How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education

Published by McGraw-Hill, an imprint of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue ofthe Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright © 2009, 2006, 2003, 2000, 1996, 1993, 1990. Allrights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or byany means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of TheMcGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronicstorage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 CCW 0 9 8ISBN: 978-0-07-352596-9MHID: 0-07-352596-0Editor-in-chief: Michael RyanPublisher: Beth MejiaExecutive editor: David S. PattersonDevelopment editors: Vicki Malinee, Van Brien & AssociatesMarketing manager: James HeadleyProduction editor: Anne FuzellierArt director: Jeanne M. SchreiberArt manager: Robin MouatDesign manager: Andrei PasternakInterior designer: Caroline McGowanCover designer: Laurie EntringerMedia project manager: Thomas BrierlyProduction supervisor: Tandra JorgensenProduction service: Matrix Productions Inc.Composition: 10/12 Times Roman by ICC Macmillan Inc.Printing: 45# New Era Matte Plus by Courier WestfordCover images: Top: Bill Aron/PhotoEdit, Inc.; Bottom: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Keith Eng, photographerLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataFraenkel, Jack R., 1932–How to design and evaluate research in education / Jack R. Fraenkel,Norman E. Wallen.—7th ed.p. cm.Includes index.ISBN-13: 978-0-07-352596-9 (alk. paper)ISBN-10: 0-07-352596-0 (alk. paper)1. Education—Research—Methodology. 2. Education—Research—Evaluation.3. Proposal writing in educational research. I. Wallen, Norman E. II. Title.LB1028.F665 2008370.7’2—dc22 2007047463The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of publication. The inclusion ofa Web site does not indicate an endorsement by the authors or McGraw-Hill, and McGraw-Hilldoes not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at these sites.www.mhhe.com