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GLOSSARY OF TERMSAnaerobic threshold: Exercise oxygen consumption that marks the transitionbetween no change or little change in arterial lactate concentration and thesustained increase in concentration of lactate (also known as lactate threshold).Postulated by some authors to be oxygen consumption above which anaerobicenergy production substantially supplements aerobic energy production.Borg scale: A scale, which is used for an individual to rate his/her perceivedlevel of exertion during exercise.Bruce protocol: Treadmill exercise test which is conducted in three-minutestages. Each three minutes the workload is increased by a combination ofincreasing speed and the grade of the treadmill.Functional capacity: The maximal capacity of an individual to perform aerobicwork is defined by the maximal oxygen consumption.It is expressed inmetabolic equivalents (METs): One MET = 3.5 mL O 2 . kg -1 .min -1 .Incremental shuttle walk test: A progressive 10-metre shuttle walk test tomeasure functional capacity with audio beeps played from a pre-recorded CD tocontrol the speed.Oxygen consumption: The amount of oxygen utilized by the body’s metabolicprocesses in a given time, expressed in millilitres per minute, STDPOxygen uptake: The amount of oxygen extracted from the inspired air in agiven period of time, expressed in millilitres or litres per minute. This can bexxviii
differed from oxygen consumption under conditions in which oxygen is flowingin to or being utilized from the body’s stores. In the steady-state, oxygen uptakeequals oxygen consumption.Peak oxygen consumption: The highest oxygen consumption achieved duringa maximum work rate test.Respiratory Exchange Ratio: Ratio between percentage of oxygen uptake andcarbon dioxide release in breathing.Tidal volume: The normal volume of air displaced between normal inspirationand expiration when extra effort is not applied.Variable: A variable is a quantity whose value may vary over the course of anexperiment (including simulations), across samples, or during the operation of asystem. Variables are generally distinct from parameters, although what isvariable in one context may be a parameter in another.xxix
Page 1 and 2: CHANGES IN ARTERIAL STIFFNESS AND O
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWithout the support
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTSCHAPTER 1. INTRODU
Page 7 and 8: 3.1. Introduction .................
Page 9 and 10: 4.6. References ...................
Page 11 and 12: 6.2. Cardiac Rehabilitation (CR) ..
Page 13 and 14: 7.4.1. Pulse wave reflections .....
Page 15 and 16: 8.4.2. Management of insulin resist
Page 17 and 18: 10.1.1. Objectives ................
Page 19 and 20: 11.2.4. IT support ................
Page 21 and 22: LIST OF FIGURESFigure 1.1 The struc
Page 23 and 24: LIST OF TABLESTable 2.1 Commerciall
Page 25 and 26: Table 9.6 Chi-squared independence
Page 27: SBPSystolic blood pressureSEVRSuben
Page 31: 12345678910111213141516171819202122
Page 34 and 35: To establish the changes in arteria
Page 36 and 37: Arterial stiffness as a marker of c
Page 38 and 39: Chapter Seven investigates the effe
Page 40 and 41: Henry, R. M., Kostense, P. J., Spij
Page 42 and 43: Triposkiadis, F., Kallikazaros, I.,
Page 44 and 45: 2.1. Arterial mechanics2.1.1. Struc
Page 46 and 47: Figure 2.3 Diagrammatic representat
Page 48 and 49: Figure 2.5 Schematic representation
Page 50 and 51: Metalloproteinases (MMP), collectiv
Page 52 and 53: 2.2.3. Genetic relationsArterial st
Page 54 and 55: (Schimmler 1965; Avolio et al. 1983
Page 56 and 57: increasing age (Heffernan et al. 20
Page 58 and 59: 2011). In more recent medicine, San
Page 60 and 61: appearance, it was also a simple mo
Page 62 and 63: adding a screw, the device was capa
Page 64 and 65: development of new hydraulic and el
Page 66 and 67: Budapest, Hungary). A list of commo
Page 68 and 69: Figure 2.16 The Complior- A piezo-e
Page 70 and 71: Khoshdel et al (2006) carried out a
Page 72 and 73: Figure 2.18 Structure of an arteria
Page 74 and 75: Figure 2.20 A sequence of pulse wav
Page 76 and 77: induces the release of nitric oxide
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2.5. ConclusionsVarious molecular,
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left ventricular load in a northern
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of primary coronary events in hyper
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Frank, O. (1926). "Die Theorie der
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Hope, S. A., Meredith, I. T., and C
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Kullo, I. J., and Malik, A. R. (200
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McNulty, M., Mahmud, A., and Feely,
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Nemes, A., Takacs, R., Gavaller, H.
