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Table 5.2 Differences in arterial stiffness variables and skin fold thicknessbetween sexes ................................................................................................ 128Table 5.3 Relationship between arterial stiffness measures and body fatpercentage (correlations coefficients) ............................................................. 129Table 5.4 Relationship between arterial stiffness variables and fat percentage inboth sexes (correlation coefficients) ................................................................ 130Table 5.5 Relationship of physical activity with arterial stiffness and adiposityvariables.......................................................................................................... 131Table 6.1 Drugs that may cause ED ............................................................... 153Table 7.1 Comorbid cardiovascular conditions of the participants .................. 191Table 7.2 Drug administration in the participants ............................................ 192Table 7.3 Changes in erectile function questionnaires following CR ............... 194Table 7.4 The pulse wave analysis results following CR ................................ 1967.5 Correlations between erectitile dysfunction scores and arterial stiffnessvariables.......................................................................................................... 197Table 8.1 Comparison of the criteria of metabolic syndrome .......................... 218Table 8.2 Diet recommendations by ATP III.................................................... 235Table 9.1 Demographic and lifestyle details of the participants ...................... 269Table 9.2 Chi-squared ‘goodness of fit’ for the prevalence of cardiac risk factorsin participants .................................................................................................. 271Table 9.3 Percentage of participants’ abnormal lipid profile ............................ 271Table 9.4 Demographic details and prevalence of metabolic syndrome andother risks ....................................................................................................... 274Table 9.5 Relationship between the prevalence of MS and other cardiovascularrisks ................................................................................................................ 275xxiv
Table 9.6 Chi-squared independence of cardiac risk factors in the prevalencemetabolic syndrome ........................................................................................ 275Table 9.7 Chi-squared significance for the independence, Odds Ratios and 95%confidence interval of age, gender and ........................................................... 277Table 10.1 Physical characteristics and exercise capacity of the participants 294Table 10.2 Changes in pulse wave analysis variables following exercise ....... 297Table 10.3 Comparison of changes in arterial stiffness with different age groupsfollowing exercise ............................................................................................ 300Table 10.4 Comparison of arterial stiffness measures before and after ISWT inrelation to sex and age groups ........................................................................ 301Table 10.5 Comparison of pre ISWT arterial stiffness variables in relation todetailed age groups (significance) .................................................................. 302Table 10.6 Correlations between exercise capacity, age and arterial stiffnessvariables (correlation coefficients) ................................................................... 304Table 10.7 Correlations between physical characteristics and arterial stiffness........................................................................................................................ 305Table 11.1 Changes in arterial stiffness variable following exercise programmebetween the groups ........................................................................................ 327Table 11.2 Changes in health related quality of life following exerciseprogramme between the groups ..................................................................... 329Table 11.3 Changes in blood glucose, lipids and abdominal obesity followingexercise programme between groups ............................................................. 331Table 11.4 Changes in arterial stiffness due to the effects of age and sexbetween the groups ........................................................................................ 332xxv
Page 1 and 2: CHANGES IN ARTERIAL STIFFNESS AND O
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWithout the support
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTSCHAPTER 1. INTRODU
Page 7 and 8: 3.1. Introduction .................
Page 9 and 10: 4.6. References ...................
Page 11 and 12: 6.2. Cardiac Rehabilitation (CR) ..
Page 13 and 14: 7.4.1. Pulse wave reflections .....
Page 15 and 16: 8.4.2. Management of insulin resist
Page 17 and 18: 10.1.1. Objectives ................
Page 19 and 20: 11.2.4. IT support ................
