced back toits inception at the Imperial Institute of AnimalHusbandry and Dairying at Bangalore in the year1936 when Dr. W.L. Davies took over as Director,NDRI and subsequent change of its location toKarnal in 1955. The Division has been primarilyinvolved in conducting research in the diverseareas of Microbiology and has contributedsignificantly in both basic as well as appliedaspects of Dairy Microbiology. The faculty hasalso been involved in imparting educationalprogrammes for both undergraduate andpostgraduate level courses and in providingguidance to Masters and Ph.D. students in theirresearch projects and dissertation work. Besidesthis , the Division offers contractual andconsultancy services such as supply of startercultures and microbiological analysis of milk andmilk products as well as organize short termspecialized training programmes for dairyindustry personnel and students from otheruniversities/colleges.Broadly, the research work of the Division coversthe areas related to Molecular Biology and GeneticEngineering, Starter Cultures and FermentedMilk Products, Quality Assurance and PublicHealth, Biopreservatives, Xenobiotics in milk andmilk products, Ultrastructure of Dairy Organisms/ Products and Microbial Bioconversion. TheDivision has contributed substantially to theMilk clotting activity of buffalo recombinant chymosin

–– Research Divisions ––development of diagnostic kits (PCR based) forrapid detection of high risk food pathogens E.coli 0157:H7, L. monocytogenes and Salmonella.Apart from this, PCR based identification of lacticacid bacteria is also being carried out. Recently,buffalo chymosin has been cloned, sequencedand expressed in E. coli. Buffalo chymosin hasalso been expressed in yeast system for itsapplication in cheese industry. The Division hasalso played a vital role in establishingmicrobiological quality standards for milk andmilk products. Other quality control testsdeveloped by the Division include tests fordetection of antibiotics in milk, rapid detection ofcoliforms, other emerging dairy pathogens likeYersinia and Campylobacter in milk and milkproducts, detection of mastitis and tuberculosisinfection. Methods have been standardised forthe evaluation of sanitizers and the control ofbiofilms in dairy processing plants. NationalCollection of Dairy Cultures (NCDC) has beenfurther strengthened and its culture collectionpresently has a repository of 320 cultures. TheDivision is now geared up for developing newertechnologies in the areas of probiotics andprebiotics for development of value addedfunctional foods to cater to the needs of Indianpopulation.The primary function initially was to imparttraining to the students in the field of Economics,Statistics, Mathematics and Accountancy,besides providing research guidance in statisticalanalysis and interpretation. Though the Post-Graduate Programme in Dairy Economics wasconceived during 1969, the plan for regulareducational programmes in Dairy Economics atMasters and Doctoral level became a reality onlyin 1972. It is a matter of pride that this is the onlyInstitution in the country providing specialisedpost-graduate education in Dairy Economics. Inthe early stage, the focus of research in theDivision was on conducting research inEconomics of Milk Production and Processing,with thrust on cost-returns studies. Subsequently,the research programmes of the Divisionenveloped more intricate and broader aspects ofdairy enterprise encompassing backward andforward linkage for facilitating technologyevaluation and transfer.The Division has good infrastructure in terms ofDivisional Library, Seminar Room and ComputerUnit equipped with 5 Personal Computers withthe required user-friendly softwares to executethe word and data processing works of theDivision.Dairy Extension DivisionDairy Extension Division was established atNDRI, Karnal in May, 1961 to undertakeextension activities besides research and teachingin Dairy Extension. Research endeavors of theDivision are in the areas of Information andcommunication technologies, organizationalbehaviour, information management, informationand communication technologies, participatory122Mozzarella Cheese prepared withbuffalo recombinant chymosinDairy Economics, Statistics & ManagementDivisionThe Division of Dairy Economics, Statistics andManagement has metamorphosed from the‘Statistics Section’, created in 1960 to cater tothe needs of teaching, research and guidancein Statistics. Upon the recommendations of theQuinquennial Review Team (QRT), a fullfledgedDivision of Dairy Economics, Statisticsand Management was created during the IVFive Year Plan.Dr. V.K. Taneja, VC, Guru Angad Dev Univ. of Vet. Sci.,Ludhiana lighting the lamp during the inauguralsession of "Research - Extension -Industry -Farmers Interface for Dairy Development"

–– Research Divisions ––technology development and impact studies. Thefaculty has also been engaged in human resourcedevelopment through post graduate and doctoralprogrammes of NDRI. The main extensionprogrammes of the Institute such as Research-Extension-Industry-Farmer–Interface for DairyDevelopment and Grameen Dairy Mela areorganized by the Division. Research-Extension-Industry-Farmer Interface for Dairy Developmentis a new venture of the Dairy Extension Divisionto provide an opportunity for convergence of allstake holders working together for dairydevelopment, where the stakeholder can analyzethe concerned issues together, develop ideas,identify solution and take concrete steps to realizethem. Moreover, this would also provide muchneededinformation about dairy developmentinitiatives taken at various levels. These help inunderstanding the Farmers’/Industry’s problemsrequiring research interventions so thatA.I. Programme being carried out in anadopted village of NDRI, KarnalAnimal Health Camp at the adoptedvillage of NDRI, Karnalappropriate research programmes couldbe developed. The Division also organizestechnology transfer campaigns, infertility &veterinary aid camps, Kisan Sanghosthi and fieldlevel workshop in the adopted villages regularly.These activities strengthen the linkages with endusers, contribute in dissemination of techniques,understanding the problems faced by farmers inadoption of technologies and providing the feedback to researchers for redesigning of researchpriorities.The Division has Field/Farm Technicians Lab.,Printing Press, Photography Lab. Video Lab/Audio-visual Aids Lab. and Exhibition-cum-Museum Unit. The contribution of the Divisionhas been recognized by conferring of the covetedawards such as ICAR Swami SahajanandSaraswati Best Extension Scientist Award,DAAD Fellowship etc.123

KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA & DAIRY TRAINING CENTREIntroductionKrishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) at NDRI, Karnalbecame operational in July 1976. Subsequently,this Kendra has developed infrastructure to runthe need based skill oriented trainingprogrammes through “Learning by Doing”. Themain aim of KVK is to accelerate agriculturalproduction and allied activities for improvingDr. Sushil Kumar Director, NDRI, adressingthe veterinary officerseconomic status of farmers and create jobopportunities for the poorest amongst the poorin the rural areas. The philosophy of increasingincome and rural jobs lies in integrating theagriculture with other allied activities viz. dairyproduction, dairy processing and post-harvesttechnologies for value added products. The alliedfields are chosen depending upon the area,climatic conditions, resource pattern, landavailability and market potentials. At KVK, needbased training courses are designed for differenttypes of clientele. After training, follow upextension programmes are undertaken. Whiledesigning the courses, the entire concept offarming system is taken into consideration tomake the enterprises economically viable for thefarmers. The training starts from field units,different farms, live demonstration units,workshops and terminates in discussionassembly. For making training programmes moreeffective, the KVK has developed close linkageswith different Government, Non-Government andvoluntary agencies and line Departments.Mandate• To organize long-term vocational trainingcourses in agriculture and allied vocations forthe rural youth with emphasis on “learningby doing” for generating self-employmentthrough institutional financing.• To organize front line demonstrations invarious crops to generate production dataand feedback information.Training Programmes Organized by KVK (Jan. to Dec., 2006)124Title of the Course Duration No. of No. of Mandays(Days) Courses beneficiaries trained(A) On-Campus TrainingsDairy ProductionAt KVK 4-5 9 187 818At DTC 3-12 11 264 1187Dairy ProcessingAt KVK 5 4 50 250At DTC 5 2 11 55Crop Production 3-5 6 87 295Vermi Culture 3 3 50 150Bee-keeping 5 4 123 615Fish Farming 5 4 48 240Home Science 1-21 9 186 814Short integrated training programmes 1-2 38 1248 1444Total of (A) - 90 2254 5868(B) OFF-CAMPUS TRAININGSDairy Production 1 6 208 208Dairy Processing 1 2 46 46Crop Production 1 8 158 158Vermiculture 1 2 38 38Bee-keeping 1 4 78 78Fish Farming 1 4 78 78Home Science 1-32 10 301 1090Total of (B) - 36 907 1696Grand Total (A) + (B) - 126 3161 7564

–– KVK/DTC ––Training Courses Conducted by Dairy Traning Centre (DTC) (Jan. to Dec., 2006)Title of the Course Duration No. of No. of Mandays(Days) Course beneficiaries trainedScientific Dairy Farming for Defence personnel 1 2 1 5 6 0sponsored by DGR, New Delhi.Scientific Dairy Farming for farmers sponsored 5 5 150 750by Dairy Development Dept., Patna, Bihar.Scientific Dairy Farming for farmers sponsored 3 2 55 165by Regional Forest Officer, Una (H.P.).Sustainable Mixed farming comprising of Dairy 3 1 29 87and crop production sponsored by HCF Project,Panchkula, Haryana.Scientific Dairy Farming for farm-women sponsored 5 1 12 60by DRDA, Bhiwani, Haryana.Scientific Dairy Farming for farmers sponsored by 5 1 13 65State Institute of Rural Development, Guwahati, Assam.Milk Products Technology for farmers, un-employed 5 2 11 55youth and small entrepreneursTotal 13 275 1242• To organize training to update the extensionpersonnel within the area of operation withemerging advances in agricultural research onregular basis.566 were from SC/ST categories. Gender wise2517 men and 644 women attended the trainingprogrammes.• To collaborate with the subject-matterspecialists of the State AgricultureUniversities/Scientists of the RegionalResearch Station (NARP) and the StateExtension Personnel in “On-farm testing”,refining and documenting technologies fordeveloping region-specific sustainable landuse systems.125The castewise participation indicate that 1621trainees were from general, 974 from OBC andState-wise Beneficiaries of KVK TrainingProgrammes (Jan. to Dec. 2006)Bihar : 154Delhi : 53Haryana : 1719Himachal Pradesh : 440Madhya Pradesh : 8Punjab : 3Rajasthan : 563Uttar Pradesh : 76Uttaranchal : 45Maharashtra : 19Andhra Pradesh : 1Assam : 13Gujarat : 4Tamil Nadu : 30Pondicherry : 20Jharkhand : 2Nagaland : 11Total : 3161Dr. Sushil Kumar, Director, NDRI giving address duringNational Environment Awareness campaignExtension Activities• The KVK has four stockman centres in theadopted villages, namely: Uchana, Kailash,Bagpati, Taprana & Phusgarh and oneStockman Centre at Jundla Gate, Karnal to takecare of animal health and artificialinsemination in the operational area. Theanimal health management activities and fieldextension activities were carried out throughthese stockman centres. In these centres 8,617cases were attended, out of which 344 casesfor general treatment, 113 for infertilitytreatment, 291 for deworming, 1,630 calf bornunder A.I. programme, 642 for pregnancydiagnosis,4,117 for A.I. in dairy animals and1480 cases for vaccination were attended.• Subject-matter specialists of KVK organized 14one day camps on fertility, deworming, tickcontrol, general treatment and pregnancy

