Handbook of Adhesives and Sealants

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Methods of Joining Plastics Other Than With Adhesives 553The direct heat welding process is extremely useful for pipe and ductwork, rods and bars, or for continuous seals in films. However, irregularsurfaces are difficult to heat unless complicated tools are provided.Special tooling configuration can be used for bonding any structuralprofile to a flat surface. In certain applications, the directed heatcan also be used to shape the joint. With pipe, for example, a techniquecalled groove welding is often employed. Groove welding involves twoheating elements. One element melts a groove in one substrate thatis the exact shape of the mating part, and the other element heats theedge of the mating substrate. The heated male part is quickly placedinto the heated groove, and the joint is allowed to cool.15.4.2 Hot gas weldingA welding gun can be used to bond many thermoplastic materials. Anelectrical heating element in the welding gun is capable of heatingeither compressed air or an inert gas to 425–700F and forcing theheated gas onto the substrate surface. The pieces to be joined arebeveled and positioned with a small gap between them. A welding rodmade of the same plastic that is being bonded is laid in the joint witha steady pressure. The heat from the gun is directed to the tip of therod, where it fills the gap, as shown in Fig. 15.2. Several passes maybe necessary with the rod to fill the pocket. Thin sheets that are to bebutt welded together, as in the case of tank linings, use a flat stripinstead of a rod. The strip is laid over the joint and welded in placein a single pass (Fig. 15.3). Usually, the parts to be joined are held byfixtures so that they do not move during welding or while the weld iscooling. Alternatively, the parts can be first tacked together using atool similar to a soldering iron.Hot gas welding is usually a manual operation where the quality ofthe joint corresponds to the skill and experience of the operator. However,automatic welding machines are available and are used for overlapwelding of seams or membranes. In either case, bond strength atleast 85% of the strength of the bulk material can be achieved. Hotgas welding is a relatively fast operation. It can be used to weld a 1in. wide tank seam at rates up to 60 in./min. It can also be used todo temporary tack work and to repair faulty or damaged joints thatare made by gas welding or other joining processes.Hot gas welding can be used to join most thermoplastics includingpolypropylene, polyethylene, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polyvinylchloride, thermoplastic polyurethane, high density polyethylene, polyamide,polycarbonate, and polymethylmethacrylate. For polyolefinsand other plastics that are easily oxidized, the heated gas must beinert (e.g., nitrogen or argon) since hot air will oxidize the surface ofthe plastic.
554 Chapter FifteenFigure 15.2 Hot gas welding apparatus, method of application,and thermoplastic welding parameters. 10
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Chapter1An Introduction toAdhesive
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An Introduction to Adhesives and Se
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21Production AspectsJoint preparati
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Chapter2Theories of Adhesion2.1 Int
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Theories of Adhesion 51TABLE 2.1For
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Theories of Adhesion 53surface ener
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Theories of Adhesion 551.0015Cosine
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Theories of Adhesion 57W Experiment
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Theories of Adhesion 59not result i
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Theories of Adhesion 61For poor wet
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Theories of Adhesion 63example the
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Theories of Adhesion 65cohesive rup
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Theories of Adhesion 67The result o
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Theories of Adhesion 69served betwe
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Theories of Adhesion 71Figure 2.11
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Theories of Adhesion 73Polyamide-Im
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Theories of Adhesion 75TABLE 2.3 Sh
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Theories of Adhesion 77Creep can oc
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Theories of Adhesion 79was exceeded
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Theories of Adhesion 83Favorable su
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Theories of Adhesion 9118. Perry, H
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94 Chapter Threebution analysis wil
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96 Chapter ThreeCompression loads a
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98 Chapter ThreeUnits of peel or cl
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100 Chapter Threeommended for bondi
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102 Chapter ThreeFigure 3.5 Effect
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104 Chapter ThreeFigure 3.8 Interre
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106 Chapter ThreeFigure 3.9Butt joi
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108 Chapter ThreeFigure 3.11 Shear
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110 Chapter ThreeFigure 3.14 Minimi
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112 Chapter ThreeFigure 3.16 Design
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114 Chapter Three3.5.5 Plastic and
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116 Chapter ThreeFigure 3.20 End jo
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118 Chapter Threewill go into tensi
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120 Chapter ThreeA parabolic stress
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122 Chapter ThreeFigure 3.27 Moveme
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124 Chapter ThreeFigure 3.29 Compou
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Chapter4Standard Test Methods4.1 In
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Standard Test Methods 129standards
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Standard Test Methods 131TABLE 4.1
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Standard Test Methods 139Figure 4.1
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Standard Test Methods 141Tackiness
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Standard Test Methods 143A simple,
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Standard Test Methods 1454.4 Standa
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Standard Test Methods 149Generally,
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Standard Test Methods 163Test Fixtu
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Standard Test Methods 165rate of 0.
