Manual of beaver management within the ... - DANUBEPARKS

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Manual of beaver management within the Danube river basin2) Uncompleted gnawing – the tree is gnawed from one side, or, in larger diameters,shallow gnaw around the entire diameter.Photo No. 5.: Uncompleted gnaw3) A mirror – gnawed bark on small area, as if „tasting“ the tree or marking localityPhoto No. 6.: „Mirror“ of gnawed bark27
Manual of beaver management within the Danube river basinGnaw marks are counted and identified according to the diameter of trees in multiplecategories and tree species. Recorded are active, unoxidised, unblackened,undarkened (unfaded) gnaw marks, not older than 3-4 months.Note: Twigs gnawed by beaver, deposited by water flow at the edge of the shoreprovide information on the presence of beaver on the upper section of the stream or itstributaries. It was proven useful to check small piles of deposited twigs.6.4.2.2.1.2. Droppings (Faeces)Debris containing undigested plant residues in the form of sawdust, scales and bastfibers. Longitudinal or oval droppings, deposited singly, cylindrical 2.5 to 4 cm long and2 cm thick, or spherical with a diameter of 2 cm, contain only undigested plant parts,especially the crust. Beaver defecates most frequently in water, rarely on dry land. Veryrare sign of presence. Decomposes relatively quickly. Usage of faeces as a noninvasivelyobtained DNA material for the polymerase chain reaction - PCR, must meetstrict conditions:- It must be very fresh - from the previous night,- It must be stored in ASL buffer or 96% ethanol right in the field.Due to their relatively rare occurrence, and lack of the literature on the use of thismolecular - genetic methods, it seems it is not used too much today. (According toCIROVIČ (2012, personal communication) more advantageous material to use for DNAanalysis is hair taken from beaver passing by “hair trap”).Photo No. 7.: Beaver droppingsNote: Brown-reddish traces of urine can be seen only on the snow.6.4.2.2.1.3. Feeding Stool28
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