–– KVK/DTC ––126diagnosis and attended 3,284 cases in adoptedvillages to create awareness among farmersabout animal infertility problems and dairymanagement aspects.• Regarding estrus synchronization and settime – A.I. in buffaloes, 70 trials were conductedin different villages and the protocol developedby the Dairy Cattle Physiology Division ofNDRI was used.• Front Line Demonstrations (FLD) in thereporting period were organized in 6 ha. areaallotted under oilseed and 4.4 ha. area underpulse crops. The KVK had selected 14 farmersunder Oilseeds and 11 farmers under PulseCrops. The total 25 numbers of demonstrationswere organized in different villages.• Pusa Jai Kisan variety was used for conductingFLD on Mustard. The demonstrations wereconducted in 4 ha. area on farmers field and 9farmers were covered. This variety performedwell in demonstration plots compared to localcheck plots. An increase of 20.07% yield on anaverage of demonstration plots was observedas compared to local check plots. T-9 varietywas used for conducting FLD on Toria crop.The demonstrations were conducted in 2 ha.area on farmers’ field and 5 farmers werecovered. This variety performed well indemonstration plots compared to local checkplots. An increase of 17.39% yield on anaverage of demonstration plots was observedas compared to local check plots.• Ten Demonstrations on Gram crop in 4 ha.area were conducted under irrigatedconditions. The variety P-256 in 0.8 ha. andPBG-1 in 3.2 ha. were used for conducting gramFLD. The demonstration plots where P-256was used, an average production was 11.92 qwhich was 18.77% higher than local check. Incase of variety PBG-1, an average productionwas 11.66 q which was 16.13% higher thanlocal check.• One Demonstration on Lentil was conductedin an area of 0.4 ha. using variety L-4076 underirrigated condition in one village. Indemonstration plot, the average production was8.5 q which was 17.24% higher than local check.• The wheat seeds of varieties PBW-343 &PBW-502 produced at Seed Production Unitof KVK were tested for the yield performanceunder field conditions and in two villagesnamely Bajida Jatan and Dhakwala Gujran.The yield performance of PBW-343 was foundto be 18.5 q per acre on an average ascompared to same variety for which seed wasused by the farmers from the seed used fromtheir previous crop that yielded 15 q per acre.In case of PBW-502 the yield under On-FarmTrial was 20.8 q per acre and it was 17.25 qper acre in the fields where the farmers usedtheir own seed of same variety.• The KVK conducted On-Farm Trial onCauliflower using variety Pusa Meghna invillage Daha Jagir in one acre of land. Theseed of this variety was procured from IARI,New Delhi and the trial was conducted so asto compare the income from one acre of landcompared to paddy production. It was foundthat this variety performed very well even inthe summer months from June to October whichis not usual time for growing cauliflower. Thefarmer could earn the profit of Rs.40,000/- fromone acre land and less irrigation water wasutilized as compared to paddy.• The KVK also organized location specific trialson the use of Dahi culture NCDC-167 at fourplaces, three in Karnal and one at Nilokheri.The four Dairy Processing Owners wereprovided Dahi culture for making curd. Thescientific methodology for preparation of Dahiusing the NDRI Dahi culture wasdemonstrated at each location and the curdthus prepared was checked on variousparameters. The curd was strongly acceptedby the consumers based on its consistency,thickness, colour, fragrance, taste, acidity andshelf-life.• On-farm trial in preparation of paneer byvarious methods was conducted in HomeScience Lab. Twenty five rural womencomprising of four groups prepared paneerusing Tatri, Lemon Juice, Butter milk andCitric Acid. Sensory evaluation of thesesamples was done by the participating ruralladies. It was inferred that paneer preparedusing citric acid was best in terms of flavour,body, texture and taste.• The KVK initiated the work of seed productionunder village conditions for the first time asper directives of Zonal Coordinator.• Subject-matter Specialists of KVK renderedadvisory services to 622 and 164 clientele ondifferent aspects of training programmes

–– KVK/DTC ––through personal contacts and correspondence,respectively.• Radio Talk on “Bee-keeping” from All IndiaRadio, Rohtak delivered by Dr. C.J. Juneja on17 th Oct., 2006.Exhibitions/Visits organized• An exhibition was organized depicting theactivities of KVK on the occasion of visit of Sh.Sharad Pawar, Hon’ble Union Minister forAgriculture, Food, Public Distribution &Consumer Affairs, New Delhi on 20 th April,2006 at NDRI, Karnal.• A seven member Sudani delegation fromMinistry of Agriculture & Forestry, Sudanvisited KVK on 3 rd June, 2006. They wereapprised of various activities of KVK. Anexhibition of KVK activities was also organizedfor them.• An exhibition of the KVK activities wasorganized at the Directorate of WheatResearch, Karnal on 9 th September 2006.of Wheat Research Institute on 9 th September,2006, the farmers were demonstrated thebiological control method for control ofparthenium grass. In the presence of a group of30 farm-women of five districts of Haryana on12 th September, 2006, the Director, NDRI releasedthe zygogramma bicolorota.• One day seminar on “Dairy Development” invillage Singhra was organised on 25 thSeptember, 2006. A total of 100 dairy farmersfrom Ambala, Panipat and Karnal participated.On this day, the demonstration on silagemaking was conducted at the farmers’ field.• The QRT meeting was organised for the selected36 KVKs of Zone-I. The meeting was successfullyorganized on 6-7 October, 2006. Hon’ble Sh.J.L.N. Srivastava acted as the Chairman of theQRT and the other dignitaries Dr. S.S. Acharya,Dr. A. Padmaraju, Dr. S. K. Das and Dr. A. K.Mehta also participated in the meeting.• World Food Day was celebrated on 16 thOctober, 2006 in village Dhakwala in whichabout 100 farmers from Distt. Karnal,Muzaffarnagar and Meerut participated.• Daal Divas was organised in village NaglaRoadan on dated 13 th Nov., 2006. Farmers andfarm-women of the village were taken toexperimental plots where Moong variety PusaVishal grown in different seasons other than therecommended season was demonstrated to them.Exhibition on Environment Awareness organised at NDRI• One week campaign was organized from 6 th -12 thSeptember, 2006 to educate the farmers and farmwomenof the district to use various methods foreradication of parthenium grass. In this context,during the Kisan Mela organized at Directorate• Soil Conservation Week was celebrated from13 th - 18 th Nov., 2006 and campaigns werecarried out and farmers were motivated toadopt technologies for soil conservation. Thespecial programme was organized inassociation with Chambal Fertilizers, Karnaloffice on 14 th Nov., 2006. About 50 farmersand farm-women from village Sultanpur and14 farm-women of Bhiwani district were takento demonstration plot in village Samana Bahuwhere they were demonstrated the differentcrop combinations related to soil conservation.Revenue Generation in KVK & DTC127ReceiptsRevenue (Rs.)Demonstration Units (July 2005 to June 2006)Crop Production & Demonstration Unit 7,18,870Horticulture Unit 15,500Vermicompost Unit 525Fisheries Demonstration Unit 78,702Bee-keeping Unit 65,545Revenue generated from KVK & DTC courses (Jan. to Dec., 2006) 2,17,412Other Activities (January to December, 2006) 1,65,760Grand Total 12,62,314

–– Livestock Farm ––SUPPORT SECTIONSLivestock FarmThe total milk production of the herd during thecurrent year was 1462313.9 kg. The productionperformance of the two crossbred strainsdeveloped by the NDRI viz. Karan Swiss andKaran Fries was 11.7 and 12.4 kg per headper day, respectively as compared to 11.3 and12.7 kg per animal during the previous year(2005-2006). The milking average of Sahiwalcows and Murrah buffaloes was 6.6 and 6.9 kgper animal per day, respectively. One Sahiwalcow (SW-1524) produced best milk yield of 20.5kg in peak lactation. Best yield in Murrah buffalo(MU-426 & 430) was 19.0 kg per day during thecurrent year. The peak milk yield was 38.5 kg(KF-5979) and 29.0 kg (KS-4360) by the KF andKS crossbred cows, respectively.Bovine Strength of Cattle and Buffaloes as on 31-3-2007Age Cattle Buffaloes Total Bovinesgroup SW TP KS KF Total MurrahCalves upto 6 monthsMale 10 04 03 26 43 25 68Female 18 10 09 61 98 31 129Heifers 109 38 - 196 343 126 469Cows 117 41 24 223 405 175 580Male stock - - 02 02 04 12 16(young)Bullocks/ - - - 01 01 03 04TeaserTotal 254 93 38 509 894 372 1266Flock Strength of Goats as on 31-3-2007Age Group Alpine x Beetal Sannen x Beetal TotalFemaleKids upto 6 months 65 30 956-12 months - - -Yearling 4 7 2 5 7 2Goats 74 31 105MaleKids upto 6 months 41 04 45Bucks 20 08 28Total 247 98 345Milk production at NDRI, Karnal during the year 2006-07Total Milk production (kg) : 1462313.9 kgAverage Number of Animals in Milk per day : Cattle 299Buffaloes 101Goats 73Sale of Livestock during the year 2006-07Mode of Disposal Cattle Buffaloes Goats Total128Public Auction 820000.00 (290) 612900.00 (76) 188800.00 (114) 1621700.00 (480)On Book Value 95483.00 (11) 68518.00 (05) 5870.00 (03) 169871.00 (19)Grand Total 915483.00 (301) 681418.00 (81) 194670.00 (117) 1791571.00 (499)• Auction of animals was conducted on 22nd & 23rd September, 2006 and 16 th & 17 th March, 2007.• Figure in parentheses indicate the total number of animals sold.

–– Livestock Farm ––Performance of Dairy Animals during the year 2006-07ParticularsGenetic GroupsSahiwal Tharparkar Karan Karan MurrahSwiss FriesAverage number of animals in 72 15 21 191 101milk per dayAverage number of dry 5 8 1 9 0 9 4 9 7 8animals per dayMilking average (kg) per day 6.6 6.1 11.7 12.4 6.9Overall average (kg) per day 3.6 2.7 8.2 9.9 3.9Best yield (kg) in a day 20 .5 19.0 2 9.0 38.5 19.0Animal Number SW-1524 TP-1106 KS-4360 KF-5979 MU-426 & 430Flock Performance of Goats during the year 2006-07ParticularsGenetic GroupsAlpine x BeetalSannen x BeetalAverage number of animals in milk per day 5 1 2 2Average number of dry animals per day 19 08Milking average (kg) per day 1.4 1.4Overall average (kg) per day 1.0 1.0Best yield (kg) in a day 3.5 3.4Animal Number AB-805 SB-11 & 33Month-wise Milking Average (kg) of Cows, Buffaloes andGoats Maintained at NDRI, Karnal 2006-2007Months Cattle Buffaloes GoatsSahiwal Tharparkar Karan Swiss Karan Fries Murrah Alpine x Sannen xBeetal BeetalNo of Milk No of Milk No of Milk No of Milk No of Milk No of Milk No of Milkanimals yield Animals yeild animals yield Animals yield Animals yield Animals yield Animals yieldin milk (kg)/ in milk/ animal/ in milk/ (kg)/ in milk/ (kg)/ in milk (kg)/ in milk/ (kg)/ in milk/ (kg)//day animal/ day day day animal/ day animal/ /day animal/ day animal day Animalsday day day day day day129April 84 7.4 12 4.9 21 14.6 181 13.2 104 6.1 51 1.6 26 1.7May 85 7.0 12 6.9 24 13.2 180 12.7 92 6.2 49 1.5 25 1.6June 91 6.7 16 5.7 25 12.6 183 12.3 87 6.2 41 1.3 21 1.5July 91 6.9 16 5.5 24 12.0 191 12.0 84 6.5 38 1.3 21 1.4Aug. 87 6.6 13 6.2 24 10.5 205 11.7 87 6.4 32 1.1 18 1.2Sept. 72 6.1 10 6.5 22 9.8 204 11.1 102 6.8 18 0.8 11 0.8Oct. 61 5.6 09 6.1 19 9.4 185 11.3 108 7.8 06 0.7 02 0.4Nov. 58 5.5 12 6.1 18 9.7 196 11.5 107 7.9 49 1.2 20 1.4Dec. 57 5.8 19 6.0 19 11.6 201 12.4 106 7.5 80 1.5 32 1.4Jan. 55 5.8 23 6.2 19 12.6 192 13.2 110 7.1 85 1.3 32 1.3Feb. 57 7.4 22 6.4 17 13.2 190 14.0 114 6.8 86 1.5 31 1.4March 64 7.6 20 5.7 17 12.8 185 13.8 117 7.1 80 1.5 27 1.5Avg. 72 6.6 15 6.1 21 11.7 191 12.4 101 6.9 51 1.4 22 1.4