Page 21 and 22: LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1.1 The struc
Page 23: LIST OF TABLESTable 2.1 Commerciall
Page 27 and 28: SBPSystolic blood pressureSEVRSuben
Page 29 and 30: differed from oxygen consumption un
Page 31: 12345678910111213141516171819202122
Page 34 and 35: To establish the changes in arteria
Page 36 and 37: Arterial stiffness as a marker of c
Page 38 and 39: Chapter Seven investigates the effe
Page 40 and 41: Henry, R. M., Kostense, P. J., Spij
Page 42 and 43: Triposkiadis, F., Kallikazaros, I.,
Page 44 and 45: 2.1. Arterial mechanics2.1.1. Struc
Page 46 and 47: Figure 2.3 Diagrammatic representat
Page 48 and 49: Figure 2.5 Schematic representation
Page 50 and 51: Metalloproteinases (MMP), collectiv
Page 52 and 53: 2.2.3. Genetic relationsArterial st
Page 54 and 55: (Schimmler 1965; Avolio et al. 1983
Page 56 and 57: increasing age (Heffernan et al. 20
Page 58 and 59: 2011). In more recent medicine, San
Page 60 and 61: appearance, it was also a simple mo
Page 62 and 63: adding a screw, the device was capa
Page 64 and 65: development of new hydraulic and el
Page 66 and 67: Budapest, Hungary). A list of commo
Page 68 and 69: Figure 2.16 The Complior- A piezo-e
Page 70 and 71: Khoshdel et al (2006) carried out a
Page 72 and 73: Figure 2.18 Structure of an arteria
Page 74 and 75:
Figure 2.20 A sequence of pulse wav
Page 76 and 77:
induces the release of nitric oxide
Page 78 and 79:
2.5. ConclusionsVarious molecular,
Page 80 and 81:
left ventricular load in a northern
Page 82 and 83:
of primary coronary events in hyper
Page 84 and 85:
Frank, O. (1926). "Die Theorie der
Page 86 and 87:
Hope, S. A., Meredith, I. T., and C
Page 88 and 89:
Kullo, I. J., and Malik, A. R. (200
Page 90 and 91:
McNulty, M., Mahmud, A., and Feely,
Page 92 and 93:
Nemes, A., Takacs, R., Gavaller, H.
Page 94 and 95:
levels in essential hypertension."
Page 96 and 97:
Sengstock, D. M., Vaitkevicius, P.
Page 98 and 99:
glycation end products." The Journa
Page 100 and 101:
Yan, S. D., Schmidt, A. M., Anderso
Page 102 and 103:
3.1. IntroductionCentral aortic pre
Page 104 and 105:
for arterial stiffness twice conseq
Page 106 and 107:
‘suprasternal notch’ using a ta
Page 108 and 109:
Table 3.1 Paired t-test results for
Page 110 and 111:
Table 3.2 Intra class correlations
Page 112 and 113:
data are centred and scaled using a
Page 114 and 115:
hour-to-hour and week-to-week repro
Page 116 and 117:
3.6. ReferencesAvest, E., Holewijn,
Page 118 and 119:
Siebenhofer, A., Kemp, C., Sutton,
Page 120 and 121:
4.1. Introduction4.1.1. Arterial st
Page 122 and 123:
4.1.3. HypothesesH1- There will be
Page 124 and 125:
continuous breath-by-breath measure
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exercise capacity variables and art
Page 128 and 129:
Table 4.2 Difference in exercise va
Page 130 and 131:
Table 4.4 Difference in exercise va
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Table 4.6 Difference in baseline ar
Page 134 and 135:
Table 4.8 Changes in arterial stiff
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Figure 4.1 VO 2 peak vs. Augmentati
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4.4. DiscussionPulse wave analysis
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pressure and a decrease in SEVR aft
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participants would improve the powe
Page 144 and 145:
4.6. ReferencesACSM. (2000). ACSM's
Page 146 and 147:
M. (2009). "The accuracy of central
Page 148 and 149:
Vaitkevicius, P. V., Fleg, J. L., E
Page 150 and 151:
5.1. Introduction5.1.1. Obesity pre
Page 152 and 153:
5.1.3. HypothesisIn young healthy I
Page 154 and 155:
Site 4 Supra-iliac - A diagonal fol
Page 156 and 157:
independent t test was used to find
Page 158 and 159:
5.3.2. RelationshipsThe relationshi
Page 160 and 161:
The participants who had higher phy
Page 162 and 163:
compared with their body mass index
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Pulse wave velocity had significant
Page 166 and 167:
quality of the results using this l
Page 168 and 169:
de Jongh, R. T., Ijzerman, R. G., S
Page 170 and 171:
Maffeis, C., Talamini, G., and Tato
Page 172 and 173:
Wang, J., Thornton, J. C., Russell,
Page 174 and 175:
6.1. Erectile dysfunctionErectile d
Page 176 and 177:
enlargement of the penis and compre
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and listed the prevalence of ED. Th
Page 180 and 181:
the patient had experienced an MI.
