The Experiences of Workers Hired Under Consumer Direction in ...

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TABLE 1CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMARY PAID WORKERS(Percentages)CharacteristicsAgencyWorkersDirectly HiredWorkersAge (Years)18 to 39 33.8 37.140 to 64 57.7 54.565 to 79 7.5 8.280+ 0.7 0.3≥10 Years Younger than Consumer 82.2 82.6High School Graduate 78.6 70.8***Female 97.2 84.4***RaceWhite 55.4 60.3Black 42.1 35.1Other 2.5 4.6Same Race as Consumer 79.6 90.7***Held Job Other than Caregiving at Time of Caregiver Survey 20.1 39.7***Relationship to ConsumerRelated to consumer 6.4 78.3***Not related, but knew consumer prior to demonstration 20.6 16.4Did not know consumer prior to demonstration 73.0 5.4***Type of Relationship to ConsumerParent 0.0 3.3***Daughter/daughter-in-law/son/son-in-law 3.2 48.6***Sister/sister-in-law/brother/brother-in-law 1.8 5.9***Grandchild 1.1 11.3***Other relative 0.4 9.2***Living/Care ArrangementLives with consumer 4.3 27.4***Was consumer’s primary informal caregiver prior to demonstration 4.6 44.5***Helped consumer with care prior to demonstration — a 84.4Sample Size 281 391SOURCE:Caregiver Survey conducted by Mathematica Policy Research, Inc. between February 2000 andMay 2002.aQuestion not asked of agency workers.bThe consumer’s primary informal caregiver was identified during the Consumer Baseline Survey.*Directly hired workers different from agency workers at .10 level, two-tailed test.**Directly hired workers different from agency workers at .05 level, two-tailed test.***Directly hired workers different from agency workers at .01 level, two-tailed test.12
workers held jobs other than caregiving, compared with 20 percent of agency workers. Finally,more directly hired workers than agency workers were members of the same racial or ethnicgroup as the consumer they cared for (91 percent and 80 percent, respectively); this difference islikely due to the fact that most directly hired workers were relatives.D. RESULTSIn the following examination of the employment experiences of directly hired workers, weuse the experiences of agency workers as a benchmark. However, because most directly hiredworkers were relatives or friends of the consumer and were providing care informally before thedemonstration began, their experiences are likely to be different from those of agency workers.Indeed, prior to the demonstration, 95 percent of directly hired workers knew the consumer, and84 percent were providing informal care to the consumer. The most common reason that theseinformal caregivers gave for becoming paid workers was that it was “an opportunity to be paidfor tasks that I had already been doing.” After the demonstration began, most directly hiredworkers continued to provide large amounts of unpaid care to the consumer, in addition to thehours they were paid for. In short, the experiences of directly hired workers may be more similarto those of informal caregivers than to those of agency workers. A companion report (Fosteret al. 2003b) compares the outcomes of the predemonstration primary informal caregivers whobecame paid workers to those who did not become paid.1. Hours of Care ProvidedAlthough directly hired workers were paid for some hours of care that they provided in thetwo weeks preceding the interview, most also provided unpaid care. In fact, 74 percent ofdirectly hired workers provided at least some unpaid care (Table 2). The average directly hired13
Page 1 and 2: Subcontract No.: Q146901MPR Referen
Page 3 and 4: EXECUTIVE SUMMARYAn important consi
Page 5 and 6: While Medicaid supportive services
Page 7 and 8: 2. Cash and Counseling in ArkansasA
Page 9 and 10: hours and timing of care that worke
Page 11 and 12: members. During the nine-month foll
Page 13 and 14: • The worker’s physical and emo
Page 15: a paid caregiver by the time of the
Page 19 and 20: worker was paid for less than one-t
Page 21 and 22: TABLE 3COMPENSATION AND SATISFACTIO
Page 23 and 24: workers might have viewed their pay
Page 25 and 26: TABLE 4TYPE OF CARE PROVIDED DURING
Page 27 and 28: TABLE 5TRAINING AND PREPAREDNESS FO
Page 29 and 30: TABLE 6SUPERVISION AND SCHEDULING(P
Page 31 and 32: TABLE 7WELL-BEING OF PRIMARY PAID W
Page 33 and 34: Overall, both related and non-relat
Page 35 and 36: provided many more hours of unpaid
Page 37 and 38: Notably, directly hired workers (bo
Page 39 and 40: were randomly assigned to the treat
Page 41 and 42: REFERENCESArkansas Medicaid Program
Page 43 and 44: APPENDIXIn this appendix, we presen
Page 45 and 46: TABLE A.1 (continued)______________
Page 47 and 48: TABLE A.3TIMING OF CARE PROVIDED(Pe
Page 49 and 50: TABLE A.4 (continued)Suffered Littl
Page 51 and 52: TABLE A.5COMPARISON OF ADJUSTED AND
Page 53 and 54: • The consumer’s health and fun
Page 55 and 56: average predicted probability that

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