–– Artificial Breeding Complex ––Production and Reproduction Performance of Cattle Initiating their Lactationduring 2005 and Completing in 2006Traits Sahiwal Tharparkar Karan Swiss Karan Fries MurrahFirst LactationAge at 1st calving (Months) 36.35(26) 35.87 (6) 33.31 (3) 32.42 (63) 41.42 (50)Total milk yield (kg) 1516 (10) 1361 (3) 3994 (3) 4000 (53) 2232 (36)305 or less days milk yield (kg) 1419 (10) 1252 (3) 3290 (3) 3635 (59) 2092 (44)Lactation length (days) 260 (10) 302 (3) 267 (3) 318 (53) 328 (46)Dry period (days) 106 (4) 177 (3) 67 (1) 70 (31) 116 (20)Service period (days) 75 (20) 194 (3) 57 (1) 122 (31) (31) 127 (29)Calving interval (days) 373 (4) 480 (3) 347 (1) 395 (31) 439 (20)All LactationsTotal milk yield (kg) 1923 (59) 1870 (12) 3427 (25) 4177 (161) 2143 (99)305 or less days milk yield (kg) 1869 (59) 1677 (12) 3292 (27) 3814 (172) 2053 (111)Lactation length (days) 263 (59) 321 (12) 307 (25) 311 (157) 307 (99)Dry period (days) 131 (35) 137 (11) 91 (20) 79 (92) 113 (50)Service period (days) 91 (54) 183 (11) 131 (20) 133 (94) 131 (80)Calving interval (days) 386 (35) 438 (11) 417 (20) 402 (93) 419 (50)Average number of lactations 3 (91) 3 (13) 3 (28) 3 (183) 2 (99)Best Lactation (305 or less days)Milk yield (kg) 3557 3098 5548 6761 3083Animal number 1583 1122 4334 6569 4551Lactation number 2 2 3 1 5Best LactationMilk yield (kg) 3888 3716 6480 8694 4116Animal number 1583 1106 4378 6569 5038Lactation number 2 4 1 1 2Lactation length (days) 346 529 520 477 484Month-wise Milking Average (kg) as Fat Corrected Milk of Cows andBuffaloes Maintained at NDRI, Karnal (2006-2007)Month Sahiwal 4%Fat Tharparkar 4%Fat Karan Swiss 4%Fat Karan Fries 4% Fat Murrah 6%FatAv. Av. Av. Av. Av. Av. Av. Av. Av. Av.No. of FCM No. of FCM No. of FCM No. of FCM No. of FCMAnimals yield (kg.)/ Animals yield (kg.)/ Animals yield (kg.)/ Animals yield (kg.)/ Animals yield (kg.)/in milk/ Animals/ in milk/ Animals / in milk/ Animals / in milk/ Animals/ in milk/ Animals /day day day day day day day day day day130April-06 84 8.38 12 5.63 21 15.15 181 13.83 104 7.46May-06 85 7.91 12 7.93 24 13.78 180 13.15 92 7.55June-06 91 7.50 16 6.21 25 13.35 183 12.93 87 7.73July-06 91 7.59 16 6.01 24 12.60 191 12.43 84 8.11Aug.-06 87 7.27 13 6.72 24 10.80 205 11.80 87 8.08Sept.-06 72 6.78 10 7.03 22 10.18 204 11.41 102 6.86Oct.-06 61 6.29 09 7.57 19 10.16 185 11.99 108 10.06Nov.-06 58 6.28 12 6.64 18 10.70 196 12.15 107 9.60Dec.-06 57 6.68 19 6.56 19 12.67 201 13.36 106 9.23Jan.-07 55 6.57 23 6.86 19 12.43 192 13.20 110 8.72Feb.-07 57 8.16 22 7.38 17 12.68 183 14.15 114 8.05Mar.-07 64 8.67 20 6.48 17 13.74 185 14.53 117 8.61Average 72 7.34 15 6.75 21 12.35 191 12.91 102 8.34

–– Artificial Breeding Complex ––Fat and SNF Percentage of Cattle and Buffaloes during the year (2006-2007)First LactationParticulars Cows BuffaloesSahiwal Tharparkar Karan Swiss Karan Fries MurrahNo of observations 359 91 33 912 446Average Fat % 4.85 4.82 3.96 4.27 7.95Range 3.60-6.17 3.12-6.12 3.62-5.00 3.42-5.92 5.90-10.11No of observations 359 91 33 9.12 446Average SNF% 8.83 8.81 7.99 8.75 9.59Range 8.23-9.28 8.23-9.33 7.93-9.23 8.00-9.23 8.80-10.48All LactationParticulars Cows BuffaloesSahiwal Tharparkar Karan Swiss Karan Fries MurrahNo of observations 896 172 235 2226 1183Average Fat % 4.85 4.84 4.31 4.27 8.07Range 3.59-6.17 3.69-6.37 3.58-5.50 3.39-5.92 5.90-11.18No of observations 896 172 235 2226 1183Average SNF% 8.84 8.82 8.74 8.74 9.60Range 8.23-9.45 8.23-9.33 7.93-9.09 8.21-9.23 8.80-10.94Artificial Breeding ComplexArtificial Breeding Complex is involved inproduction, processing, preservation andutilization of quality semen from cattle andbuffalo bulls of high genetic merit. The cattle andbuffalo bulls maintained at Artificial BreedingComplex are vaccinated regularly againstdifferent diseases such as FMD, HS and BQ.During the year 133840 doses of frozen semenwere produced with total stock of 588356 dosesof frozen semen of important breeds i.e., Sahiwal,Tharparkar, Karan Swiss, Karan Fries cattle andMurrah buffaloes as on 31-12-2006. The centresupplies frozen semen to central Govt., State Govt.agencies, Military Dairy farms, NGOs, privatedevelopmental agencies and farmers. Chilledsemen of high producing bulls is also suppliedto the farmers from surrounding villages. Thissection is looking after artificial insemination,reproduction management of the Institute herd.The section is also catering to the needs oftraining, advisory services and consultancy inthe field of AI & semen preservation, testing of AIequipment, cryocontainers etc.In addition to Institute’s research projects ongenetic improvement of different breeds of cattleand Murrah buffaloes, this section is involved inresearch project on augmenting superiorgermplasm production. This section also catersto the research needs of scholars of variousdivisions viz., Dairy Cattle Breeding, Physiology,Chemistry, Biochemistry, Biotechnology andother Divisions of the Institute.Production and Utilization of Semen during (2006)Production of SemenBreed Collection Neat Chilled Frozen Frozen Doses inSemen (ml) Semen (ml) Semen doses Semen doses hand asReceived on 31-12-2006131HF IMP 0 0 0 0 0 1496BS IMP 0 0 0 0 0 639HF NDRI 0 0 0 0 0 180HF Farmer 6 46.0 0 1980 0 1415SW 620 2454.0 19349 28640 0 83172TP 25 39.5 0 980 0 974KS 0 0 0 0 0 92801KF 2530 11364.0 48019 79510 0 270087MU 813 2215.0 21264 22730 1500 137592TOTAL 3994 16118.5 88632 133840 1500 588356

–– Forage Section ––Utilization of SemenBreed Instt. Ext. ETT PTP/ Farmer’s Sale DCB. Discarded TOTAL Balance ofHerd Div./ (FS) NOB CH FS Div. CH FS CH FS Frozen(FS ) KVK/ (FS) (FS) semen onIVLP/ 31.12.2005Nirmalkutia(FS )HF Imp. 106 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0107 1603BS Imp . 2 2 0 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 055 694HF NDRI 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 180HF Nirmal0 500 0 0 0 50 0 0 15 0 565 0SW 874 170 0 960 15145 13430 120 4204 353 19349 15907 70439TP 322 0 0 0 0 610 550 0 22 0 1504 1500KS 126 230 0 0 36840 10067 500 11179 124 48019 11047 103848KF 1640 7075 0 0 36845 32180 4705 0 921 0 51431 242008MU 1123 4250 300 3060 16600 20706 140 4664 793 21264 34141 147503TOTAL 4213 11725 300 4020 68590 77027 6015 20047 2213 88632 114757 567775Revenue generation: The receipts of Rs.342925 / - (Chilled semen) , Rs. 857855 /- (Frozen semen),Rs. 433425/- (Sale of Animal) and Rs. 5122 /- towards the testing charges of Cryo-containers were obtained.Reproductive Status of NDRI Herd during (2006)Particulars SW TP KS KF MUCows/BuffaloesNo. of Observations 117 21 32 182 114Service Period in days 134 132.5 127 143.29 159.37No. of Service/conception 1.80 1.76 1.50 1.90 2.13HeifersNo. of Observations 50 27 0 91 35Av. Age at Maturity (Months) 25.52 28.92 0 20.70 28.68Av. Age at Conception (months) 27.72 31.77 0 22.63 31.77No. of Service/Conception 1.96 1.92 0 1.82 2.08Conception RateConception Rate 1 Service (%) 45.87 54.83 68.75 46.15 31.93Conception Rate 3 Service (%) 81.44 88.70 93.75 76.00 66.49Overall Conception Rate (%) 46.09 55.61 65.30 44.16 33.86Forage Section132Economic milk production can only be achieved,if nutritious fodders are made available to thedairy herd. The cost of feeding constitutes about65% of total cost of milk production. Thus it isessential to economise the feeding cost. It hasbeen established that cost of milk production isthe lowest and animal performance is better ifadequate green fodder in the form of cereallugume mixture and high energy silage are madeavailable for feeding to the dairy animals.The foremost responsibility of Forage Section isto produce adequate quantity of good qualitygreen fodder to meet the nutritional requirementsof dairy herd. After meeting the day to dayrequirement of fodder, some area is utilized forproduction of improved varieties of fodder cropseeds and other grain crops to meet the Instituterequirements for transfer of technologyprogrammes and partial fulfillment of the graincomponent of feed.

–– Forage Section ––Allocation of the Farm Land to Different UnitsProduction UnitArea (ha)Farm Section 303.34Seed Production Unit 35.30Forage Research 5.08Dairy Demonstration Unit (KVK) 13.52Total cultivated land 357.24Fodder/Seed/Feed Production and SupplyAdequate quantity of quality green fodder wasproduced from high yielding varieties of foddercrops of maize, sorghum, sorghum sudan grasshybrid and cowpea during kharif season andlucerne, berseem, oats, chinese cabbage, turnipand winter maize in rabi season. Similarly, graincrops of oats, wheat and paddy were also grown.Out of total production of 3794.60 q, of grains131.25 q was used as feed and rest was used asseed/grain for revenue generation. During theperiod under report, a total of 1,86,776.00 quintalof fodder including 1,70,079.25 q green, 14097.00q silage and 2599.75 q dry fodder was suppliedto cattle yard of the Institute.Production and Productivity of Forage CropsCrop Area (ha) Average Yield Production(q/ha)(q)Berseem+Mustard 76.15 648.72 49400.25Oats 68.06 358.42 24393.75Turnip 6.15 586.87 3609.25Lucerne 4.86 702.98 3416.50Oats+berseem 7.74 756.36 5854.25Maize 172.08 217.91 37497.50Jowar (SC) 29.74 215.45 6407.50Jowar (M.C.) 40.38 655.14 26454.50Cowpea 23.20 218.70 5073.75Maize+Cowpea 5.51 248.00 1366.50Total 433.87 - 1,63,473.75Production and Productivity of Grain CropCrop Area Average Production(ha) yield (q/ha) (q)Wheat 77.53 42.40 3287.55Oats 37.71 9.87 372.05Paddy PB-1 5.67 15.96 90.50Paddy PS-1121 2.83 15.72 44.50133Total 123.74 - 3794.60

–– Forage Section ––Fodder Supply to Cattle Yard during 2006-07Month Green Silage Dry Total(q) (q) (q) (q)April 6670.50 3518,50.00 - 10189.00May 8097.75 1650.75 305.25 10053.7June 9281.50 4255.00 217.75 13754.25July 14911.00 1142.00 77.00 16130.00August 15377.25 - - 15377.25September 13345.75 - 91.50 13437.25October 9585.00 782.75 135.25 10503.00November 12830.25 1518.50 393.00 14741.75December 19430.00 384.25 545.50 20359.75January 20617.00 65.25 508.50 21190.75February 18808.25 780.00 298.75 19887.00March 21125.00 - 27.25 21152.25Total 1,70,079.25 14,097.00 2599.75 1,86.776.00Forage ConservationSufficient quantity of green fodder of oats, maizeand jowar was conserved as silage (13304.25 q)and dry fodder as wheat & oats straw in the formof by-product of these crops ( 1493.05 q). To fulfillthe nutritional requirements of the herd duringlean period and to provide required dry matterduring winter months, when DM content in thelush green forages is very low (10-15%), silage ofhigh dry matter content and wheat/oats strawwas supplied.Revolving Fund Scheme on Seed ProductionLack of good quality seeds of improved varietiesof fodder crops is the biggest constraint inincreasing the production of fodder crops. Thus,a Revolving fund Scheme on Seed Production offodder crops was initiated at NDRI, Karnal in 40hectare area to produce the seeds of improvedvarieties of fodder crops for cultivation atInstitute farm and sale to farmers, ICAR Instituteand other agencies. During the year 2006-07, theProduction of Seeds of Improved Varieties of Fodder Crops, Undersized Grains and FodderCrop Qty (q) Rate (Rs./q) Amount (Rs.)134Maize V.C/J-1006Seed 164.50 1500.00 246750.00Grain 14.50 600.00 8700.00Grain 24.35 700.00 17045.00Oats Kent, OS-6Seed 57.45 1500.00 86175.00Grain 16.63 550.00 9146.50Jowar PC-9Seed 68.20 1800.00 122760.00TurnipSeed 0 .0875 12500.00 1093.75Mustard C. CubbageSeed 1.35 3000.00 4050.00Grain 1.01 1300.00 1313.00Berseem BL-1Seed 0.70 7000.00 4900.00BL-42Seed 1.46 7000.00 10220.00BarleyGrain 1.69 550.00 929.50Paddy Pusa-44Seed 297.40 2200.00 654280.00Grain 12.00 650.00 7800.00Light & Broken Grain 128.85 350.00 45097.50Wheat Grain 21.25 700.00 15050.00Total - - 12,35,310.25