Page 182 and 183:
6.1.5.2. Drug induced EDA medical t
Page 184 and 185:
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a marke
Page 186 and 187:
High risk:Unstable or refractory an
Page 188 and 189:
elaxation and the inflow of arteria
Page 190 and 191:
1998). A structured care for chroni
Page 192 and 193:
These step changes include myocardi
Page 194 and 195:
Negotiation of a written individual
Page 196 and 197:
and primary health care teams take
Page 198 and 199:
life improved in all the age groups
Page 200 and 201:
Successful risk factor modification
Page 202 and 203:
and consequent dissatisfaction is m
Page 204 and 205:
(Turner et al. 2002). More research
Page 206 and 207:
Blumentals, W. A., Gomez-Caminero,
Page 208 and 209:
Jackson, G. (2006). "The second Pri
Page 210 and 211:
Marchionni, N., Fattirolli, F., Fum
Page 212 and 213:
Taylor, H. A., Jr. (1999). "Sexual
Page 214 and 215:
7.1. Introduction7.1.1. Pathology o
Page 216 and 217:
7.2.2. SubjectsThe study involved 1
Page 218 and 219:
decreasing the number of undiagnose
Page 220 and 221:
7.3. ResultsIn total, all the male
Page 222 and 223:
PercentageModerate6%Complete18%Seve
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7.3.2. Medication for ED in CR7.3.2
Page 226 and 227:
7.5 Correlations between erectitile
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CR. However, the recommendations fo
Page 230 and 231:
2003; Enko et al. 2008). Peripheral
Page 232 and 233:
7.4.2.1. International index of ere
Page 234 and 235:
average cavernosal artery being 0.5
Page 236 and 237:
according to their level of risks.
Page 238 and 239:
7.6. ReferencesBarrett-Connor, E. (
Page 240 and 241:
Mahmud, A., Hennessy, M., and Feely
Page 242 and 243:
Wave Velocity as Index of Arterial
Page 244 and 245:
8.1. Introduction8.1.1. Development
Page 246 and 247:
The International Diabetes Federati
Page 248 and 249:
8.1.2. Controversies among definiti
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Nutrition Survey, shows that 73.9%
Page 252 and 253:
density lipoproteins (HDL), and vic
Page 254 and 255:
8.2.7. Lifestyle8.2.7.1. DietDietar
Page 256 and 257:
8.2.7.4. EducationEducation levels
Page 258 and 259:
(NHANES III) found that 4% of USA a
Page 260 and 261:
8.4. Management of metabolic syndro
Page 262 and 263:
doses of statin are recommended to
Page 264 and 265:
8.4.5.2. DietA lack of awareness of
Page 266 and 267:
programmes, using recently develope
Page 268 and 269:
Alberti, K. G., Zimmet, P., and Sha
Page 270 and 271:
Bhatheja, R., and Bhatt, D. L. (200
Page 272 and 273:
de Oliveira, E. P., de Souza, M. L.
Page 274 and 275:
Fan, J. G., Zhu, J., Li, X. J., Che
Page 276 and 277:
Grundy, S. M., Cleeman, J. I., Dani
Page 278 and 279:
cause and cardiovascular mortality
Page 280 and 281:
the incidence of metabolic syndrome
Page 282 and 283:
Adult Treatment Panel III definitio
Page 284 and 285:
Orchard, T. J., Becker, D. J., Bate
Page 286 and 287:
Regitz-Zagrosek, V., Lehmkuhl, E.,
Page 288 and 289:
Tillin, T., Forouhi, N., Johnston,
Page 290 and 291:
CHAPTER 9. PREVALENCE OF HYPERTENSI
Page 292 and 293:
the American Heart Association (Gru
Page 294 and 295:
were used to screen the population.
