Arab Knowledge Report 2009

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Report Team(Alphabetically)Advisory BoardAbdul Monem Saeed, Abdul Rahman al- Rashed,Adnan Shihab-Eldin, Ahmad Legrouri, AntoineZahlan, Anwar Gargash, Atif Kubursi, Aziz al-Azmeh, Baqer al-Najjar, Clovis Maksoud, FahmyHowidy, Farida Allagi, Ziad Fariz, Hani Fahs,Hassan Risheh, Hazem el-Beblawi, Hisham Alibin Ali, Inaam Bayyoud, Issam Rawwas, Maithaal-Shamsi, Malak Zaalouk, Modhi al-Homoud,Mohamed el-Amin el-Tom, Nabeel I. Kassis, Nailaal-Sellini, Nemir Kirdar, Rafia Ghabash, SheikhaAbdulla Al-Misnad, Taher Kanaan, Tarik Yousef.Core TeamKamal Abdul Latif, Mouin Hamza,Nagla Rizk, Omar Bizri, Ramzi Salama.Report Director/CoordinatorGhaith Fariz (UNDP).Authors of Background PapersAbd al-Ilah al-Diwahji, Abd al-Razzaq al-Dawway,Abd al-Salam bin abd al-Ali, Ahmad Abd al-Latif,Al-Arabi al-Wafi, Al-Tahir Labib, Amr al-Armanazi,Antoine Zahlan, Asif Diyab, Atif Kubursi, Azizal-Azmeh, Dina Waked, Fahmy Howidi, FathiMustafa al-Zayyat, George Tarabishi, Hani Fahs,Hasan al-Sharif, Idris Binsaid, Ilham Kallab, TheLebanese Association for Educational Studies,Muhammad al-Said, Muhammad Arif, MuhammadImara, Mohammed Bakir, Mahmud Abd al-Fadil,Nabil Ali, Nadir Firjani, Naila al-Sellini, NaomiSakr, Nawwar Al Awwa, Nur al-Din Afaya, RafiaGhubash, Ruqayya al-Musaddeq, Sari Hanafi,Said Ismail Ali, Said Yaqtin, Zalfa al-Ayoubi.Mohammed bin Rashid Al MaktoumFoundation (MBRF)Adel Rashid Al Shared (Vice Chairman andManaging Director), Sultan Lootah (VicePresident-Employment & Entrepreneurship),Alia Al Muttawa, Janine el-Tal, Marwan Al Kaabi,Muath Al Wari, Walid Aradi, Wesley Schwalje.TranslationHumphrey Davies, Iman Seoudi, JenniferPeterson, Lisa White, Peter Daniel, RaphaelCohen, Susan Smith Abou-Sheikha.EditorsArabic: Fayiz SuyyaghEnglish: Humphrey DaviesStatistics ExpertMohammed H. BakirCover designPro Creative Concepts, Cairo, Egypt.Research Assistants for the Core TeamDalia Adel Zaki, Dana Abu Shakra, Rula Atweh.United Nations DevelopmentProgramme (UNDP)Amat Al Alim Alsoswa (Assistant Secretary-General and Assistant Administrator, RegionalDirector, RBAS), Adel Abdellatif (Chief, RegionalProgrammes Division, RBAS), Ghaith Fariz (ReportDirector/Coordinator), Ahmad Mansur, CarolineRosberg, Dima Al-Khatib, Deena Abul Fottouh,Madi Musa, Manal Habash, Mary Jreidini, MelissaEsteva, Mohamed Showman, Theodor Murphy.V
CONTENTSPREAMBLEIntroductionPreliminaries to the ReportThe dialectics of the ReportThe topics of the ReportThe Theoretical Framework: concepts and problematics of the knowledge society (Chapter 1)Arab Knowledge Performance Environments: expanding freedoms and building institutions (Chapter 2)Education and the formation of knowledge capital (Chapter 3)Information and Communications Technologies in the Arab Countries: the pillars and tools ofknowledge (Chapter 4)Arab research and innovation performance (Chapter 5)Building the Knowledge Society in the Arab Nation: a vision and a plan (Chapter 6)The Arab nation and the world in 2009The state of human development in the Arab regionConcepts and indicators of Arab human developmentThe most important evolutions in Arab human developmentGovernance and the weakness of institutional performanceVariables exerting pressure on the Arab knowledge sceneWar, occupation, internal conflict, and the disruption of knowledgeExtremism and its effect on the knowledge societyThe stagnation of political reform and its effect on the enabling