Micro Seismic Hazard Analysis

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Site effects due to low stiffness surfacesoil layers – Soft ground effect (3)• Impedance contrast:C = ρ 2 ·Vs 2 / ρ 1 ·Vs 1Soft sedimentsVs 1 = 200 m/sρ 1 = 18 kN/m 3C = 22 · 1000 / 18 · 200RockC = 6.1Vs 2 = 1000 m/sρ 2 = 22 kN/m 3
Site effects due to low stiffness surfacesoil layers – Soft ground effect• In the Earth, changes in impedance occurprimarily in the vertical direction.• horizontal sedimentary strata near the surface• increase in pressure and temperature with depth• Large impedance contrast between soft soiloverlying bedrock cause also strongreflections:• <strong>Seismic</strong> waves become “trapped” within the soillayers overlying the bedrock• Trapped waves start interfering with each other,which may result in resonance (at the natural orfundamental frequency of the the soil)
Page 3 and 4: Basic physical concepts and definit
Page 7: Site effects due to low stiffness s
Page 12 and 13: Characteristic site period• The p
Page 14 and 15: Natural frequency of buildings• A
Page 16 and 17: Examples of natural frequencies ofb
Page 18 and 19: Vertical standing waves• Vertical
Page 20 and 21: Summarising: building resonance and
Page 22 and 23: Soft ground effect - summary• Sof
Page 24 and 25: MichoacanearthquakeCollapsed 21-Sto
Page 26 and 27: Theoretical methods• Numerical me
Page 28 and 29: How do we carry out a groundrespons
Page 30 and 31: What do we use to quantify theexpec
Page 32 and 33: SHAKE• The equivalent linear appr
Page 34 and 35: 1D ground response analysisAssumpti
Page 36 and 37: Transfer Function as technique for
Page 38 and 39: Define the transfer function (2)•
Page 40 and 41: Effect of transfer function onAmpli
Page 42 and 43: Procedure to account for nonlineari
Page 44 and 45: General, simplified profile as assu
Page 46 and 47: Standard Spectral Ratio Technique (
Page 48 and 49: Nakamura’s or H/V method (1)• S
Page 50 and 51: Nakumura’s or H/V method (3)• M
Page 52: Nakumura’s or H/V method (5)• I
Page 55 and 56: Site effects due to surface topogra
Page 57 and 58: Liquefaction
Page 59 and 60:
Liquefaction - general (2)• Commo
Page 61 and 62:
Liquefaction - governing factors (2
Page 63 and 64:
Liquefaction - governing factors (4
Page 65 and 66:
Liquefaction - governing factorssum
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Micro Seismic Hazard Analysis

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