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Standard Test Methods 175References
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178 Chapter Fivemeans to prevent pr
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180 Chapter FiveConformance to a sp
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182 Chapter Fivedatory. Checks shou
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184 Chapter Fivepart will be loaded
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186 Chapter FiveTABLE 5.3Visual Ins
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188 Chapter Five Contact through tr
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190 Chapter FiveThis method is appl
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192TABLE 5.5 Correlation of NDT Res
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194 Chapter Fivetion it is sometime
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196 Chapter Fiveanalysis is relativ
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198 Chapter Sixsurface with the com
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200 Chapter SixFigure 6.1 In an ide
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202 Chapter Sixcould also be proces
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204 Chapter Sixresulting bond stren
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206 Chapter Sixrelease films, such
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208 Chapter SixTABLE 6.1Effect of S
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210 Chapter Sixpreparations can ran
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212 Chapter SixTABLE 6.4 Surface Tr
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214 Chapter SixOn many nonporous su
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216 Chapter SixTABLE 6.6 Maximum Al
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218 Chapter Sixvents for cleaning s
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220 Chapter SixFigure 6.7 Represent
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222 Chapter Sixgallon of tap water
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224 Chapter SixDry abrasive blast c
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226 Chapter Sixtypes of grits are a
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228 Chapter SixTABLE 6.12Common Act
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230Receive AdherendsQuality Control
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232 Chapter Six6.5.1.1 Chemical tre
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234 Chapter Sixtablishing how much
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236 Chapter Sixthe adhesive is a po
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238 Chapter SixFigure 6.10 Basic ar
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240 Chapter Sixsurface. Molecular c
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242 Chapter Six6.13. Certain polyme
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244TABLE 6.13 Effect of Plasma Expo
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246 Chapter Sixtadiene elastomers.
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248TABLE 6.15 Comparison of Surface
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250 Chapter Six6.6.5 Other adherend
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Chapter7Primers and Adhesion Promot
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Primers and Adhesion Promoters 255s
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Primers and Adhesion Promoters 257s
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Primers and Adhesion Promoters 259p
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Primers and Adhesion Promoters 261F
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Primers and Adhesion Promoters 263E
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Primers and Adhesion Promoters 265m
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Primers and Adhesion Promoters 267a
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Primers and Adhesion Promoters 269a
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Primers and Adhesion Promoters 271T
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Primers and Adhesion Promoters 273I
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275Titanate orApplications/Zirconat
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Primers and Adhesion Promoters 277m
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Chapter8Adhesive Classifications8.1
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Adhesive Classifications 281cals. H
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Adhesive Classifications 283Figure
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Adhesive Classifications 285tempera
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Adhesive Classifications 287CTBN Di
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Adhesive Classifications 289charact
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Adhesive Classifications 291are the
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293TABLE 8.4b Properties of the Fiv
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Adhesive Classifications 297toiniti
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Adhesive Classifications 301removed
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303TABLE 8.7 Properties and Charact
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Adhesive Classifications 305only a
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Adhesive Classifications 307ness of
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Adhesive Classifications 309 One pa
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Adhesive Classifications 311strengt
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Adhesive Classifications 313the art
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Adhesive Classifications 3158.2.4.4
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Adhesive Classifications 3178. Davi
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320 Chapter Ninewithout the additio
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322 Chapter NineAn ingredient added
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324 Chapter Nineformulation, plasti
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326 Chapter Ninethe properties that
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328 Chapter NineTABLE 9.3Thixotropi
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330 Chapter Nineproperties in the c
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332 Chapter NineFigure 9.3 Lap shea
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334 Chapter NineFigure 9.4 The coef
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336 Chapter Ninewhereas the base po
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338 Chapter Ninetivity drops drasti
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340 Chapter Ninebefore he can make
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Chapter10Adhesives Families10.1 Int
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345Elastomeric resinsNatural rubber
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347Epoxy Two-part liquid orpaste; o
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349Polyvinyl acetals Solvent soluti
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351StyrenebutadieneSolvent solution
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353Vinyl-phenolic Solvent solutions
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Adhesives Families 355Elastomeric a
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357TABLE 10.6 Properties of Selecte
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Adhesives Families 359Figure 10.1 C
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Adhesives Families 361Cycloaliphati
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363TABLE 10.8 Characteristics of Cu
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Adhesives Families 365Epoxy Ring -
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Adhesives Families 367Properties an
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Adhesives Families 369TABLE 10.10Si
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Adhesives Families 371caulking comp
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Adhesives Families 373mulation. Tem
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Adhesives Families 375applied as a
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Adhesives Families 377properties, n
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379TABLE 10.14 Suppliers of Selecte
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Adhesives Families 381BMI adhesives
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Adhesives Families 383(TDI) or meth
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Adhesives Families 385tics. Since t
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387Polyurethane22005 Swift 1 part;m
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Adhesives Families 389They have goo
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Adhesives Families 391TABLE 10.17 T
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Adhesives Families 393applications
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Adhesives Families 395truly non-str
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Adhesives Families 397an additive f
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Adhesives Families 399tained in the
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Adhesives Families 401TABLE 10.19 E
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Adhesives Families 403metal foil. T
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Adhesives Families 405TABLE 10.21 A
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Adhesives Families 407by crosslinki
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Adhesives Families 409perature rang
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Adhesives Families 411ature and set
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Adhesives Families 4132. Hull, C. G
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Chapter11Selection of Adhesives11.1
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Selection of Adhesives 417of these
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Selection of Adhesives 419can also
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Selection of Adhesives 421 Inflamma
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Selection of Adhesives 423with the
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Selection of Adhesives 425dimension
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427Phenol formaldehyde .......... 2
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Selection of Adhesives 429Such stre
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431TABLE 11.2 Properties of Structu
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Selection of Adhesives 433TABLE 11.