environment for knowledgeThe world financial crisis: opportunities and challenges for the establishment of theknowledge societyOverview of the current knowledge situation in the Arab regionCHAPTER 1THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: CONCEPTS AND PROBLEMATICSOF THE KNOWLEDGE SOCIETYIntroductionPremises and principles: The knowledge-development-freedom triadThe conceptual building blocksFrom knowledge to knowledge societyThe development of the concept of knowledge in Arab cultureThe interaction and intersection of conceptsPoles of the knowledge society: the society-economy-technology triadThe networked society: the most conspicuous feature of the knowledge societyThe knowledge society: towards expanding choices for renaissance and developmentThe basic frame of reference for the knowledge societyThe positivist trend: the quantitative orientationThe political modernisation mindset: evoking human rightsProblematic issues of the knowledge societyThe knowledge society and expanding political participationThe knowledge society and identityThe Arabic language and the challenges of information technologyThe knowledge society and Arab womenInformation technologies and virtual spaces1122344566799991313131617182027272728282830313435363839414244464850VI
Page 1 and 2: United Nations Development Programm
Page 4 and 5: Foreword by the Chairman of the Boa
Page 6 and 7: Foreword by the Regional Director,U
Page 10 and 11: The knowledge society and the legit
Page 12 and 13: Partnership with the private sector
Page 14 and 15: LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1 Decline in
Page 16 and 17: Table 5-12 Trade in technological p
Page 18 and 19: PREAMBLEIntroductionThe Arab Knowle
Page 20: knowledge and from the consequences
Page 23 and 24: Arabic istechnologicallypoor in com
Page 25 and 26: Intercommunicationwith the self mea
Page 27 and 28: Table 2CountryGroupGroup 1: Oilecon
Page 29 and 30: Figure 2504540353025201510508070605
Page 31 and 32: In the period2003-2007, morethan 83
Page 33 and 34: Extremism negatesthe Other, haltsth
Page 35 and 36: The reformisttendency callsfor grad
Page 37 and 38: The current crisismay help to resto
Page 39 and 40: On the ICT axis, theArab states hav
Page 41 and 42: End Notes* Arberry, Arthur J. The K
Page 44 and 45: CHAPTER ONETHE THEORETICAL FRAMEWOR
Page 46 and 47: BOX 1-2“Knowledge” in al-Tahana
Page 48 and 49: phrases that do not display theoret
Page 50 and 51: enabling institutional and legal en
Page 52 and 53: the individual and collective ident
Page 54 and 55: services of seasoned experts and sc
Page 56 and 57: pay too little attention to the qua
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egion, greatest among them that the
Page 60 and 61:
the values of democratic politicalr
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that occupy the lowest rung of the
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the Middle Ages, as if all that has
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of various ethnic, religious, and o
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infrastructure, effort, energy, and
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value to the lexicon of ethics, but
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limit knowledge exclusively to the
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CHAPTER TWOARAB KNOWLEDGE PERFORMAN
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Freedom is the basisof development.