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levels in essential hypertension."
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Sengstock, D. M., Vaitkevicius, P.
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glycation end products." The Journa
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Yan, S. D., Schmidt, A. M., Anderso
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3.1. IntroductionCentral aortic pre
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for arterial stiffness twice conseq
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‘suprasternal notch’ using a ta
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Table 3.1 Paired t-test results for
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Table 3.2 Intra class correlations
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data are centred and scaled using a
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hour-to-hour and week-to-week repro
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3.6. ReferencesAvest, E., Holewijn,
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Siebenhofer, A., Kemp, C., Sutton,
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4.1. Introduction4.1.1. Arterial st
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4.1.3. HypothesesH1- There will be
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continuous breath-by-breath measure
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exercise capacity variables and art
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Table 4.2 Difference in exercise va
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Table 4.4 Difference in exercise va
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Table 4.6 Difference in baseline ar
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Table 4.8 Changes in arterial stiff
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Figure 4.1 VO 2 peak vs. Augmentati
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4.4. DiscussionPulse wave analysis
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pressure and a decrease in SEVR aft
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participants would improve the powe
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4.6. ReferencesACSM. (2000). ACSM's
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M. (2009). "The accuracy of central
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Vaitkevicius, P. V., Fleg, J. L., E
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5.1. Introduction5.1.1. Obesity pre
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5.1.3. HypothesisIn young healthy I
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Site 4 Supra-iliac - A diagonal fol
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independent t test was used to find
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5.3.2. RelationshipsThe relationshi
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The participants who had higher phy
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compared with their body mass index
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Pulse wave velocity had significant
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quality of the results using this l
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de Jongh, R. T., Ijzerman, R. G., S
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Maffeis, C., Talamini, G., and Tato
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Wang, J., Thornton, J. C., Russell,
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6.1. Erectile dysfunctionErectile d
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enlargement of the penis and compre
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and listed the prevalence of ED. Th
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the patient had experienced an MI.
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6.1.5.2. Drug induced EDA medical t
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C-reactive protein (CRP) is a marke
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High risk:Unstable or refractory an
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elaxation and the inflow of arteria
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1998). A structured care for chroni
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These step changes include myocardi
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Negotiation of a written individual
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and primary health care teams take
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life improved in all the age groups
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Successful risk factor modification
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and consequent dissatisfaction is m
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(Turner et al. 2002). More research
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Blumentals, W. A., Gomez-Caminero,
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Jackson, G. (2006). "The second Pri
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Marchionni, N., Fattirolli, F., Fum
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Taylor, H. A., Jr. (1999). "Sexual
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7.1. Introduction7.1.1. Pathology o
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7.2.2. SubjectsThe study involved 1
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decreasing the number of undiagnose
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7.3. ResultsIn total, all the male
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PercentageModerate6%Complete18%Seve
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7.3.2. Medication for ED in CR7.3.2
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7.5 Correlations between erectitile
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CR. However, the recommendations fo
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2003; Enko et al. 2008). Peripheral
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7.4.2.1. International index of ere
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average cavernosal artery being 0.5
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according to their level of risks.
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7.6. ReferencesBarrett-Connor, E. (
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Mahmud, A., Hennessy, M., and Feely
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Wave Velocity as Index of Arterial
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8.1. Introduction8.1.1. Development
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The International Diabetes Federati
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8.1.2. Controversies among definiti
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Nutrition Survey, shows that 73.9%
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density lipoproteins (HDL), and vic
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8.2.7. Lifestyle8.2.7.1. DietDietar
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8.2.7.4. EducationEducation levels
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(NHANES III) found that 4% of USA a
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8.4. Management of metabolic syndro
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doses of statin are recommended to
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8.4.5.2. DietA lack of awareness of
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programmes, using recently develope
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Alberti, K. G., Zimmet, P., and Sha
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Bhatheja, R., and Bhatt, D. L. (200
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de Oliveira, E. P., de Souza, M. L.