–– Experimental Dairy Plant ––seeds of improved varieties of fodder crops,undersized grains and fodder were produced asfollows.Revenue GenerationThrough sale of farm produce and providingtractors on hire to sister Institutes, an amount ofRs. 30,20,129.00 was realized and an amount ofRs. 3,45,102.50 was saved by use of Farm Produceas Seed/Feed.Budget Saved by Use of FarmProduce as Seed/FeedProduce Quantity Rate Amount(q) (Rs./q) (Rs.)Wheat Seed 63.95 1200 76,740.00Wheat Feed 82.00 700 57,400.00Oats Seed 118.50 1500 1,77,750.00Oats Feed 49.25 650 32,012.50Paddy Seed 1.50 800 1,200.00Total 315.20 - 3,45,102.50Revenue Generation by Sale of Farm ProduceItem sold Quantity Rate Amount(q) (Rs./q) (Rs.)Wheat seed 437.05 840 3,67,122Wheat grain 2649.00 700 1854,300Wheat grain 49.90 750 37425Wheat under size 2.63 450 1184Oats Seed 200.00 1500 3,00,000Paddy (PB-1) 18.00 800 14,400Paddy PS-1121 21.50 800 17200Sewerage Sludge 1435.75 12 17229Timber wood soldby public auctioni) Sisham wood 629.95 261 1,64,417ii) Kikar/Safeda wood 682.30 160 1,09,168iii) Misc. wood 146.40 110 16,104Tractor/Machine hire - - 1,21,580Total - - 30,20,129Experimental Dairy PlantExperimental Dairy Plant has been set up at thisInstitute with the objective of providing necessaryinfrastructure facilities to the scientists for thescaling up of new products/processes developedin the laboratories on the pilot scale as well as toprovide training facilities to the students in theoperation of dairy plants. After meeting therequirements of research and teaching, the plantis used for converting the surplus milk into varietyof dairy products such as, Milk Powder,Pasteurized Butter, Ghee, Paneer, Burfi,Kalakand, Lassi, Ice Cream, Processed Cheese etc.These products were sold through the MilkParlour located at the Institute’s main entrance.The revenue generated during the year 2006-2007was Rs. 2,27,94,405.00.135

–– Model Dairy Plant ––Sale of Milk and Milk Products (2006-2007)Name of the items Quantity Amount (Rs.)Ghee (kg) 3,770.00 659,750.00Paneer (500 gm in pkt) 27,450.00 2,470,500.00Paneer (250 gm in pkt) 6,965.50 626,950.00Cow Ghee (kg) 28,531.00 5,420,890.00M.D.P. Ghee (kg) 14,008.00 2,712,500.00Pasteurized Butter (200 g) 6,437.00 188,162.00Pasteunzed Butter (kg) 112.50 16,775.00Process Cheese (200 g) 2,259.00 79,065.00Pizza Cheese (kg) 3,284.00 98,520.00Flavored Dairy Drink (200 ml) 371,351.00 1,856,755.00Lassi (200 ml) 1 81, 108.00 1,075,188.00Kalakand (500 gm in pkt) 5,635.50 563,550.00Burfee (500 gm in pkt) 4,981.50 498,150.00S.M.P.(Roller Dried - kg) 37,004.50 4,005,680.00Gulab Jamun Mix (kg) 6,217.50 613,100.00Special Chedder Cheese (kg) 4,003.49 460,024.00Whey Vegetable Soup (150 ml) 2,818.00 19,726.00SMP Spray (kg) 414.50 38,020.00Cotton Carry bags (Pcs) 3,019.00 30,190.00Cheddar Cheese (kg) 4,827.90 500,646.00Ice cream (100 ml) 63,519.00 635,190.00Mango whey drink (200 ml) 730.00 3,650.00Jal Jira Whey Drink (200 ml) 6,679.00 33,395.00Std Milk Oehi (200 g) 8,777.00 50,694.00Skim Milk (lts) 100.00 1,000.00Cheese Spread Powder (50 g) 94.00 1,880.00Mozzarella Cheese (kg) 413.50 45,485.00Probiotic Dahi (200 g) 1,864.00 14,912.00Gulab Jamun Mix (kg) 220.00 19,800.00Pizza Cheese (kg)) 247.80 34,848.00Processed Cheese (kg) 127.80 19,410.00Total - Rs. 2,27,94,405.00136Model Dairy PlantA state-of-the-art Commercial Dairy Plant wasestablished in 1995 at NDRI, Karnal through thefinancial assistance and installed on turnkeybasis by the National Dairy Development Board.The Plant has been designed to handle 65,000liters (ltrs.) of milk per day and is presentlyrunning in full capacity.Special Features• Model Dairy Plant provides one year In planttraining to the students of B.Tech. (DT) of theNDRI Deemed University during the 3 rd yearof the course curriculum.• The students are provided with completeinfrastructure for training, which helps themin gaining sufficient experience in managingthe modern commercial Dairy Plant and instillsconfidence in handling real life problems inproduction management.• It also provides infrastructure facilities to thescientists of NDRI for scaling up R & D conceptsfrom laboratory scale to industrial scale undercommercial environment.Model Dairy Plant (MDP), an autonomous unit ofICAR, is independently managed by a committee,whose Chairman is the Director of NDRI. The othercommittee members are: 1) Representative of

–– Model Dairy Plant ––NDDB; 2) A.D.G., ICAR; 3) Managing Director,Mother Dairy Food Processing Ltd., Delhi; 4)General Manager (MDP) as Convener. The Head,Dairy Technology Division, NDRI has beenidentified as Coordinator for matters related toModel Dairy Plant.Liquid Milk Processing / Packaging (Capacity65,000 lpd)MDP is currently engaged in processing andpackaging of milk for Mother Dairy in fivemilk the production of Ghee has been very lowduring the current year.Cheese and Paneer (Capacity 1500 kg per day)MDP is also engaged in training students inmanufacturing of Cottage Cheese, ProcessedCheese, Paneer on trial basis. The section isoperated occasionally for the purpose of takingtrials and making the students familiar with themanufacturing details.different variants (Full Cream, Standard, Toned,Double Toned and Skim Milk). MDP is presentlyprocessing / packing 70 – 75 TLPD of polypackMilk in all the varieties for Mother Dairy, Delhi.The plant is running in three shifts and thesupplies from MDP are dispatched in the evening& morning to Delhi market thereby utilizing theplant to its full capacity.Procurement of MilkMDP does not have its own infrastructure for milkprocurement and is receiving milk on behalf ofMother Dairy from the units of Punjab / Rajasthan/ Uttar Pradesh State federations on NMG rates.The average milk procurement per day is around60,000 to 65,000 LPD, which is sufficient to meetday to day demand of different milk variants beingpacked at MDP.137Ice Cream Manufacture (Capacity 7500 lpd)MDP is in agreement with Mother Dairy forprocessing / packing of Ice-cream in MotherDairy brand on job work to the tune of 7500 litersper day (yearly average for 300 days operation)thereby utilizing the full capacity of the unit. Theproduction of ice-cream is further enhanced to13000 LPD during the summer season. The icecream manufactured at MDP is of differentvarieties i.e. Vanilla, Strawberry, Shahi Malai,Kewra, Thandai, Butter Scotch etc. and as per therequirements of Mother Dairy.Ghee Manufacturing (Capacity 800 kg per day)MDP manufactures Ghee from the surplus fatavailable from the standardization of milk andits production is not taken as per demand. Theaverage production/sale of ghee is 7-8 metric tonsper month. But of late due to acute shortage ofTraining to the StudentsAs its primary objective, Model Dairy Plant isproviding Inplant training to the 3 rd B.Tech.(DT)students of NDRI (Deemed University). Thestudents are provided with Inplant TrainingManual comprising of unit wise operationcovering all the sections of the Dairy Plant. Since

–– Computer Centre ––138its inception in 1996, Model Dairy Plant hasprovided training to eleven batches of B.Tech. (DT)students. The student trainees are providedRs.1500/- per month as stipend. So far MDP hasspent about Rs 50.00 lakhs till date towardspayment of stipend to students during theirtraining at Model Dairy Plant. The total strengthof students this year is 43 no. of students. Lastyear 26 no. of students were trained.Students are given hands on experience for plantoperations and are trained to manage the shiftactivities of the plant under the guidance oftrained technical staff. In addition to the above,students are also made to involve in Small GroupActivities etc. The feedback regarding InplantTraining, from the student’s trained at MDP andnow working in different capacities with differentorganizations is quite positive and encouraging.Quality Management SystemModel Dairy Plant is certified under the QualityManagement System IS / ISO 9001:2000 and FoodSafety (IS 15000:1998) HACCP.HRD ProgrammesMDP has well trained Technical Staff to handlethe various operations of the Plant for furtherupgrading the knowledge and skill of theemployees, MDP is continuously taking up HRDprograms from external agencies for up-gradationof knowledge and motivation of the employees &student trainees, which has been quite beneficialand helpful both to the employees and theorganization.Visits by DignitariesModel Dairy Plant is regularly visited bydignitaries from India & abroad. Facultymembers and students of different Institutionsalso visit the plant. Visitors and dignitaries, sofar visited, have appreciated the quality of workvis-à-vis hygiene and the facilities madeavailable for training the students of DeemedUniversity NDRI.Computer CentreThe Computer Centre is engaged in multifariousacademic and service providing activities suchas teaching computer courses to under-graduateand post-graduate students in Dairying, scientificdata processing, monitoring managementinformation, maintenance of databases, softwaredevelopment and imparting training to staff andsponsored students from other academicinstitutions. Besides, the Centre is also providingservices for data analysis, pay bill processing,LAN Management, DTP and graphicapplications to staff and students andMaintenance of Computers, Printers and UPS.The Computer Centre is equipped with a multiuserPentium/UnixWare computer system alongwith a heavy duty line matrix printer for scientificdata analysis. A number of latest state-of-the-artPentium-IV processor based multimedia/Internetready computer systems (networked throughLAN) are available for students and staff training.There is a campus wide LAN established toprovide E-mail/Internet connectivity throughlease line. Various licensed software such aslanguage compilers, application softwarepackages and operating software are available.Academic AffairsThe computer centre offered two computercourses to Undergraduate students and twocourses to Postgraduate students.Following training programmes were organizedfor various categories of staff:• Training programme on “Statistical andGraphical Analysis using MS-Excel from 26 thto 27 th July, 2006.• Training programme on “Network and BasicInternet Operations” from 28 th to 29 th July,2006.Scientific Data ProcessingThe centre processed scientific data pertainingto research projects of the Institute as submittedby the scientists and also the data for dissertation/