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FIGURE 2-1Press freedom in the Arab
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Stringent legislativeand institutio
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Arab creativeproduction,especially
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The Arab countriesmost preparedto p
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TABLE 2-1Arab Countries that realis
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BOX 2-1The Contradictory Nature of
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External pressure,restrictions impo
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The Arab poorsuffer from socialmarg
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Arab countries havebeen absent from
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TABLE 2-3Rights and responsibilitie
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The current state ofknowledge-enabl
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To build andimplementan enablingenv
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Oman’s WorldStudies Instituteaims
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BOX 2-3The communications market in
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The desiredArab index willtranscend
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End Notes1The index divides the Ara
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CHAPTER THREEEDUCATION AND THE FORM
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In the last quarterof a century, Ar
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Knowledge is morethan the informati
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Although thelaws in most Arabcountr
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FIGURE 3-2: 19Basic knowledge capit
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Arab educationalcurricula in genera
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While Arab countriesvary greatly in
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FIGURE 3-390Advanced knowledge capi
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BOX 3-4The Commission for the Delib
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BOX 3-6Higher education in the Arab
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The available dataon the fields ofe
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Literacy ratesamong adults havenot
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Eight Arab countrieshave a critical
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Most Arab countrieshave been unable
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Statistical analysesshow a definite
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FIGURE 3-7Science performance of ei
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BOX 3-9Human Capital Formation to M
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BOX 3-10The Lebanese Association fo
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Clearly, the “lightsof knowledge
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End Notes1“Adult” is defined he
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40Accurate statistics are not avail
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level or the equivalent, post-secon
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CHAPTER FOURINFORMATION AND COMMUNI
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Over the last tenyears the Arabcoun
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FIGURE 4-3Internet users - Arab wor
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FIGURE 4-5Price basket for internet
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The growth ratein Arabic-speakingin
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During the comingdecade thetechnolo
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Strategic decisionstaken in many Ar
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In general, the Arabcountries are c
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FIGURE 4-8Availability of e-governm
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Some Arab stateshave taken initiati
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In contradiction tothe call to rest
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The experiences ofboth developingan
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FIGURE 4-10Paper consumption worldw
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A system formachine parsingArabic s
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BOX 4-7Egypt’s Centre for Documen
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More research shouldbe directed tow
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The possession ofinformation andcom
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End Notes1According to the majority
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Technology research and development
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CHAPTER FIVEARAB PERFORMANCE INRESE
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FIGURE 5-3Per capita GDP and the in
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the import and consumption of ready
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FIGURE 5-4Arab-international cooper
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are characterised by flexibility to
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esearchers prefer to remain in univ
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Arab countries can be ranked in ter
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FIGURE 5-5Arab participation in the
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Institute in the USA. By analysing
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5-6). A tabulation of all the Arab
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partnerships with foreign scientifi
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and anthropology have decreased (Ha
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Arabic). Aversion to reading is con
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to attract a number of invested par
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and security conditions offered by
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driven economies that are in the fi
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• Real and deep-rooted developmen
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of $1.57 billion due to human capit
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CHAPTER SIXBUILDING THE KNOWLEDGESO
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This can only come about through th
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proposals intended to give impetus
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knowledge society must be considere
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the Arab individual’s options to
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and the distribution of the benefit
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FIGURE 6-2Priorities for action to
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priorities in the area of movement
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ACTION TO DEPLOYKNOWLEDGEAction on
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knowledge technologies and their me
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REFERENCES
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Maghrib (Women and Politics: politi
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http://www.moe.gov.ps/intifada/repo
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Washington, D.C. www.heritage.org/i
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The World Bank. 2002. “Constructi
Page 268 and 269:
ANNEX 1. LIST OF BACKGROUNDPAPERS (
Page 270 and 271:
ANNEX 2. PROJECT FOR ADATABASE ON K
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include search engines, hyperlinks
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is arrived at by specifying the cou
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the knowledge economy. On this basi
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FIGURE A-3Index values for the pill
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TABLE A-4Availability of knowledge
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even contradictory. For example, da
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STATISTICAL ANNEX
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Table 2: Human Development IndicesC
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Table 4: World Bank Knowledge Econo
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Table 6: Worldwide governance indic
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Table 8: World Bank Economic Incent
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Table 10: Gross enrolment ratio in
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Table 12: World Bank Education and
Page 301 and 302:
Table 14: Regional literacy rates a
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Table 17: Gross enrolment ratios in
Page 305 and 306:
Table 19: Time devoted to education
Page 307 and 308:
Table 21: Time devoted to secondary
Page 309 and 310:
Table 23: Enrolment in tertiary edu
Page 311 and 312:
Table 25: Number of specialists in
Page 313 and 314:
Table 27: School life expectancy in
Page 315 and 316:
Table 29: Government expenditure on
Page 317 and 318:
Table 31: Number of students from s
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Table 33: World Bank Innovation Sys
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Table 35: World Bank indicators for
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(b) The growth of fixed and mobile
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for example, technological under-pr
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Table c-2: Classification of the Ar
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End Notes1For example a news report
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