indian society of plant genetic resources - Bioversity International

More documents

Recommendations

Info

84 Roubik DW, Sakai S and Karim AAH (eds) (2005) Pollination Ecology and the Rain Forest: Sarawak Studies, Springer, New York. Shen-Miller J, MB Mudgett, JW Schopf, S Clarke and R Berger (1995) Exceptional longevity and robust growth: ancient sacred lotus from China. Am. J. Bot. 82: 1367-1380. Shivanna KR (2003) Pollen Biology and Biotechnology. Science Publishers, Enfi eld, USA (Special Indian Edition: Oxford-IBH Publishers, New Delhi). Singh AK, RK Tyagi and K Rao (2004) Ex situ approaches for conservation of plant genetic resources: achievements and challenges. In: BS Dhillon, RK Tyagi, A Lal and S Saxena (eds) Plant Genetic Resource Management, Narosa Pulishing House, New Delhi, pp 179-193. Sodhi NS and PR Ehrlich (eds) (2010) Conservation Biology for All. Oxford Univ. Press, New York. Sodhi NS, R Butler, WF Laurance and L Gibson (2011) Conservation successes at micro-, meso- and macroscales Trends Ecol. Evol. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2011.07.002 Spira TP (2001) Plant–pollinator interactions: a threatened mutualism with implications for the ecology and management of rare plants. Natural Areas J. 21: 78–88. Sunnichan VG (1998) Reproductive biology of two forest trees of India: Sterculia urens (gum karaya) and Boswellia serrata (salai guggul). Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Delhi, Delhi. Sunnichan VG. HY Mohan Ram and KR Shivanna (2004) Floral sexuality and breeding system in gum karaya tree, Sterculia urens. Plant Syst. Evol. 244: 201-218. Sunnichan VG, HY Mohan Ram and KR Shivanna (2005) Reproductive biology of Boswellia serrata, the source of salai guggul, an important gum-resin. Bot. J. Linnean Soc. 147: 73-82. Svenning J and SJ Wright (2005) Seed limitation in a Panamanian forest. J. Ecol. 93: 853-862. Indian J. Plant Genet. Resour. 25(1): 75–84 (2012) KR Shivanna Syed RA, IH Low and RHV Corley (1982) Insect pollination of oil palm: Introduction, establishment and pollinating efficiency of Elaeidobius kamerunicus Faust. Malaysia Planter, Kualalumpur 58: 547-561. Tadwalkar MD, AM Joglekar, M Mhaskar, RB Kanade et al. (2012) Dispersal modes of woody species from the northern Western Ghats, India. Tropical Ecol. 53: 53-67. Tandon R, KR Shivanna and HY Mohan Ram (2010) Reproductive biology of some gum producing Indian desert plants. In: Ramawat KG (ed) Desert Plants: Biology and Biotechnology, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp 178-197. Thompson K, JP Bakker and RM Bekker (1997) The Soil Seed Banks of North-West Europe: Methodology, Density and Longevity. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. Thuiller W, C Albert, M Araujo, PM Berry et al. (2008). Predicting global change impacts on plant species’ distributions: Future challenges. Perspectives in Plant Ecol. Evol. Syst. 9: 137–52. Turner IM (2001) The Ecology of Seeds in Tropical Rain Forests. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge. Uma Shaanker R, RK Chandrashekara and KN Ganeshaiah (2010) Biodiversity in India: documentation, utilization and conservation. In: HY Mohan Ram and PN Tandon (eds), Science in India, Achievements and Aspirations, 75 years of the Academy, Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi, pp 160-175. Wilcock C and R Neiland (2002) Pollination failure in plants: why it happens and when it matters. Trends Plant Sci. 7: 270-277. Wilson EO (1997) Introduction In: ML Reaka-Kudla, DE Wilson and EO Wilson (eds) (1997) Biodiversity II: Understanding and Protecting our Biological Resources. Joseph Henrey Press, Wash DC., pp 1-3.
The Patterns of Use and Determinants of Crop Diversity by Pearl Millet Farmers in Rajasthan 85 The Patterns of Use and Determinants of Crop Diversity by Pearl Millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) Farmers in Rajasthan Curan A Bonham 1* , Elisabetta Gotor 1 , Bala Ram Beniwal 2 , Genowefa Blundo Canto 1 , Mohammad Ehsan Dulloo 1 , and Prem Mathur 3 1 Bioversity International, Maccarese, Rome-00057, Italy 2 All India Coordinated Pearl Millet Improvement Project, Mandor, Jodhpur-342304, Rajasthan 3 Bioversity International, Pusa, New Delhi-110012 The aim of this paper is to understand the determinants of on-farm diversity of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) farmers in Rajasthan, in terms of: the patterns of use of intra-specifi c diversity, the characteristics of both the agricultural systems and the farmers who conserve agro-biodiversity, as well as the factors that motivate farmers to grow a diverse crop. Two hundred pearl millet farming households in the 10 largest pearl millet producing districts of Rajasthan were surveyed using structured interviews about household socio-economics and use of crop genetic diversity. This analysis shows that landrace cultivation has decreased in the last ten years. Additionally, an asset-based poverty index, was created in order to classify households into three poverty groups. It was found that affl uent farmers maintain a greater degree of varietal diversity on farm than poorer farmers. Irrigation and income are key determinants which affect these patterns of on-farm diversity. Key Words: Agro-biodiversity, Conservation, Intra-specifi c diversity, Pearl millet, Rajasthan Introduction It is estimated that over 1.3 billion rural people are dependent on small-scale farming in developing countries (Mazoyer, 2001). Some of these small farmers have adopted high-yielding varieties, which successfully increased production as long as inputs were also available. The Green Revolution was based on a simplifi cation of agricultural systems and reduction of diversity, with a replacement of the environmental services, which diversity previously provided, by irrigation, fertilizers, and pesticides. However, some farmers are unable to access inputs necessary for this type of cultivation. In marginal areas, prone to consistent crop failures, the potential benefi ts gained by increasing investments in agricultural inputs often outweigh the costs of crop loss. Genetic diversity can provide resistance to the abiotic stresses common in marginal environments and reduce vulnerability to pests and diseases, increasing the resilience of harvests and reducing risks for resource-poor farmers (Jarvis et al., 2006; Zhu et al., 2000; Di Falco and Perrings, 2005). India is the largest pearl millet producing country in the world. It is cultivated on approximately nine million hectares producing over nine million tons per year (Khairwal et al., 2010). Rajasthan is the largest pearl millet producing state in India accounting for 51% of the total area under pearl millet cultivation and 36% *Author for Correspondence: E-mail: c.bonham@conservation.org; Present address: Conservation International, Arlington, VA 22202, USA) Indian J. Plant Genet. Resour. 25(1): 85–96 (2012) of total production (Khairwal et al., 2010). Nevertheless, productivity levels (yield per ha) in Rajasthan are among the lowest nationwide due to the climatic and edaphic challenges inherent to this mostly arid desert agroecological environment. Pearl millet is an important crop not just for the economy and for food security, but also on a global level for biodiversity conservation. There are an estimated 200 distinct Pearl millet landraces grown by farmers in Rajasthan, especially in the rain fed areas where high yielding varieties and hybrids do not perform well. Nevertheless, much of this genetic diversity has been lost because of persistent drought, crop replacement by more profi table crops, and out crossing from hybrid cultivars planted in close proximity to landraces. Due to its ability to withstand drought and high temperatures, its low water requirement, and high nutrient content, pearl millet is likely to become an important crop for the future. Within the context of pearl millet, a number of research studies have shown that under marginal conditions landrace materials performed better than conventionally bred materials (Yadav and Bidinger, 2007; 2008; Bidinger et al., 2008; Yadav and Weltzien, 2000; Witcombe and Weltzien, 1989). Pearl millet farmers in Rajasthan provide an interesting example of an agricultural scenario in fl ux where many farmers are now transitioning to the use of hybrid varieties. Nevertheless, in a marginal region such
Page 1 and 2:
INDIAN JOURNAL OF PLANT GENETIC RES
Page 3 and 4:
Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Res
Page 5 and 6:
Indian J. Plant Genet. Resour. 25(1
Page 7 and 8:
of PGR in the current context of na
Page 9 and 10:
Page 11 and 12:
emains a main resource for food sec
Page 13 and 14:
conservation of genetic resources.
Page 15 and 16:
AR4D efforts in the region. Interna
Page 17 and 18:
Page 19 and 20:
nations’ laws must meet for copyr
Page 21 and 22:
local and indigenous communities an
Page 23 and 24:
egistration. Protection is extended
Page 25 and 26:
Source: Gautam et al. (2011a) terri
Page 27 and 28:
or combination of genotypes of such
Page 29 and 30:
the certifi cate of registration to
Page 31 and 32:
of a protected variety. Farmers hav
Page 33 and 34:
41; the expenditure for supporting
Page 35 and 36:
Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS
Page 37 and 38:
Bala Ravi S (2004) Manual on Farmer
Page 39 and 40:
Page 41 and 42: Indian J. Plant Genet. Resour. 25(1
Page 49 and 50: V. Some Notable Accomplishments Ind
Page 51 and 52: Table 6. Repositories designated un
Page 53 and 54: B. NBA Functioning as the Promoter
Page 59 and 60: E. Transfer of the already accessed
Page 61 and 62: Enhanced Utilization of Plant Genet
Page 69 and 70: UK, pp 311-318. Enhanced Utilizatio
Page 71 and 72: Valuation of Plant Genetic Resource
Page 73 and 74: costs and distribution among the pl
Page 75 and 76: Table 1. Goods and services provide
Page 77 and 78: decline as technology improvements
Page 79 and 80: enefi t from information on the eco
Page 81 and 82: the so called high economic value i
Page 91: Indian J. Plant Genet. Resour. 25(1
Page 95 and 96: The Patterns of Use and Determinant
Page 97 and 98: % area 45.0% 40.0% 35.0% 30.0% 25.0
Page 105 and 106: Community Based Approach to On-farm
Page 119 and 120: Mini Core Collections for Enhanced
Page 133 and 134: GENERAL GUIDELINES TO AUTHORS The I
Page 135: Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Res
show all

indian society of plant genetic resources - Bioversity International

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?