–– Library ––139thesis work submitted by the research scholars.In all, 15 scientists/staff, 20 Ph.D. scholars and21 M. Sc. students submitted 84, 98 and 98 jobsfor their data analysis work, respectively. Apartfrom the existing general programs to process thescientific data, new specific programs were alsodeveloped to meet the specific requirements ofthe users as and when needed.Management Information ServiceThe Computer Centre prepared reports relatingto milk production, supply of feeds and fodder,herd performance, animal management system,etc., for decision support. The services for thepreparation of feeding schedule were alsoprovided. The processing of pay bills of differentcategories of staff as well as generation of variousreports was also carried out by the centre. GPFtransactions and the annual interest accrued onGPF deposits for the NDRI staff were alsoprocessed.Agricultural Research Information System(ARIS)This cell worked very effectively during the yearwith regard to LAN management in order to providenetwork services. The cell also provided wordprocessing and laser type setting facilities. Duringthe year, the Cell undertook the data entry of about15000 applicants for the recruitment of Clerk/Supporting staff/Security Supervisor. The biodataof staff of the Institute is being regularly updated aspart of PERMISNET. The data is also being entered/maintained in Schedule I to VI on Academicinformation; Infrastructure facilities; Budgetinformation; Manpower information; Personalinformation of faculty; and Achievements andHighlights as part of NISAGENET.Distributed Information Sub-CentreThe Distributed Information Sub-Centre onAnimal Biotechnology funded by the Departmentof Biotechnology, Govt. of India, New Delhicontinued to function effectively during the yearunder report. The Sub-centre continued tomonitor the information received from otherDistributed Information Centres/Sub-Centres.An up-to-date progress report of the sub-centrewas prepared and presented at the 18 th AnnualCoordinator’s Meeting held at BioinformaticsCentre, State Council of Science & Technology,Gangtok – 737 101, Sikkim on 3 rd and 4 th Feb. 2007.Two MCA students one B.Tech. studentcompleted their Software Development Projectsunder the supervision of BTIS Sub-Centre facultyas Studentship and developed followingsoftware.• Water Vapor Transmission Rate Software.• Web Server for the Analysis of Thermo Stabilityof DNA Binding proteins from Mesophiles,Thermophiles and Psychrophiles based onAmino acid and Dipeptide Composition.• Software Developed for Dairying UsingRDBMS, ANN tools and VB, Net ProgrammingEnvironment.LibraryThe Institute Library has an impressive collectionof literature on Dairy Science and related subjects.More than 300 periodicals are subscribed to keeptrack of the current scientific/technicaldevelopments. Besides, there are 94,216 volumes,which include 49,723 books, 30,100 boundjournals, 8200 bulletins, 3017 theses, 268microfiches, 2768 reprints and 140 CDs.Library is providing round-the-clock Internet/Emailaccess facility to all the laboratories as wellas scientists including the distant buildings suchas hostels, residences, etc. located within thecampus. Two leased lines, ERNET lease line of512 kbps and BSNL lease line of 256 kbps areavailable to fulfill this task. Presently, theseservices are being provided though NetworkSecurity Solutions software. Library is alsoproviding seven workstations to the faculty,students and staff of the Institute, so that theymay get current information in the area of theirinterest and communicate with the researchersof their interest immediately.The Library also provides Documentation,Reference, Current Awareness Services, CD-ROMLiterature scanning through CD-ROM of CABAbstract, Food Science Technology Abstract,AGRIS, Derwent Biotechnology Abstract, IndianStandards on CD-ROM and ISO standards of dairyproducts on CD-ROM. The library also providesPhotocopying, Document Scanning and Printingfacility. Computerized Issue Return andReservation of books is done by using LIBSYSLibrary software Package with Web OPAC. Librarygenerated revenue Rs. 90,015.80 for providingservices such as Print/Xerox/Lit. Search etc.

–– Communication Centre/Maintenances Section/Human Health Complex ––140Communication CentrePrinting Press: The Printing Press printedvarious Institute publications such asCompendium of lectures for various trainingcourses, Perspective Plan, Pamphlets depictingthe technologies and recommended practices forfarmers, Dairy Samachar (Four editions), NDRITelephone Directory, SRC Proceedings, IJSCAgenda Paper, Reverie-07, Manual for PCDPTraining Course, Auction Lists, BOM MeetingAgenda, List of Holidays and approx 90,000impressions of various proforma, Letter Heads,Registers etc., for administration and otherDivisions/Sections of the Institute.Video Lab.: Video coverage of 41 events of theInstitute consisting of National & Inter-nationalseminars, workshops, meetings, conferences,cultural programmes & other functions of theInstitute was carried out. The video films of theabove events were edited & developed for telecastthrough Krishi Darshan, Delhi & city cable. Thevideo film NDRI at a Glance, Clean MilkProduction & Sawach Dugdh Utpadan wereshown to various visitors, foreign delegates, dairyfarmers, farm women, village level extensionworkers, staff & students from AgricultureUniversities. In view of the great demand forprocuring the film on clean milk production byvarious state departments & developmentagencies through out the country, 12 nos of VCDof video films were sold to various prestigiousorganizations during the current year.Photo Lab.: The Photo Lab. of the Institute tookphotographs during various workshop,seminars, visits of high dignitaries andphotographs related to research of scientists andstudents. A sum of Rs. 4748/- was realized fromdifferent sources towards supply of photographsrelating to dairying by Photo Lab.Projection Unit: During the year, 410 LCD Projctorshows, 30 over head show, 15 slide show werearranged for different seminar/conference/exhibitions and meetings held at NDRI, Karnal.Public address system were made for about 230functions.Exhibitions OrganizedThe following exhibitions were organized forvarious events:• VI convocation of Deemed University NDRI,Karnal from 20 th - 21 st April, 2006.• First Foundation Day of DWR, Karnal /KisanMela at DWR Karnal on 9 th Sept., 2006.• Triennial GFAR Conference at NationalAgriculture Science Complex at Delhi from8 th -11 th Nov., 06.• On the visit of his excellency Hon’ble Governorof Haryana State Dr. A. R. Kidwai at NDRI,Karnal on 23 rd Nov., 06.• Kisan Mela organized by the Youva SangathanKisan Mela at Padda Village of Karnal on 27 thNov., 06.• India – International Trade Fair, 06 at PragatiMaidan New Delhi from 14 th - 27 th Nov., 2006.• Research Extension – Industry FarmersInterface organized by the Dairy ExtensionDivision, NDRI, Karnal during 6 th -7 th Feb., 07.Maintenance SectionConsequent upon the transfer of maintenanceactivity from CPWD & HSEB, the MaintenanceSection was created at the Institute in 1979 as acentralized maintenance facility. The section isengaged in civil and electrical works related toalterations required in the laboratories and campusof the Institute. It also provides the services in thefield of mechanical, electrical, civil, refrigerationetc. and is responsible for the proper water supply,safe disposal of the sewage after treatment throughEffluent Treatment Plant and maintenance of thesubstation, overhead lines, street lights, serviceconnections, and electric supply to the office aswell as residence area of the Institute.Human Health ComplexThe Human Health Complex was established in1991. It is a 20 bedded hospital catering to thehealth needs of the employees of NDRI as well asother sister ICAR Institutes i.e., IARI, NBAGR &DWR, in addition to the students of NDRIDeemed University and the retired ICARemployees settled in Karnal.Doctors render medical aid in Allopathy,Ayurveda & Homoeopathy. Qualified nurses,laboratory technicians, radiographer andpharmacists assist the medical officers inproviding medical facilities and are activelyinvolved in alleviating the troubles of the ailing.

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16 REGIONAL STATIONSSOUTHERN REGIONAL STATION, BANGALORE142The National Dairy Research Institute wasstarted at Bangalore in 1923 as Imperial Instituteof Animal Husbandry and Dairying. Uponshifting of the institute Head Quarters to Karnalin 1955, the establishment at Bangalorecontinued as the Southern Regional Station ofNDRI. The station has been catering to theresearch, training and extension needs of thedairy farmers and dairy industry of the southernregion. The Station was rechristined as SouthernCampus of National Dairy Research Institute in2002 with the following mandate.Mandate• Identify the region specific problems of dairyproduction, processing and management oncontinuing basis and evolve suitable solutions.• Establish centers for technology development,assessment and dissemination.• Establish centers of advanced studies for R &D and HRD with the Station as the SouthernCampus of NDRI Deemed University.InfrastructureThe Campus is endowed with necessaryinfrastructure in terms of qualified staff,farmland, dairy herd, laboratories, library, staffdispensary, hostel facilities etc. The Campusenvelopes a land area of 46.3 hectares. About 21hectares of land is utilised for the cultivation ofvarious forage crops for meeting the feedingrequirement of the dairy herd of the Institute.About 350 zebu cattle of Deoni breed constitutesthe dairy herd of the Institute. Programmesaiming at improvement and conservation ofDeoni breed germplasm have been initiated.The Campus has good laboratory andinfrastructural facilities for carrying out researchwork on molecular genetics, screening of microbes,chemical and microbiological analyses of dairyproducts, testing of dairy equipments,manufacturing of various dairy products, effluentanalysis etc. There are good computer facilitiesto facilitate data analysis and documentation.A LAN with a modern web server networks thecomputers of different sections and Internetfacilities are provided to all the sections throughthe server. An effluent treatment plant andeffluent testing laboratory are established and arefunctioning at the campus. A sensory evaluationlaboratory for evaluation of dairy products hasalso been established.The library is stocked with 12,154 books, 10,252bound volumes of journals 1,034 theses and1,295 reprints. Library subscribes to 70 Indian /Foreign Journals relevant to various disciplinesof Dairy Science. In addition, a few journals werealso received on gratis basis from differentorganizations from India and abroad. LibraryAutomation Software has been recently procuredfor facilitating the automation of libraryfunctions. Library also provides Internet services,photo copying facility, News Paper ClippingServices, Reference Services and Inter LibraryLoan facilities to readers. The Library serves as areferral centre for many students andprofessionals in the field of dairying and foodscience in Southern India.There is a good hostel and guest house facilityfor the stay of students and visitors. The staffdispensary at the Campus caters to the medicalneeds of students, staff and retired employees.The clinical laboratory of the dispensary also hasfacilities for taking up preliminary investigations.The research, training and transfer of technologyprogrammes at the Campus are carried out throughdifferent sections viz., Animal Breeding & ArtificialInsemination, Cattle yard & Forage Production,Dairy Technology, Dairy Chemistry &Bacteriology, Dairy Engineering, Dairy Economics& Management, Dairy Extension and DairyEducation. The Campus has a staff strength of235 including 22 Scientific and 47 Technical staff.Extension Activities• During period under report 2094 visitors in 47batches comprising student trainees, farmers,farmwomen and rural youth visited thecampus who were taken round the Instituteand explained the on going activities.• Advisory services were rendered to the needyclientele on dairy farm entrepreneurship andfodder farm establishment and for enquiryregarding dairy production and processingequipments.• Extension literature was distributed to seventyof the needy clientele groups on Institute’s

–– Southern Regional Station ––ongoing activities and scientific dairy farmingaspects.• An orientation programme was organised fortrainees of training programme on MilkHandling Practices for the milk producers /vendors of Khammam district of AndhraPradesh on 26.6.2006.• A training programme on Scientific DairyFarming Practices was organised for the fieldextension personnel of Asian Institute of RuralDevelopment, Bangalore for their fieldextension activities. Training was provided ontheoretical aspects of breeding, feeding, healthcare and management of dairy animals andpractical sessions on first-aid and health careof dairy animals.• A special awareness programme on diseasemanagement aspects of sheep rearing wasorganised on 1.7.2006 which was well attendedby 50 farmwomen and 25 farmers from theadopted villages, Rajankunte, Suradenapura,Viswanathapura, Honnenahalli andSriramanahalli. Presentations on Clean MilkProduction, Green Fodder Production andBalanced Feeding were made by subject matterspecialists. An informative video show onScientific Management of Dairy Animals waspresented during the training session.• A special programme on green fodderproduction was organised at the adoptedvillage, Sriramanahalli on 12.10.2006 for thebeneficiaries of the green fodder developmentprogramme initiated by the NGOs.Presentations on Green Fodder Productionand Balanced Feeding were made by subjectmatter specialists. A video show on Greenfodder Production was presented to theclientele during the training session.Rural Extension ProgrammeRegular weekly visits were made to the adoptedvillages for providing needed technical advice onscientific dairy farming practices and VeterinaryExtension Services to the needy clientele group asmentioned in the table give below.Sl. No. Type of Veterinary Service Adopted Villages I Adopted Villages IINo. of animals treated Cow Goat Sheep1. Artificial Insemination 793 582. Re-insemination 428 233. Calves born Male 180 4 2Female 144 4 34 II. First-aid Cases 2367 235 175 325 Infertility Cases 758 136 Deworming 1307 16 84 87 Dehorning 170 68 Castration 196 9 89 Tattooing 213 -10 Taurine treatment 662 2511 Pregnancy diagnosis 372 9712 Foot and Mouth Vaccination - 483143Livestock FarmThe campus maintains a dairy herd of about 417animals of zebu cattle. Efforts are being made toDeoni Herd StrengthAge Group Male Female TotalCalve up to 6 months 24 29 53Young Stock 93 10 103Heifers - 110 110Milch Animals - 53 53Dry Animals - 73 73Breeding Bulls 11 - 11Experimental Male 03 - 03Calves (Castrated)Bullocks 11 - 11Total 142 275 417improve the performance of the milch herd. Thenumber of cattle has considerably increased overabout 250 animals since surplus animals couldnot be auctioned due to technical reasons. Thishas placed pressure on feed resources.ParticularsPerformance of Deoni HerdTotalAverage no. of Animals in milk 4 2Average no. of Animals in Dry 7 9Milking Average (kg/day) 4.7Herd Average ( kg/day) 1.6No. of Calves Born (M +F) 77(41+36)No. of Animals Died 04