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Selection of Adhesives 435more diff
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Selection of Adhesives 43711.4.4.2
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Selection of Adhesives 439ness, or
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Selection of Adhesives 44111.6.1 Na
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44320. Vinyl vinylidene ...........
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Selection of Adhesives 445 The degr
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Selection of Adhesives 447organic a
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Selection of Adhesives 449ture, tem
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452 Chapter Twelvesealant materials
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454TABLE 12.2 Hardening Sealants, N
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456 Chapter Twelvecapability in cer
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458 Chapter Twelveused in high volu
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460 Chapter TwelveTABLE 12.4 Typica
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462TABLE 12.5 Application Character
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464 Chapter TwelveTABLE 12.6Sealant
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466 Chapter Twelve12.3.2 SolventsSo
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468 Chapter Twelveresins and mercap
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470 Chapter TwelveTABLE 12.9 Proper
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472 Chapter Twelve12.4.2 Performanc
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474 Chapter Twelvestructural glazin
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476 Chapter ThirteenTABLE 13.1 Char
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478TABLE 13.2 Summary of Sealant Pr
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480TABLE 13.3 Summary of Sealant Pr
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482 Chapter Thirteen13.2.2 Asphalti
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484 Chapter Thirteenpounds. They ha
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486 Chapter ThirteenPolyisobutylene
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488 Chapter ThirteenThey are often
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490 Chapter Thirteennents is critic
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492 Chapter ThirteenTABLE 13.7 Cons
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494 Chapter ThirteenTABLE 13.8 Typi
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496 Chapter Thirteentions in buildi
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498 Chapter Thirteenas a hot melt,
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Chapter14Selecting and Using Sealan
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Page 528 and 529: 527TABLE 14.5 Comparison of Various
Page 532 and 533: Selecting and Using Sealants 531aft
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Page 545 and 546: 544TABLE 15.3 Assembly Methods for
Page 547 and 548: 546TABLE 15.4 Bonding or Joining Pl
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Page 567 and 568: 566 Chapter Fifteen15.6 Friction We
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Page 573 and 574: 572 Chapter FifteenTABLE 15.9 Compa
Page 575 and 576: 574 Chapter FifteenFigure 15.12 Ult
Page 577 and 578: 576 Chapter Fifteenwelded. Vibratio
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Page 581 and 582: 580 Chapter Fifteenmay be immersed
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Page 587 and 588: 586 Chapter FifteenFigure 15.18 Pus
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Bonding and Sealing Specific Substr
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629TABLE 16.3 The Effect of Thermal
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643EA913 .... ... X X PartB 100:12
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645TABLE 16.10 Tensile Strength of
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659TABLE 16.17 Common Adhesives tha
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667TABLE 16.20 ASTM Designation of
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675TABLE 16.22 Description and Use
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686TABLE 17.1 Relative Resistance o
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688 Chapter Seventeen Nature and ty
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690 Chapter Seventeenlowered by ele
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692 Chapter Seventeenof oxidation b
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694TABLE 17.4 Properties of High Te
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696 Chapter SeventeenFigure 17.3 Co
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698 Chapter Seventeenhesives lose m
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700 Chapter Seventeenderivative, FM
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702 Chapter Seventeentemperatures a
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704 Chapter Seventeensuch as 40F to
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706 Chapter SeventeenCommercially a
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708 Chapter SeventeenTABLE 17.6 Per
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710 Chapter SeventeenFigure 17.7 Hy
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712 Chapter Seventeendisplacing the
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714 Chapter SeventeenThis effect wa
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716TABLE 17.10 Comparison of Long T
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718 Chapter SeventeenFigure 17.12 E
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720 Chapter SeventeenTABLE 17.13 Ef
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722 Chapter Seventeen4. Acetic acid
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724 Chapter SeventeenFigure 17.14do
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726 Chapter Seventeen34. Minford, J
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728 Chapter Eighteenity. The simple
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730 Chapter EighteenFigure 18.2 Inc
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732 Chapter Eighteen18.3 Preparing
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734 Chapter EighteenFigure 18.4 Sev
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736 Chapter Eighteendriven mixer. F
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738 Chapter Eighteenhead to rise an
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740TABLE 18.1 Characteristics of Va
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742 Chapter Eighteenreaching areas
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744 Chapter EighteenKiss Roll Coate
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746 Chapter Eighteen18.4.2 Pastes a
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748 Chapter EighteenFilm material c
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750 Chapter Eighteen Solvent reacti
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752 Chapter Eighteen Ease of pressu
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754 Chapter EighteenFigure 18.13 Le
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756 Chapter Eighteenibility, and th
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Chapter19Information Technology19.1
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Information Technology 761sion trad
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Information Technology 763The user
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