full text - Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego w Krakowie

Bojan Jošt, Janez Pustovrh, Janez Vodičar
Wyniki i wnioski. System ekspercki jest użytecznym narzędziem pomocniczym umożliwiającym polepszenie
jakości wykonania za pomocą wybranych norm i kryteriów. Dzięki niemu decyzje rzeczoznawców w większym
stopniu będą opierać się na naukowych podstawach, wzrośnie także wartość przekazywanych informacji, a system
zostanie ukierunkowany na doskonalenie kultury organizacyjnej sportu.
Introduction
Successful performance in sport is presently much
more than just a result achieved by the athlete; it is culture
in the sociological and anthropological sense as
it refl ects its basic values and achievements. At every
moment in history, the culture of success, as a constituent
of development of a given society and its members,
depends on a system of symbols [1] that are expressed
in myths, ideologies, rules, values, paragons
and other various cultural artefacts (rituals, customs,
special vocabulary, metaphors, acronyms, stories, legends,
tradition, architecture, etc.). Organizational and
management aspects of sport culture deal with the
organization of sports and the characteristics of management
of sports organizations and their members.
The basic goal of organization of sports lies in the
elevation of the organizational culture of sports. This
culture is revealed in the various visible and invisible
constituents. The invisible constituents are those that
attract people to sport. The visible ones are a system
of values and the level of development of the elementary
factors involved in the organizational culture of
sport (competition rules, execution of competitions, response
to sports competitions, staff engaged in sport,
technology of sports, transformation processes, sports
events, etc.)
Managing sports organizations must be directed
towards the development of the constituents of the
organizational culture of sport. Management is a mental,
intuitive, sensatory activity of people in an organizational
system [2]. This is a key subsystem in sports
organizations as it connects and directs all other subsystems
towards the achievement of the desired quality
or performance level. Management as a science is
based, from the aspect of its contents, on the theory of
sports and – above all – on the theory of performance,
while from the methodological aspect, it is based on
modeling and cybernetics as a science dealing with the
management of complex dynamic systems.
In sports management, we have to deal with –
knowingly or unknowingly – expert modeling within the
space of the theory of performance in sports whenever
we think, make a decision, describe phenomena, people
around us; whenever we are involved in concrete
– 24 –
practice, in the formation of a certain notion (i.e. model
of thought) about objects; whenever we carry out simple
thought simulations of the behavior of models, think
about proper management decisions etc.
The most important realization for management is
that, in its management practice, there exists the external
world which is independent of us and which is
outside our observation. In order to represent it, we
set up simplifi ed verbal, descriptive, physical, pictorial,
mathematical models. In modeling knowledge, we encounter
smaller and larger problems. The larger problems
occur in the study of complex fi elds, phenomena,
objects, processes, events, whose interior nature and
functioning is more or less inaccessible to us. Since
we only have access to external behavior, we can draw
conclusions about internal mechanisms, properties,
characteristics only by means of external indicators. In
most cases, however, we are not able – due to a large
number of variables and their mutual interactions – to
describe all of them and to place them into a coherent
functional cause-and-effect whole.
Theory of performance in sport studies, especially
the content-related standards and criteria of performance
and the manner of management, will enable
the attainment of the set target criteria on individual
performance standards. Theory of performance can be
studied only by means of analysis of a set of a variety of
variables which, in the relationship of cause and effect,
infl uence the criterion states on individual performance
standards. From the systems cybernetic aspect of the
theory of performance in sport, it is thus fi rst necessary
to formulate the standards and criteria of performance
and to determine on the basis of them the target criterion
states and functions. In the theory of performance,
standards of performance represent basic axioms by
means of which we assess the achievements in the
fi eld of sport. In sport, the axioms according to which
sports competitions take place are well known; they are
laid down in advance in the form of competition rules
and are also strictly supervised during competition.
Violation of the rules of competition unavoidably results
in disqualifi cation and reduction of the performance
rate of the athlete. However, for high achievements in
sport it is necessary to fi rst defi ne the relations between
the fi nal achievements and the sub-criterion standards