–– Southern Regional Station ––Fodder FarmThe campus has a fodder farm of about 21hectares for cultivation of various forage cropsfor meeting the feeding requirement of thedairy herd.Fodder ProductionSl.No. Name of the Fodder Area in Quantity Yield / ha/ Daily Avg.Hectares in qtls annum (qtls) (qtls)ISeasonal Fodder& Mixed cropsa) Maize 3098.40b) Jowar 1106.40c) Ragi + Legume 1305.80Sub Total 8.8 5510.60 626.20 16.49IIPerennial grassd) Guinea 1.08 2348.10 2174.16 7.03e) Hybrid Napier 2.05 2980.10 1453.80 8.92f) Para grass 9.23 11720.80 1269.70 35.09Grand Total 21.16 22559.60 67.54144Experimental Dairy PlantThe experimental dairy of the Institute has all thefacilities for manufacturing various milk and milkproducts. The section is involved in regulartraining programmes and also providing in-planttraining to the students from various Institutions.Training is also imparted to the entrepreneurs.The excess of milk is being sold as market milkand some quantity of milk is also converted intodifferent dairy products for sale through theparlour of the Institute.Revolving Fund SchemeThe revolving fund scheme was started to sustainthe activities of the experimental dairy withoutmuch burden on the institute for the funds.Required amount of milk over and above the milkreceived from the farm was purchased fromBangalore Dairy a unit of Karnataka Milkfederation. Various products like cheese, milksweet, flavoured dairy drink, Kunda, ice cream,chhana podo, cheese puri mix, curd, butter, gheeetc. were prepared for sale under this schemethrough the milk parlour. The ExperimentalDairy processed and sold milk and milk productsas per the details given in the table:Milk and Milk Products’ Sale (2006-2007)Name of the products Quantity AmountSold (Rs)Milk (lit) 56250 7,45,447Skim milk (lit) 1335 13,590Flavoured Milk (200 ml pkt) 6543 44,326Milk Sweet (kg) 583.75 63,433Process Cheese (250 g pkt) 5165 2,23,119Mozzarella Cheese (kg) 3 480Paneer (kg) 574.50 67,042Jamun mix (200 g pkt) 597 13,246Butter (kg) 309.50 41,473Ghee (kg) 13.50 2,106Podo (200 g pkt) 1052 32,774Cheese puri mix (200 g pkt) 411 9,146Ada Payasam(200 g pkt) 191 4,981Gasa Gase Payasam (200 g pkt) 30 780Khoa (kg) 64 6,912Ice-cream (Ord.) 5204 41,915(100 ml cups)Ice-cream (Ord.) 80 5,730Family Pack (1 lit)Ice-cream (Spl.) 2068 18,612(100 ml. Cups)Ice-cream (Spl.) 155 10,720Family Pack (1 lit)Kunda (cups) 699 7,689Yoghurt (100 ml cups) 5317 45,545Curd (200 g pkts) 6206 31,964Cream (kg) 3.50 336Cheddar Cheese (kg) 7.50 1,290Total 14,32,656

EASTERN REGIONAL STATION, KALYANI145The Eastern Regional Station (ERS) of NationalDairy Research Institute (NDRI) was establishedin February 1964 at the Central Dairy in Calcutta.In September, 1965; a herd of 95 Red Sindhi cattlewere transferred from NDRI, Karnal to ERS. Theseanimals were initially stationed at the StateLivestock Farm, Kalyani; and were then shifted tothe Milk Colony, Haringhata in the year 1966. Theoffice of the ERS was also shifted from Calcutta toKalyani during 1966 and was located in theAdministrative Building of Kalyani University.After a year, it was shifted to the newly establishedBidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya premisesat Kalyani. Laboratory facilities were graduallydeveloped there. The Regional Animal NutritionResearch Centre of the ICAR till then located atHaringhata was also merged with the ERS of NDRIwith effect from 1st June, 1968.In 1978, the Government of West Bengalallotted 100 acres of land for the easternregional station in A-12 Block of Kalyani. Cattleshed, laboratory buildings and staff quartersetc. were gradually built up there. The unusedbarren land was developed in to a fodder farmto provide quality fodder to the high yieldingcrossbred cattle maintained at this centre.Research on various disciplines of dairying e.g.Dairy Chemistry, Dairy Bacteriology, DairyTechnology, Animal Nutrition, DairyEconomics and Extension was initiated. Themain thrust was to evolve a high yieldinggenotype suitable to the warm-humidsubtropical agro-climatic conditions of easternIndia. Induction of Karan-Fries and Jersey xTharparkar crossbred cows to the cattle herdof ERS on transfer from NDRI, Karnal was animportant step in this direction. A DairyDemonstration Unit was established foreducating the farmers in scientific dairy farmmanagement practices. An extensive exercisewas also carried out to determine the nutritivevalue of tree leaves and field grasses of theeastern region. The development ofinfrastructure was nearly complete inMay,1987. The research activities started in fullswing in the second half of 1987 at the newcampus.The regional station has effective infrastructurefacilities like Dairy Farm, Fodder Farm, Libraryand Computer cell to support research andextension activities.The main objective of establishing the easternregional station is to identify the majorconstraints in the field of dairy production in theeastern and north eastern region comprising thestates of West Bengal, Bihar (includingJharkhand), Orissa, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam,Meghalaya, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland,Sikkim, Tripura and Andaman & NicobarIslands and to offer plausible solutions throughresearch and extension to these problems forspeedy and scientific development of the dairyindustry in this region. It serves as a vital linkbetween the National Dairy Research Instituteand the far-flung areas of the eastern region ofthe country for transfer of technology developedat the Institute and provides appropriateTechnology of chhana making beingdemonstrated under rural conditionsfeedback after trials for perfection. The researchwork undertaken at this station is mainly ofapplied in nature and the thrust of research is toimprove the socio-economic conditions of thedairy farmers of this region, who are eitherlandless or have marginal land holdings.Keeping in view the enormous demand for milkin the eastern region, low milk productionpotential of the native stock, abundance ofnatural feed and fodder resources and diversifiedagro-climatic and socio-economic conditions, thisresearch station has a great role to play in thefield of dairy development in this region.

–– Eastern Regional Station ––Support SectionsLivestock FarmDifferent Breeds: Jersey cross, Holstein cross, Tharparkar.Herd Performance at ERS, Kalyani (January to December, 2006)Factor Jersey cross Holstein Tharparkar Overallcross(Indian breed)Milk production (kg) 1,32,402.0 2291.5 9498.5 1,44,192.0Av. No. of cows in milk/day 46.3 0.8 5.1 52.2Av. No of cows in dry/day 12.1 0.2 3.9 16.3Wet Average(kg/day) 7.8 7.5 5.1 7.6Herd Average(kg/day) 6.2 6.3 2.9 5.8Farm SectionForage section of ERS of NDRI strives forproduction of forage crops (green and dry) andits distribution to the farm animals andmaintenance of timber wood plantation. It hastwo other units- mini workshop for minorrepairing /maintenance of agriculturalmachineries and a meteorological observatory.During 2006 approximately 30 hectare land wasavailable for crop production. During the year12791.95 quintals fodder was produced, out ofwhich 724.95 q was dry fodder. Seasonallysurplus green fodder of 120.95 q was sold tointerested dairy cattle owners to encouragefeeding of green fodder to cattle. During the year,2006, approximately 1300 plants including teak,sisso, eucalyptus, coconut, etc. were maintainedby forage section.LibraryThe Library contains1482 books, 3225 volumesof bound journals and other periodicals in thefield of Dairying. Besides, Annual reports ofdifferent Institutes and proceedings of variousworkshops and seminars are also available forreference. Presently 21 journals are subscribed.Computer SectionThe computer center has ten computers whichfacilitate the maintenance of huge data-base andstatistical analysis of experimental data ofProduction of Different Fodder Crops during(January- December, 2006)Type of fodderProduction (Quintals)Berseem 1242.00Cowpea 388.95Maize 1959.05Maize+Cowpea 704.35Maize+Ricebean 83.85Oats 1545.10Sorghum 3561.40Sorghum+Cowpea 714.20Sorghum +Ricebean 776.05Hybrid napier 1574.90Guinea grass 202.95Para grass 36.15Total 12,791.95various research projects. The Eastern RegionalStation has internet connectivity through VSATwhich is useful for searching literature andreferences.Extension and TrainingThe eastern regional station regularly conductsvarious types of training programmes in differentareas of dairy production for educating the ruralmasses and also to transfer the availabletechnologies to the end users. The list oftrainings/ capsule courses/short courses etc.conducted during 2006-2007 are as follows:Course title Duration Number of participantsMale Female Total1461. Capsule courses on cattle nutrition 04 daysEach 30 73 103and fodder production (5 nos.)2. Scientific dairy farming 21 days 11 - 113. Short course on Animal Nutritionand Feeding 14 days 4 - 4

–– Eastern Regional Station ––Model Dairy Village ProgrammeHealth coverage and other works carried out inthe model village, Muragacha during 2006 are asfollows:• A total no. of 70 numbers of cows wereartificially inseminated during this period. Inall 16 animals were examined for pregnancy,out of which 7 cows were found pregnant.Three calves were born out of which two werefemale. A total no. of 215 animals were treatedfor different diseases like worm infection,anoestrous, Mastitis and other infectiousdiseases. In all 76 farmers were given advicefor different problems related to dairy animalhealth.• A special Anestrous/ deworming camp wasorganized in which 140 animals weredewormed and 37 animals were treated fordifferent reproductive problems.• A special FMD vaccination camp wasorganized, in which 347 animals werevaccinated against FMD.• Twenty new farmers have registered theirnames under the Model Dairy VillageProgramme.National Seminar Organized at ERS-NDRI,KalyaniA National Seminar on Prospects and Challengesof Manufacturing Organic Indigenous MilkProducts for Export Market was organized atERS-NDRI, Kalyani on 26-27 Nov., 2006 incollaboration with the Dairy Technology Societyof India (DTSI) Karnal. The two day seminar wasattended by 100 delegates representing variousState Govt. Agencies, Dairy Co-operativeFederations, Research Institutions, AgriculturalUniversities, Nepal Dairy Federation, Punjab andWest Bengal Dairy Federation, NABARD, organicinput suppliers and farmers’ NGOs. The seminarwas inaugurated by the chief guest Dr. K.Pradhan, former Secretary NAAS and VC RAUand was presided over by the Dr. S. Singh,President- DTSI, Karnal.Training ProgrammesTraining programmes on of varying duration“Scientific Dairy Farming” and “AnimalNutrition & Fodder Production” for educatedunemployed rural youth are being organized ondairying every quarter for educating the ruralmasses. Field visits and orientation programmesare also being organized for the farmers of DairyCooperative Societies and NGOs on request.Dr. A. Chatterjee receives first prize inHindi function from chief guest147Lighting of the lamp during the National SeminarA view of the participants in HindiSamaroh held at ERS-Kalyani

