ARTÃCULO DE REVISIÃN Canaryseed Crop Cultivo de ... - Dialnet

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M. Cogliatti / Scientia Agropecuaria 1(2012) 75 - 88According to Putnam et al. (1990),canarygrass seed is similar to oat inmineral composition, is higher in ash, oil,and phosphorus, but lower in fiber, thancommonly found in corn, pea, or fieldbean,has higher concentrations of all eightessential amino acids than does wheat orcorn, and is higher in sulfur-containingamino acids than pea or fieldbean. Abdel-Aal et al. (2011a) concluded thatcanarygrass is a genuine cereal with aunique composition, and used light andfluorescence microscopy to visualisestarch, protein, phenolics and phytate inglabrous canarygrass seed to show that itsmicrostructure is similar to that of othergrasses (wheat, oats, barley, rice), with abran layer surrounding the starchyendosperm and germ. It has higherconcentrations of some minerals andnutrients than wheat. The canaryseedcaryopsis has an average of 55.8 g/100 g ofstarch, 23.7% g/100 g of protein, 7.9% ofcrude fat, 7.3 g/100 g of total dietary fibre,1.8 g/100 g of soluble sugar and 2.3 g/100g of total ash in the whole grain. Breadmade with up to 25 % of canary seedsshowed similar performance for loafvolume, specific volume and crust colourcompared to that made from wheat alone(Abdel-Aal et al., 2011a), and canary seedhas been shown to possess a phytochemicaland heavy metal profile similar tothat of wheat (Abdel-Aal et al., 2011b).These findings confirm its potential forfood use.The antioxidant activity of canary grassseeds infusions was demonstrated byNovas et al. (2004) by the influence ofthese over the chemiluminescent emissionof a luminol reaction in an oxidizingmedium (hydrogen peroxide). The antioxidantscompounds have potential beneficialeffects in disease prevention and healthpromotion. Among them, carotenoids areconsidered as one group of importantnatural antioxidants. Li et al. (2012)reported that the major carotenoidcompounds identified in glabrous canaryseedwere lutein, zeaxanthin and b-carotene, with the latter present in the mostquantities. Phenolics compounds have alsoantioxidant properties and can protectagainst degenerative diseases. In cerealsgrains these are located mainly in thepericarp. Phenolic acids, flavonoids,condensed tannins, coumarins, and alkylresorcinollsare phenolics compoundsexamples (Dykes and Rooney, 2007). Li etal. (2011) performed the quantification andidentification of phenolic constituents inglabrous canaryseed. They found threemajor phenolic acids, ferulic, caffeic andp-coumaric. The LC–MS/MS analysisshowed that acetone extracts of glabrouscanaryseed were rich in flavonoidglycosides, with the bran being mainlycomposed of O-pentosyl isovitexin and theflour having a compound at m/z 468.Therefor, canaryseeds with high carotenoidand phenolic constituent’s contents couldbe used in functional foods with potentiallyhealth promotion properties.11. Production and marketWorldwide, canarygrass is considered aminor crop, compared to other grainproducing species. For example, over thedecade 2000 - 2009, world canaryseedproduction was 242,621 tonnes per year,compared to 142,930,946 tonnes for barleyand 615,415,472 tonnes for wheat. Worldcanaryseed production hence representsonly 0.17% of that of barley and 0.04% ofthat of wheat (FAO, 2011).Historically, Argentina and Canada havebeen the main producers of canaryseed.Until the end of the 70s Argentina was theworld leader; later Canada took over andsince then has remained the most importantproducer of this commodity. During thelast decade, Canada, Thailand andArgentina have been the main producers ofcanaryseed. Analysis of canaryseed worldproduction between 1961 and 2008 showsan increasing trend, but with stagnationduring the last decade (Table 2) with aminimum of 46,000 t/year in 1966 and amaximum of 375,000 t/year in 2004 (FAO,2011).-84-
M. Cogliatti / Scientia Agropecuaria 1(2012) 75 - 88Table 2Canaryseed world production and country contribution (source: www.fao.org).1961/69 1970/79 1980/89 1990/99 2000/09Country t % t % t % t % t %Argentina 319600 51.9 449700 47.1 463500 32.9 306321 12.8 153846 6.3Australia 71098 11.5 106778 11.2 87363 6.2 52071 2.2 50649 2.1Canada 0 0.0 0 0.0 653900 46.5 1720400 71.6 1848900 76.2Czech Republic 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 3677 0.2Hungary 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 255217 10.6 98836 4.1Mexico 46005 7.5 119349 12.5 95067 6.8 18564 0.8 3376 0.1Morocco 42200 6.8 166410 17.4 48540 3.4 3200 0.1 0 0.0Netherlands 11707 1.9 400 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0Spain 17653 2.9 64266 6.7 21238 1.5 2524 0.1 575 0.0Thailand 3600 0.6 9200 1.0 16400 1.2 21200 0.9 233522 9.6Turkey 80100 13.0 25690 2.7 5531 0.4 3051 0.1 2355 0.1Uruguay 24294 3.9 12096 1.3 15600 1.1 19700 0.8 30475 1.3Total 616257 953889 1407139 2402248 2426211Figure 2 shows the evolution of the priceof canaryseed grains received byproducers, in American dollars per tonnefor the main countries between 1991 and2008, which highlights a clear disparitybetween countries and the lack of a uniqueinternational price.Figure 2. Evolution of the price of canaryseedgrains.On the other hand, Argentinian producershave profited in respect to the rest; and it isevident that although prices obtained inThailand were higher than those ofAustralia, there is a certain similarity intheir behaviour for both countries.Argentinian canaryseed is considered aspeculation crop. This is due to the highvolatility experienced by grain prices andthe facility with which producers adopt thiscrop since it requires neither equipmentnor technologies different to those used intraditional crops (Coscia and Castedo,1967).12. ConclusionsThe main constraint for the expansion ofbirdseed crops is the lack of alternativeuses, resulting in a rigid and limitedmarket. Future research should be directedto the discovery of new potential uses. Inthis sense, the development of glabrouscultivars has expanded the possibilities ofusing the canarygrass grains for humanconsumption. Beyond the geneticimprovements already made in canarygrass,there are still some pending issues,such as: the development of dwarf or semidwarfvarieties to minimize plant lodgingproblems, the finding of sources ofresistance to diseases and herbicides, andthe obtention of varieties with greaterproductive potential. Breeding techniquesnot hitherto applied in the crop mayfacilitate progress in these and otheraspects; for example, Li et al. (2010)developed microsatellite markers in order-85-
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