Page 296 and 297:
9.2.4. Quality controlThe result fr
Page 298 and 299:
Table 9.1 Demographic and lifestyle
Page 300 and 301:
Table 9.2 Chi-squared ‘goodness o
Page 302 and 303:
Figure 9.2 Percentage of individual
Page 304 and 305:
The univariate correlations between
Page 306 and 307:
Table 9.7 Chi-squared significance
Page 308 and 309:
physical activities were comparativ
Page 310 and 311:
carbohydrate meal consumption is re
Page 312 and 313:
countries such as Thailand (12%-18%
Page 314 and 315:
and abdominal obesity with multiple
Page 316 and 317:
Samal, D., Greisenegger, S., Auff,
Page 318 and 319:
10.1. IntroductionMetabolic syndrom
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and sub-endocardial viability ratio
Page 322 and 323:
able to pace themselves with the sp
Page 324 and 325:
10.3.2. Total group changesThe chan
Page 326 and 327:
Table 10.2 Changes in pulse wave an
Page 328 and 329:
However, there were no significant
Page 330 and 331:
Table 10.4 Comparison of arterial s
Page 332 and 333:
10.3.5. RelationshipsIn general, th
Page 334 and 335:
Table 10.7 Correlations between phy
Page 336 and 337:
decrease after 20 weeks aerobic tra
Page 338 and 339:
a Chinese population also had a sim
Page 340 and 341:
10.4.4. LimitationsA larger number
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muscle contraction at comparable wo
Page 344 and 345:
Oliver, J. J., and Webb, D. J. (200
Page 346 and 347:
CHAPTER 11. EFFECTS OF AN IT-SUPPOR
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and diet are the major recommendati
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people’s lives. Use of text messa
Page 352 and 353:
test. Participants were asked not t
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the internet using multi-messaging
Page 356 and 357:
Table 11.1 Changes in arterial stif
Page 358 and 359:
Table 11.2 Changes in health relate
Page 360 and 361:
Table 11.3 Changes in blood glucose
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group-2 improved from 732 ±230.6m
Page 364 and 365:
developed metabolic syndrome and le
Page 366 and 367:
home-based exercise programme in pa
Page 368 and 369:
significant improvement compared wi
Page 370 and 371:
11.6. ReferencesAmerican Thoracic S
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systematic review and meta-analysis
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Maximisation study (BRUM): a random
Page 376 and 377:
Oliver, J. J., and Webb, D. J. (200
Page 378 and 379:
Thomas, R. J. (2007). "Cardiac reha
Page 380 and 381:
CHAPTER 3: REPRODUCIBILITY OF ARTER
Page 382 and 383:
CHAPTER 7: CHANGES IN ERECTILE DYSF
Page 384 and 385:
CHAPTER 11: EFFECTS OF AN IT SUPPOR
Page 386 and 387:
withdrawn and excluded from the the
Page 388 and 389:
the prevalence is increasing global
Page 390 and 391:
APPENDIX I. Bland- Altman plots sho
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Figure A.1.3 Bland - Altman limits
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Figure A.1.5. Bland - Altman limits
Page 396 and 397:
Page 398 and 399:
Page 400 and 401:
Page 402 and 403:
Fig. A.2.2 VO 2 Peak vs. pulse wave
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Fig. A.2.4 VO 2 Peak vs. augmentati
Page 406 and 407:
Fig. A.2.6 VO 2 Peak vs. augmentati
Page 408 and 409:
Fig. A.2.8 VO 2 Peak vs. aortic aug
Page 410 and 411:
Fig. A.2.10 VO 2 Peak vs. aortic pu
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Fig. A.2.12 VO 2 Peak vs. aortic sy
Page 414 and 415:
Fig. A.2.14 VO2 Peak vs. aortic Dai
Page 416 and 417:
Fig. A.2.16 VO2 Peak vs. mean press
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Fig. A.2.18 VO2 Peak vs. ejection d
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Fig. A.2.20 VO2 Peak vs. subendocar
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Fig. A.2.22 VO2 Peak vs. heart rate
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EGIR 8.9%Ko et al (2006)China, Hong
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Lee et al (2007)Son le et al (2005)
Page 428 and 429:
Gentles et al (2007) New Zealand 35
Page 430 and 431:
Dekker et al (2005) Netherlands 50-
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Goodpaster et al (2005)USA, Pittsbu
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