148jk"Vh; Msjh vuqla/kku laLFkku jk"V dk ,d vxz.kh ,oa izfrf"Brvuqla/kku laLFkku gS tks fd ns'k eas Msjh fodkl dk;Zÿeksa ds fy,vuqla/kku ,oa fodkl rFkk ekuo lalk/ku fodkl esa lg;ksx dsfy, iw.kZ :i ls lefiZr jgk gSA o"kZ 1923 esa LFkkfir bl laLFkkuds eq[;ky; dks o"kZ 1955 esa djuky esa LFkkukUrfjr dj fn;kx;kA bl laLFkku ds nks {ks=h; dsUnz gSa tks fd caxykSj ,oa dY;k.khesa fLFkr gSaA nf{k.k o iwohZ {ks=h; dsUnz LFkkuh; {ks= esa œf"kokrkoj.k ds vuq:i Msjh fodkl ds fy, vuqla/kku ,oa lg;ksxiznku djus esa yxs gq, gSaA 'kS{kf.kd dk;Zÿeksa ds lapkyu gsrqlaLFkku dks ekU; fo'ofo|ky; dk ntkZ izkIr gSAlaxBukRed Lo:ilaLFkku dh izcU/k iz.kkyh Hkkjrh; œf"k vuqla/kku ifj"kn~ dsekU; fo'ofo|ky; dh iz'kklfud iºfr ds vuq:i gh gS AlaLFkku ds vuqla/kku] f'k{k.k] izf'k{k.k] foLrkj f'k{kk vkSjiz'kklfud dk;Zdyki ds {ks= esa uhfr&fu/kkZj.k vkSj fu.kZ; dknkf;Ro izca/k eMay] vuqla/kku lykgdkj ifj"kn~] fo|k ifj"kn~,oa foLrkj ifj"kn~ dks lkSaik x;k gSA funs'kd bl laLFkku dkdk;Zdkjh vf/kdkjh gSSA nksuksa la;qDrfuns'kd] funs'kd dksvuqla/kku] f'k{k.k ,oa foLrkj dk;Zdykiksa dks laiUu djkus esalg;ksx iznku djrs gSaA laLFkku ds vuqla/kku vkSj fodkl ds rhueq[; {ks= (1-) Msjh mRiknu (2-) Msjh izlaLdj.k rFkk (3-) Msjhizlkj izcU/k gSaA lHkh vuqla/kku ,oa foLrkj dk;Zÿe laLFkku dseq[;ky; rFkk blds nks {ks=h; dsUnzksa ij laLFkku ds X;kjgizHkkxksa@vuqHkkxksa Msjh i'kq iztuu] Msjh i'kqiks"k.k] Msjh i'kq 'kjhjfÿ;k foKku] Msjh i'kq thojlk;u] Msjh i'kq tSoizkS|ksfxdh] MsjhizkS|ksfxdh] Msjh bathfu;jh] Msjh lw{etho foKku] Msjh foLrkjrFkk Msjh vFkZ'kkL= lkaf[;dh ,oa izcU/ku izHkkx ds vUrxZrlaiUu gksrs gSA laLFkku esa œf"k izkS|ksfxdh lwpuk dsUnz (,fVd)]œf"k foKku ÿsUnz rFkk Msjh izf'k{k.k dsUnz Hkh gSA laLFkku esai'kq/ku QkeZ] pkjk QkeZ] i'kq iztuu ifjlj] i'kq LokLF;ifjlj] ekWMy Msjh la;a=] iz;ksxkRed Msjh la;a=] ijke'kZ ,dd]iqLrdky; lsok ,ao jk"Vh; tSolwpuk dsUnz] daI;wVj dsUnz] lainkvuqHkkx rFkk vuqj{k.k bathfu;jh vuqHkkx tSlh dsUnzh; lqfo/kk,amiyC/k gSaA iz'kklfud dk;Zdyki tSls foRr] ÿ;] HkaMkj]LFkkiuk rFkk lqj{kk ds dk;Zdyki eq[; iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh dsfu;a=.k esa gSA laLFkku esa bl le; 173 oSKkfud355 rduhf'k;u] 198 iz'kklfud rFkk 812 prqFkZ Js.kh(xzqi&Mh) deZpkjh lsokjr gSaActVo"kZ 2005&2006 esa laLFkku esa ;kstuk vkSj xSj&;kstuk en esa dqyctV 4309-36 yk[k :i, Fkk rFkk o"kZ 2006&07 ds fy, dqyctV 4536-95 yk[k :i, Lohœr fd;k x;kA ftlesa nksuksa{ks=h; dsUnz (caxykSj o dY;k.kh) dk ctV Hkh lfEefyr gSAvuqla/kkuo"kZ 2006 ds nkSjku dqy 90 vuqla/kku ifj;kstuk,a lapkfyr dhxbZA muesa cgqr ls vuqla/kku dk;Zÿeksa ds jk"Vh; Lrj ij tSoizkS|ksfxdh@[kk| izlaLdj.k] m|ksx ea=ky;] jkT; œf"kfo'ofo|ky;ksa rFkk jkT; fodkl foHkkxksa ds lkFk vUr%LFkkfudlaca/k FksA bl vof/k dh dqN egRoiw.kZ vuqla/kku miyfC/k;ksaa dkfooj.k fuEuor~ gSaAπ dqy 41 dju ›ht (24¯)] 27 lkghoky (18¯) rFkk60 eqjkZg HkSalksa (34¯) dk p;u ij[ks x, lkaMksa ds lkFkfu;ksftr esfVax ds fy, Js"B xk;ksa ds :i esa fd;k x;kA buJs"B dju ›ht]lkghoky xk;ksa rFkk eqjkZg HkSalksa dk Js"B C;kWrnqX/k mRiknu Lrj ÿe'k% 5014&7168 fd-xzk-] 2040&3629fd-xzk- rFkk 2504&3754 fd-xzk- ds chp FkkAπ {ks=h; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vUrxZr dju ›ht xk;ksa rFkk eqjkZgHkSlkaas esa dqy 6747 rFkk 8574 œf=e xHkkZ/kku fd;k x;k]ifj.kkeLo:i xHkkZ/kku nj ÿe'k% 40-2 rFkk 39-2 izfr'krFkhA œ"kdksa ds i'kqlewg esa mRiUu dqy 1283 (622 uj rFkk661 eknk) dju ›ht rFkk 1596 (826 uj rFkk 770 eknk)eqjkZg HkSalksa ds cNM+s&cNfM+;ksa dks lUrfr ijh{k.k ds vUrxZrlkaMksa ds vkuqokaf'kd ewY;kadu ds fy, mi;ksx fd;ktk,xkA {ks=h; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vUrxZr lkaMksa ds ewY;kadu dsfy, 480 HkSalksa rFkk 198 dju ›ht xk;ksa dh fu"iknu {kerkvk°dM+s fjdkMZ fd, x,Aπ jk"Vh; Msjh vuqla/kku laLFkku ds dsUnz ij ijhf{kr HkSal ds>ksVs la[;k 4090 Js"Brk esa 10-44¯ rFkk 1946 fdyksxzke dsiztud vfHklwpd ds lkFk f}rh; LFkku ij jgsA ikapos lSV easewY;kafdr 15 HkSalksa ds >ksVksa esa ls jk"Vh; Msjh vuqla/kkulaLFkku dsUnz ds ikWp >ksVs ftuesa ijhf{kr >ksVs la[;k4393 rFkk 4371 lfEefyr gSa] dk ;ksxnku jgkA ikapos lSV esaiakp >ksVs Js"B ewY;kafdr fd, x,Aπ eqjkZg HkSaLkksa ds nSfud iztuu ewY;ksa ds vkdyu ds fy,fof/k ijhf{kr fnu ds izFke C;kar mRiknu fjdkMZ ijvk/kkfjr gSA HkSalksa ds vkuqokaf'kd ewY;kadu ds fy, jSUMefjxzs'ku ekMy (vkj- vkj- ,e-) dk iz;ksx djds ;g fof/kekufdr dh xbZ FkhAπ lkghoky xksi'kqvksa esa olk@,l-,u-,Q-@nqX/k mRiknu dslkFk - dslhu yksdl egRoiw.kZ :i ls lEcº ikbZ xbZ A bluly esa - dslhu yksdl ds ,-,- thuksVkbi esa olk rFkknqX/k mRiknu dk mPpre vkSlr eku ik;k x;k A

–– jktHkk"kk [k.M ––149π lkghoky xksi'kqvksa eas olk@,l-,u-,Q-@nqX/k mRiknu dslkFk - dslhu yksdl egRoiw.kZ :i ls lEcº ik;k x;kAbl uly esa ,-ch- thuksVkbi us mPprj olk] ,l-,u-,QrFkknqX/k mRiknu mRikfnr fd;kAπ jk"Vh; Msjh vuqla/kku laLFkku i'kq lewg dh eqjkZg HkSals-dslhu lkseSVksVksfiu rFkk -ysDVksXyksC;wfyu ds fy,,d:i ik, x,Aπ lkghoky xksi'kqvksa -dslhu rFkk – ysDVksXyksC;wfyuizR;sd ds fy, rhu tksuksVkbi (,-,-],-ch-]ch-ch- rFkklksesVksVksfiu ds fy, ,e-,l-ih-1 ds lkFk ($@$]$@&rFkk&@& rFkk ,y-,y-] ,y-oh- ,oa oh-oh-) izdV fd, x, Aπ -dslhu ds ch-ch- thuksVkbi us ekfld nqX/k mRiknu]305 fnu dk nqX/k mRiknu rFkk ekfld ,l0,u0,Q0 rFkkizksVhu mRiknu ij vf/kd izHkko iznf'kZr fd;k Aπ – ysDVksXyksC;wfyu ds fy,] ,-,- thuksVkbi us vf/kdekfld nqX/k mRiknu] ,l-,u-,Q- iznf'kZr fd;k tcfd,-ch- thuksVkbi ds fy, &@& thuksVkbi ekfld rFkk305 fnu nqX/k mRiknu rFkk ekfld izfr'kr ,l-,u-,Q-,oa mRiknu dks izHkkfor djus ds fy, ik;k x;k tcfd ,y-,y- thuksVkbi us ,y-oh- rFkk oh-oh- thuksVkbi dh rqyukesa mPprj ekfld ,oa 305 fnu nqX/k mRiknu] ekfld,l-,u-,Q- mRiknu rFkk izksVhu mRiknu iznf'kZr fd;k Aπ ,Dtksu 2]3]4]5]8 rFkk 16 ysDVksQsfju thu rFkk ,Dtksu1]2 rFkk 3 ysfIVu thu ds ih-lh-vkj-&,l-,l-lh-ihfo'ys"k.kus eqjkZg HkSalksa esa eksuksekfQZd iSVuZ iznf'kZr fd,Aπ lkghoky xksi'kqvksa esa ysfIVu thu ds ,Dtksu 1 us ekuksekfQZdiznf'kZr fd, tcfd ,Dtksu 2 rFkk 3 us cgqfo/k iSVuZ iznf'kZrfd, tcfd izorZd {ks= ds ik°p [kaM rFkk ysDVksQsfju thu ds16 ,Dtsu us ih-lh-vkj- &,l-,l-lh-ih- ds iz;ksx }kjkvfLFkj iSVuZ iznf'kZr fd,Aπ laLFkku ds i'kq/ku QkeZ dk nqX/k mRiknu xr o"kZ(2005&06) ds nkSjku 14]08]314-6 fd-xzk- dh rqyuk esac

–– jktHkk"kk [k.M ––150π {ks=h; ifjfLFkfr;ksa eas HkSalksa esa endky vfHkizsj.k rFkkfu/kkZfjr le; ij œf=e xHkkZ/kku ds fy, vksofluizksVksdksy dh izHkkoksRikndrk dk lQy ijh{k.k fd;k x;kAπ feFkqu IykT+ek esa ih-th-,Q-,u- ds fy, ,d laosnh,Utkbe bE;wuks,LlS ekudhœr dh xbZ Aπ fyEQkslkbV (ylhdk&dksf'kdk) izpqjksn~Hkou {kerk ijukbfVd vkWDlkbM flaFksl fujks/kd ds izHkko ds v/;;u dsfy, ylhdk&dksf'kdk (fyEQklkbV) lao/kZu rduhdhdk ekudhdj.k fd;k x;kAπ ij[kuyh mRikfnr CykLVksflLV dk mRiknu ij[kuyhifjiDou ds lEiwj.k rFkk flLVekbu] ,dizfrvkDlhdkjd ds lkFk lao/kZu }kjk c