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Fan, J. G., Zhu, J., Li, X. J., Che
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Grundy, S. M., Cleeman, J. I., Dani
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cause and cardiovascular mortality
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the incidence of metabolic syndrome
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Adult Treatment Panel III definitio
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Orchard, T. J., Becker, D. J., Bate
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Regitz-Zagrosek, V., Lehmkuhl, E.,
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Tillin, T., Forouhi, N., Johnston,
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CHAPTER 9. PREVALENCE OF HYPERTENSI
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the American Heart Association (Gru
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were used to screen the population.
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9.2.4. Quality controlThe result fr
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Table 9.1 Demographic and lifestyle
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Table 9.2 Chi-squared ‘goodness o
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Figure 9.2 Percentage of individual
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The univariate correlations between
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Table 9.7 Chi-squared significance
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physical activities were comparativ
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carbohydrate meal consumption is re
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countries such as Thailand (12%-18%
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and abdominal obesity with multiple
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Samal, D., Greisenegger, S., Auff,
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10.1. IntroductionMetabolic syndrom
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and sub-endocardial viability ratio
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able to pace themselves with the sp
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10.3.2. Total group changesThe chan
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Table 10.2 Changes in pulse wave an
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However, there were no significant
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Table 10.4 Comparison of arterial s
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10.3.5. RelationshipsIn general, th
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Table 10.7 Correlations between phy
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decrease after 20 weeks aerobic tra
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a Chinese population also had a sim
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10.4.4. LimitationsA larger number
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muscle contraction at comparable wo
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Oliver, J. J., and Webb, D. J. (200
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CHAPTER 11. EFFECTS OF AN IT-SUPPOR
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and diet are the major recommendati
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people’s lives. Use of text messa
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test. Participants were asked not t
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the internet using multi-messaging
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Table 11.1 Changes in arterial stif
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Table 11.2 Changes in health relate
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Table 11.3 Changes in blood glucose
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group-2 improved from 732 ±230.6m
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developed metabolic syndrome and le
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home-based exercise programme in pa
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significant improvement compared wi
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11.6. ReferencesAmerican Thoracic S
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systematic review and meta-analysis
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Maximisation study (BRUM): a random
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Oliver, J. J., and Webb, D. J. (200
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Thomas, R. J. (2007). "Cardiac reha
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CHAPTER 3: REPRODUCIBILITY OF ARTER
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CHAPTER 7: CHANGES IN ERECTILE DYSF
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CHAPTER 11: EFFECTS OF AN IT SUPPOR
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withdrawn and excluded from the the
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the prevalence is increasing global
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APPENDIX I. Bland- Altman plots sho
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Figure A.1.3 Bland - Altman limits
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Figure A.1.5. Bland - Altman limits
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Page 398 and 399:
Page 400 and 401:
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Fig. A.2.2 VO 2 Peak vs. pulse wave
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Fig. A.2.4 VO 2 Peak vs. augmentati
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Fig. A.2.6 VO 2 Peak vs. augmentati
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Fig. A.2.8 VO 2 Peak vs. aortic aug
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Fig. A.2.10 VO 2 Peak vs. aortic pu
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Fig. A.2.12 VO 2 Peak vs. aortic sy
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Fig. A.2.14 VO2 Peak vs. aortic Dai
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Fig. A.2.16 VO2 Peak vs. mean press
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Fig. A.2.18 VO2 Peak vs. ejection d
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Fig. A.2.20 VO2 Peak vs. subendocar
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Fig. A.2.22 VO2 Peak vs. heart rate
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EGIR 8.9%Ko et al (2006)China, Hong
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Lee et al (2007)Son le et al (2005)
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Gentles et al (2007) New Zealand 35
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Dekker et al (2005) Netherlands 50-
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Goodpaster et al (2005)USA, Pittsbu
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