Parliamentary Oversight of the Security Sector: Lessons from Ghana
Parliamentary Oversight of the Security Sector: Lessons from Ghana
Parliamentary Oversight of the Security Sector: Lessons from Ghana
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security sector in <strong>Ghana</strong>, Act 526 marks <strong>the</strong> first time that a national security lawprescribed <strong>the</strong> national security architecture for <strong>the</strong> state in depth. However, <strong>the</strong> entirePart 1 <strong>of</strong> Act 526 was lifted <strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> 1992 Constitution, 18 which excludes <strong>the</strong> National<strong>Security</strong> Coordinator (as well as <strong>the</strong> heads <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Ghana</strong> Immigration Service and <strong>the</strong>National Fire Service) as ex-<strong>of</strong>ficio members <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> National <strong>Security</strong> Council. Prior to1996, <strong>the</strong> Cabinet Secretary was assigned <strong>the</strong> role <strong>of</strong> Secretary <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> National <strong>Security</strong>Council. However, with <strong>the</strong> creation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> National <strong>Security</strong> Coordinator’s <strong>of</strong>fice, <strong>the</strong>continued secondment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Cabinet Secretary to <strong>the</strong> National <strong>Security</strong> Council appearsto be misplaced.The exclusion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> National <strong>Security</strong> Coordinator has <strong>of</strong>ten raised misgivings,notwithstanding that <strong>the</strong> situation is partially remedied through Presidential appointment.Inclusion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> National <strong>Security</strong> Coordinator would have required amending Article 83<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Constitution, but as <strong>the</strong> provisions <strong>of</strong> Article 83 are “entrenched,” 19 <strong>the</strong>y can onlybe amended after a referendum has taken place. Parliament could also decide to invokeits residual powers to enact certain amendments to Article 83 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Constitution. 20 In2006, <strong>the</strong> appointment <strong>of</strong> a substantive Minister for National <strong>Security</strong>, who also servedas <strong>the</strong> National <strong>Security</strong> Coordinator, heightened <strong>the</strong> debate over <strong>the</strong> mandate andpowers <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> minister within <strong>the</strong> national security architecture. There is <strong>the</strong> need to haveclarity on <strong>the</strong> role and mandate <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Minister for National <strong>Security</strong>. 213.4 Regional and District <strong>Security</strong> CouncilsBelow <strong>the</strong> National <strong>Security</strong> Council are <strong>the</strong> Regional and District <strong>Security</strong> Councils 22 –REGSEC and DISEC, respectively – established under Act 526. 23 These organs are incharge <strong>of</strong> implementing government security policy pertaining to <strong>the</strong> regional and districtlevels. Specifically, <strong>the</strong> role <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Regional and District <strong>Security</strong> Councils are to:i. Provide early warning to Government <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> existence or likelihood <strong>of</strong> anysecurity threat to <strong>the</strong> region, or <strong>the</strong> country or to <strong>the</strong> Government; andii.Perform such functions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> National <strong>Security</strong> Council as <strong>the</strong> Council mayassign to it. 24There are regular reporting systems through which situation reports and memos<strong>from</strong> <strong>the</strong> districts are sent up to <strong>the</strong> REGSEC and <strong>the</strong>n to National <strong>Security</strong> Council. 25Feedback and command systems also filter down to <strong>the</strong> DISEC through REGSEC <strong>from</strong>18 Part 3 Section 17 <strong>of</strong> Act 526 establishes <strong>the</strong> <strong>of</strong>fice <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> National <strong>Security</strong> Coordinator.19 Constitution <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ghana</strong>, specifically Article 290 (1)f <strong>the</strong> whole provision <strong>of</strong> Chapter eight (8), 1992.20 Constitution <strong>of</strong> <strong>Ghana</strong>, 1992, Article 298.21 Osei–Bonsu, op. cit.22 The REGSEC consists <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Regional Minister and his Deputy, <strong>the</strong> Chief Executive <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> MetropolitanAssembly, an Officer <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Armed Forces, <strong>the</strong> Regional Police Commander, Crime Officer and RegionalOfficer <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Internal Intelligence Agency. O<strong>the</strong>r members <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Council include <strong>the</strong> Regional Officers <strong>of</strong><strong>the</strong> Customs, Excise and Preventive Service (CEPS), Prisons, Immigration and <strong>the</strong> Fire Officer. The DISECincludes <strong>the</strong> District Chief Executive, <strong>the</strong> Police Commander, <strong>the</strong> Crime Officer, and Representative <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>Internal Intelligence Agency, as well as district-level representatives <strong>of</strong> Immigration, CEPS, and <strong>the</strong> FireService.23 Part II, Sections 5 (1) states: “There shall be a Regional and District <strong>Security</strong> Council for each region andDistrict <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> country.”24 Act 526, Section 7.25 Interview with Mr. K. B. Quantson, former National <strong>Security</strong> Coordinator, 25 May 2008, K<strong>of</strong>oridua.25 See D. Osei-Bonsu, op. cit. It has been impossible to locate <strong>the</strong> specific year when <strong>the</strong>se RegionalCoordinators were instituted.5