–– jktHkk"kk [k.M ––151ds fy, okrkis{kh rFkk okrfujis{kh la;kstd izfrdkjdlcls vf/kd mi;qDr ik, x,A fofHkUu gkbMksfydvojks/ku rFkk lh-vks-Mh- yksM ds vUrxZr Msjh la;a=cfg%L=ko ds mipkj ds fy, okrkis{kh rFkk okrfujis{khla;kstd izfrdkjdksa ds ewY;kadu bafxr djrs gS fdizfrdkjd gkbMksfyd vojks/ku dky ds 30&36 ?kaVksa ij2500 ,e-th-@yh- ds lh-vks-Mh- yksM rd fuLlkjdksa dsmipkj ds fy, mi;qDr ik, x,Aπ ?kh ds lkFk [ktwj ds rsy dh feykoV dh tkap ds fy, ,dljy ijh{k.k fodflr fd;k x;kAπ veksfu;k laosnh bysDVkM dk iz;ksx djds nw/k esa ;wfj;k dsvkdyu ds fy, ,d fof/k fodflr dh xbZAπ ch-,p-,- dh rqyuk esa ,sldkcsZy ikfeVsV rFkk dsQsbdvEy ?kh esa foyfEcr vkWDlhdj foœr&xaf/krk esa vPNsizfrvkWDlhdj xq.k iznf'kZr fd,Aπ foVkfeu ^,* dh /kkj.kk ,d vkf.od&Nki cgqyd rS;kjfd, x, rFkk vfHkyf{kr fd, x,A cgqyd dh fo;kstufof/k;ksa esa O;kid laHkkouk gSAπ HkSal rFkk xksi'kqvksa ds dslhu rFkk dslhu fo[kaMu dhizfr&vkWDlhdj fÿ;kdykiksa dk ewY;kadu fd;k x;kA HkSal dsdslhu dh rqyuk esa yxHkx 20¯ vf/kd FkhA izfr vkWDlhdjizfÿ;k ,-,l- - > - > - dslhu ds ÿekuqlkj FkhAπ Msjh mRiknksa tSls lqxfU/kr nw/k] cjQh rFkk dykdUn esaœf=e ehBk tSls lsdsfju] ,DlyQse ds-] ,LikjVse rFkklqÿkykst+ ds fo'ys"k.k ds fy, ,p-ih-,y-lh-@,p-ih-Vh-,y-lh- fof/k;ka fodflr dh xbZA ,likjVse dsvfrfjDr] ckdh lHkh LohVuj lkr fnuksa rd fLFkj FksAlqxfU/kr nw/k ds laxzg.k ds nkSjku ikap fnu rd ,LikjVse,LikjVkby fQukbyysfuu voÿfer fd;k x;kAπ lh-,-lh-vks- 2 lsy ykbu lalfDr ij vk/kkfjr l'kDrmifuos'ku laHkkoukvksa rFkk vU; LokLF;o}Zd dk;ksZ lfgr,d vk'kktud izksck;ksfVd ysDVkscsflyl lao/kZu(dYpj) ,y-ih- 9 vfHkyf{kr fd;k x;kAπ lsdjksekbfll dfoZflj esa ekuo ysDVksQsfVu ds vUr%dksf'kdh; vfHkO;atu izkIr fd, x,Aπ bZ- dksfy 0157% ,p- 7 dh tkap ds fy, lkbcj xzhu rFkk,l-Vh-,Dl- 1@2 izkbej ij vk/kkfjr jh;y Vkbeih-lh-vkj- ,DlS ekudhœr fd, x,Aπ ;wuhd ck;ksVSd fyfeVsM] gSnjkckn dh lqfo/kkvksa ds iz;ksx}kjk 100 yhVj tkeu esa vkS|ksfxd Lrj ij tSoifjj{kdksa dsmRiknu ds fy, ,d izfÿ;k ekudhœr dh xbZAπ ysDVkscsflyl dksfyuk;WMl] ,y- ,flMksfQyl rFkk ,ydslhus izksVhuoºZd QQwan rFkk [kehj ds izfrdwy iznf'kZrfd, ,-,Q-,l- dks iuhj ds tSoifjj{k.k ds fy, iz;ksxfd;k tk ldrk gSAπ ,d tkeu bZ-ih-,l- mRiknu dks c

–– jktHkk"kk [k.M ––152π 'kS{kf.kd o"kZ ds nkSjku 21 Nk= ch-VSd- (Mh-Vh-) 64 ekLVjbu Ms;fjax rFkk 40 Nk= ih,p-Mh- (Ms;fjax) dh mikf/k dsfy, ekU; ?kksf"kr fd, x,Aπ jk"Vh; Msjh vuqla/kku laLFkku] ekU; fo'ofo|ky; dk NVknh{kkUr lekjksg 21 vizSy] 2006 dks laiUu gqvkA ekuuh;dsUnzh; œf"k ea=h] Jh 'kjn iokj th us eq[; vfrfFk ds :iesa bl volj dh 'kksHkk ciu laca/kh leL;kvksa rFkk Msjh izca/kuigyqvksa ds ckjs esa œ"kdksa esa tkx:drk iSnk djus ds fy,mijksDr fo"k;ksa ds 3284 ekeyksa dh tkap dhA

–– jktHkk"kk [k.M ––153π fofHkUu xk°oksa esa endky leÿe.k rFkk lsV Vkbe&HkSalksa esaœf=e xHkkZ/kku ls lacaf/kr 70 ijh{k.k fd, x, rFkk jk"Vh;Msjh vuqla/kku laLFkku ds i'kq 'kjhj fÿ;k izHkkx }kjkfodflr uohu fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kAπ fjiksVkZ/khu vof/k esa fryguksa ds fy, vkcafVr 6 gSDVs;j HkwferFkk nkyksa ds fy, vkcafVr 4-4 gSDVs;j Hkwfe esa ›aV ykbuizn'kZu (,Q-,y-Mh-) vk;ksftr fd, x,A bl œf"kfoKku dsUnz us fryguksa ds fy, 14 œ"kdksa rFkk nkyksa dhQlyksa ds fy, 11 œ"kdksa dk p;u fd;kA fofHkUu xk°oksa esadqy 25 izn'kZuksa dk vk;kstu fd;k x;kAπ nf{k.kh jkT;ksa ls izkIr O;kolkf;d fdLe ds ?kh dsvf/kdre uewuksa dks xq.koRrk ekud izkIr gq, tcfd dbZfcuk czkaM ds uewuksa us feykoV ds dkj.k HkkSfrd jklk;fudn`f"V ls volkekU; ik;s x;sAπ ,d losZ{k.k ls ;g Kkr gqvk fd dukZVd esa 200 ls vf/kdi'kq esys vk;ksftr fd, x, ftlesa 15 yk[k cSy ,df=rgq,A budk ewY; 10]000 :i, ls 1]20]000 :i, izfr tksM+sds chp jgkAlajapuk@uofuekZ.k dk;Z%&π ohfM;ks& dkU›sfUlax d{k dk fuekZ.kAπ feuh&vkfMVksfj;e dk uohdj.kAπ iz'kklfud CykWd dk uohdj.kAπ œf=e iztuu ifjlj] QkeZ vuqHkkx] dsUnzh; HkaMkjvuqj{k.k vuqHkkx] dSQsVsfj;k] cz·eiq= Nk=kokl] ch-] lhrFkkMh- Vkbi ds vkoklh; DokVZj rFkk lEink vuqHkkx dkuohdj.kAπ Msjh i'kq iztuu izHkkx dh vkf.od vkuqokaf'kdh iz;ksx'kkykdk uohdj.kAπ Msjh izkS|ksfxdh izHkkx esa la'kksf/kr i;kZoj.k iSdsftax(,e-,-ih-) fo'ys"kd] LiSDVksQksVksehVj rFkk lSEiyizhizs'ku fey dk izki.kAπ vksojgSM okVj VSad ua- 1 rFkk 2 dk uohdj.kAπ Msjh i'kq 'kjhj fÿ;k izHkkx esa LVSl fQft;ksyksth (izfrcy'kjhjfÿ;k) iz;ksx'kkyk dk uohdj.kAπ vUrjkZ"Vh; Nk=kokl ij lkbfdy@LdwVj@eksVj lkbfdyLVSaM dk fuekZ.kAπ tSoizkS|ksfxdh dsUnz ij dkj@LdwVj ikfdZxa 'kSM dk fuekZ.kAπ ihj ckck etkj ls jsyos ykbu rd pkjfnokjh dk fuekZ.kAπ œf"k foKku dsUnz ij [kfygku dk fuekZ.kAπ jk"Vh; Msjh vuqla/kku laLFkku] ifjlj ij Mh- Vkbi DokVZjksa esa8 vfrfjDr izlk/ku d{kksa dk fuekZ.kAfgUnh vkys[kπ flag] lkgc] dqekj mŸke ,oa gjhdk ,-,l- (2007)vk/kqfud i'kq izcU/k Msjh esa vf/kd nqX/k mRiknu ds fy, o"kZHkj gjk pkjk mxk;saA vk/kqfud Msjh i'kq izcU/ku] Msjh foLrkjizHkkx] jk-Ms-vuq-la-] djuky] i`"B 33&35Aπ flag] ,l-] rksej] ,l- rFkk fpdkjk] ,l- (2006) 'osrÿkfUr dk vk/kkj] t:jh gS LoPN nqX/k mRiknu] [ksrh]59 (5) 5&8Aπ ehuk] th-,y- rFkk tSu]Mh-ds- (2007) xzkeh.k efgykvksadk l'kfDrdj.k] dq:{ks=] 53 (5)% 35&36Aπ flag] izhfr] xks;y th-ds-] dqekj vkj-,- rFkk lHkkifr],l-,e- (2006) Hkkjrh; Msjh mRiknksa dh iSafdx] j{kk [kk|foKku if=dk] eSlwj 15% 5&8Aπ vjksM+k ,l-] 'kekZ oh-] 'kekZ th-,l- rFkk o/kok ch-ds-(2005) nqX/k inkFkksZ esa dSfY'k;e iqf"Vdj.k foKku xfjekfla/kq (54&55)% 74&77Aπ dkfn;ku] ds-,l- (2006) mRrjh iwohZ igkM+h {ks= esaizpfyr ijEijkxr œf"k iºfr;ka&,d fogaxkoyksduœf"klw=] 1(1)%10&11Aπ dkfn;ku] ds-,l- rFkk xqIrk] ,l-ds- (2006) oSKkfudfof/k ls uotkr i'kq izcU/kuA œf"k lw= 1(1)&8&9Aπ xkSre] vkj-,l- rFkk Mk- ukxsUnz 'kekZ] oSKkfud ys[ku esavuqokn vk;ke@jktHkk"kk vkyksd&2006] Hkk-œ-vuqifj"kn]ubZ fnYyhAπ flag] [ktku (2006) gjs pkjs ds fy, eDdk mxkus dhrduhdh tkudkjhA jktLFkkuh [ksrh] uoEcj% 13Aπ flag] [ktku (2006) i'kqvksa ds C;k°us ds ckn dh LokLFk~;lqj{kk izcU/kA jktLFkkuh [ksrh] fnlEcj%11Aπ mik/;k;] e`nqyk rFkk pÿorhZ] Ωrq (2006) i'kqikydD;k djsa] D;k u djsaA jktLFkkuh [ksrh] 37Aπ tqustk] lh-ts- (2006) e/kqeD[kh ikyu dSls djsa] [ksrh]fnlEcj vad] i`"B 33&36Aπ lq'khy dqekj dEckst rFkk fnyhi ds- xkslkabZ (2006)vf/kd iSnkokj ds fy, jch ekSle dh pkjs dh Qlyksa dkchekfj;ksa ls cpkoA [ksrh nqfu;k&fo'ks"k jch mRlo vad%21-10-06 i`"B 6Aπ fnyhi xkslkabZ rFkk lR;iky (2006) oSKkfud iºfr ls i'kqikyu esa i'kqiks"k.k dk egRoA pEcy dh fpV~Bh]vDrwcj&fnlEcj 2006] vad 4] i`"B 3Aπ fnyhi xkslkabZ rFkk lR;iky (2006) i'kqvksa esa dqiks"k.k lsgksus okyh chekfj;ka&1 pEcy dh fpV~Bh] vDrwcj&fnlEcj 2006] vad 4] i`"B 8A